Theories of
Development
What ideas do we have about how you developed?
Why are some ideas
grand theories?
• Comprehensive
• Enduring
• Widely applied
What are the grand theories?
• Psychoanalytic
• Behaviorism (Learning theory)
• Cognitive
What is the psychoanalytic theory?
• Freud 1856 – 1936
• Development determined by unconscious motives & drives
• Freud’s stages
• Oral stage - Infancy – the mouth – (0-2 yrs.)
• Thumb sucking & feeding
• Anal stage - Early childhood – the anus – (2-3 yrs.)
• Bowel & bladder control
• Phallic stage - Preschool years – the penis – (3-7 yrs.)
• Learns differences between males and females
• Aware of gender roles
• Latency – Early childhood – (7-11 yrs.)
• Physical development – sexual urges quiet
• Genital – Adolescence through death (11 – adult)
• More independent & learns to deal with opposite sex
What is Erikson’s related
psychoanalytic theory?
• Erikson 1902 – 1994
• Eight developmental stages
• 1. Trust vs. Mistrust
• 2. Autonomy vs. Shame and
Doubt
• 3. Initiative vs. Guilt
• 4. Industry vs. Inferiority
• 5. Identity vs. Role Confusion
• 6. Intimacy vs. Isolation
• 7. Generativity vs. Stagnation
• 8. Integrity vs. Despair
How do Freud & Erikson compare?
Do you remember?
• What does the psychoanalytic theory think determines
development?
• What were Freud’s stages of development?
• What were Erickson’s stages of development?
• What stage would a teenager be in with Erickson’s theory of
development?
What is behaviorism?
• All behavior is learned
• Observable behavior is all that matters
• Classical conditioning
• Pavlov
• One item is associated with another
• Operant conditioning
• Skinner
• Reinforcement
• Punishment
• Social learning
• Bandura
• Modeling
What is Classical conditioning?
• Ivan Pavlov
(Respondent Behavior)
Classical Conditioning
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Unconditioned Stimulus(UCS) = Meat
Unconditioned Response (UCR)=Salivation
Neutral Stimulus = Tone
Conditioned Stimulus (CS) = Tone
• When paired with the unconditioned stimulus
• Conditioned response (CR) = Salivation to tone
Example
Example
What is Operant Conditioning?
• B.F. Skinner (Operant behavior)
• Associating behavior with its consequences
• E.g. Seals in an aquarium doing a trick to receive a fish.
What does reinforcement do?
• Positive reinforcement
• Increases behavior
• Give something a person wants
• E.g. Vending machine
• Negative reinforcement
• Increases behavior
• Remove an unwanted stimulus
• E.g. Bill cleans up his room to stop Mother
nagging
What does punishment do?
• Positive punishment
• Reduces behavior
• Get something you don’t want
• Time out, spanking, or jail
• Negative punishment
• Reduces behavior
• What you do want is taken away ( Television time)
• Problem with punishment
• Creates anger, fear, resistance
• Less effective than positive reinforcers to promote desirable
behavior.
Do you remember?
• What is the main difference between behaviorism and
psychoanalytic theory?
• What is an example (you make up) of classical conditioning?
• What is the main difference between classical and operant
conditioning?
• What is your example of operant conditioning?
What is Social learning theory?
• Also called observational learning which occurs through
modeling.
• Albert Bandura
• Observed behaviors become copied behaviors
• Learning occurs without reinforcement
What is Cognitive Theory?
• Jean Piaget
• Sensorimotor (0-2 years)
• Object Permanence
• Preoperational (2-7 years)
• Conservation of Matter
• Egocentric
• Concrete operations (7-12 years)
• Concrete objects
• Formal operations (12 to adult)
• Abstract thought
• “What if?” questions can be considered
What is Cognitive Equilibrium?
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Piaget
We want mental balance (equilibrium)
New ideas create disequilibrium
How do we incorporate new ideas to reduce disequilibrium?
• Assimilation
• Incorporate into existing ideas (schemas)
• Our existing basic ideas do not change, we simply come up with a
reason why this new information should not change our preexisting
ideas. E.g. this person is uninformed.
• Accommodation
• Our existing basic ideas do change.
• I should change my thinking to include this new information.
What is Sociocultural Theory?
• We are shaped by our culture
• Behavior can not be understood
without studying the context (culture)
• Guided participation
• Instruction + shared involvement
• E.g. Teaching children how to set the
table
Which pictures go with which ideas above?
Do you remember?
• What is your example of the social learning theory?
• What are Piaget’s stages of development, and the key
developments in each stage?
• What is an example of Piaget’s concepts of accommodation
and assimilation?
• What is and main concept of the sociocultural theory of
behavior? Can you give an example of this?
What do these theories each
contribute?
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Psychoanalytic theory – Early childhood
Behaviorism – Environment
Cognitive – Thinking
Sociocultural theory – Culture
All have strengths & weaknesses
No theory is applicable to all behaviors