CHAPTER 3
Resolution and Design
Predesign Phase
• Programming
– Functions to:
• Guide
• Inform
• Inspire the project designer
– Not a ‘grocery list’
– Not a ‘wish list’
– Owner and Architect break a project down:
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Room-by-room
Space-by-space
Department-by-department
Relationship-by-relationship
The Project Program
• A function of the owner, guided by the
architect to meet the following needs:
– Provides information about desires and the general
concepts of the project – answers the architect’s
questions.
– Provides all information required by the architect to
design the project
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Life-style
Features
Design style
Specific parameters
– Discuss budget and contingency funding
– Discuss possibility and method for changes
The Program
• The sequence of programming and design
events involves the following:
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Strategic goals and objectives
Legal and regulatory parameters
Building functions and unique activities
Space requirements for each room and associated
adjacencies
Specific requirements for each room
Specific requirements for each building services
(mechanical) systems
Site constraints and development requirements
Design and planning considerations
Concept solution
Project budget
Project schedule and delivery constraints
Design Phase
• Project Design
– Balloon Diagram
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Show routings
Relationships between operations
Departments and personnel
Combine the above into some shape or form of
enclosure
• Enclosure then designed to be
– Pleasing
– Attractive
– Functional
– Virtual design is more widely used today
– Design is founded on:
• Function, strength, aesthetics and economics
Design Phase
• Project Design (continued)
– Design is a process that is directed toward
resolving four general areas in every
project:
• Needs and desires of people
– Physical, intellectual, aesthetic and
emotional
• Influences of architecture
– Natural, cultural, and technological
• Major requirements of architecture
– Function, strength, aesthetics and economics
• Design elements of architecture
– Plans, forms and composition
Design Phase
• Project Design (continued)
– Design can be seen as following scientific
processing, in that it closely follows ths six
steps established by Galileo for scientific
exploration:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Define the problem
Establish objectives
Collect pertinent information
Analyze the problem
Consider possible solutions
Solve the problem
• Steps 1-4 are called ‘programming’
• Steps 5-6 are called ‘design’
Design Phase
• Development of a Schematic
(Preliminary) Design
– Project Designer formulates an overall design
scheme
– Examine factors that may affect design scheme
– Incorporate more programming information as
manifested by meetings
– Develop schemes (most often numerous) and work
with owner on final design
• Revisions, Changes and Additions
– Tearing apart and starting again if viable solutions
are not attained
– Reach a consensus solution
– Variations of the basic solution
Design Phase
• Revisions, Changes and Additions
(continued)
– A CM could be hired to:
• Be an agent of the owner
• Lend insight on the schematic design process in
the form of:
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Construction practices
Materials
Systems
Cost information
– A GC could be hired much like a CM and
provide construction data in the design process.
Design Phase
• Revisions, Changes and Additions
(continued)
– In the end the owner:
• Makes the subjective decisions of which design
scheme or concept is preferable
– The professionals usually
• Aid the selection process
• Discuss pros and cons of each plan w/ the owner
• Create, plan and develop options
• Take comments and instructions from the owner
• Revise to adjust the scheme to the new criteria.
Design Approval (By Owner)
• Approval of Design Concept:
– Professional may present several concepts to the
owner for evaluations which contain:
• Elements of the project
• Associated cost
– The structure:
• May change in appearance according to concepts
• Options are usually necessary
– The owner should choose the configuration with the
best fit for all of the project program parameters.
– The owner makes the final decision on which
concept will be used.
– Formally approved by owner in writing (signed
drawings)
– Renderings and floor plans are now developed
Design Approval (By Owner)
– Renderings and floor plans are now developed
• These drawings control other aspects of the
project
• Provide basis for:
– Drawings
– Documents
– Concepts
• What if the plans do not work?
– Project could be in jeopardy
– May not achieve a good final result
• Floor plans give overall extent and
configuration
• Renderings provide the exterior appearance
Interior Hand Rendering
Exterior Hand Renderings
Sketch-Up Rendering
Revit Rendering
Design Approval (By Owner)
• Final Approval of Design Concept
– Approval must be documented:
• In writing
• Signed drawings
• Could guide specifications listing
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Materials and systems
How the project will be constructed
How the contract will be fulfilled
Lacks minute details but sets:
» Directions
» Requirements
» Intent of the professional
– Marks the formal end of the schematic
design
Design Approval (By Owner)
• Subsurface Investigation
– I contradicted myself here in last lecture – in the architects
‘perfect world’ anything can be built anywhere given
enough money.
– May be part of the feasibility study:
• Think of the proposed site location
• If the soil is tried-and-true to expected
performance there is no guess work.
• Could be a deal breaker
• Subsurface soils investigation is an essential part
of the design of the project:
– Types of soil may determine expense of
bearing systems
– Never ignore the soils condition it is an
essential part of the design process
Design Approval (By Owner)
• Subsurface Investigation
– Common method of investigation:
• Soil boring:
– driving a hollow tube, about 2.5” in diameter,
and composed of two halves.
– Also called ‘split-spoon sampling’
– Driven to a depth pre-established by local
geology mapping.
– When opened the sample shows:
» Depth
» Composition
» Coloration of the various soils
– Expressed in pounds or tons/square foot
– What is the best bearing material?
Design Development Phase
• Design Development
– Second portion of the design phase
– Brings detailed information to the documents
– Involves selection of:
• Materials
• Systems
– The gathering and piecing together of data that
shows exactly the construction to come
– The drawings can be used and often seen as the
actual contract (working drawings)
– This phase takes time, usually 20% of the total fee
– CAD has helped in cutting this fee
– Read paragraph 2 page 81