Chapters 6 and 7
Describe the main functions of bone and how bones perform each function
Classify bones according to their shapes, and give an example of each.
Identify and describe the characteristics of osteoblasts, osetocytes, osteoclasts, osteoprogenitor cells, collagen, and hydroxyappatitie.
Describe the microscopic structure of bone including the organic and inorganic materials as well as the anatomical structures such as
the osteon, lamellae (three types), lacunae, central canal, perforating canal, Sharpey’s fibers, canaliculi. Be able to identify each
structure on a diagram or model.
Describe the structure of a long bone including compact and spongy bone, the epiphysis, metaphysis, diaphysis, shaft, marrow
(medullary) cavity, endosteum, periosteum, and articular cartilage. Know the difference in function between spongy and compact
bone. Be able to identify each of the above terms a diagram, bone, or model.
Describe how long bone grows in length and in width and how bone is rejuvenated in the adult including the role of the chondroblast,
osteocyte, osteoblast, and osteoclast in intramembraneous and endochondral ossification. Know what the epiphyseal line is and
where you might see it. What hormones affect bone growth?
Describe the role of hormones in calcium regulation and how bone, kidney and the intestines are involved
Describe the process of bone fracture repair
Describe the effects of aging on bones and bone tissue. Define and understand osteoporosis.
Understand the divisions of the skeleton, Axial and appendicular. Understand the function of the divisions of the skeleton.
Chapter 8
List all the types of joints by their structural classification and for each category; state all examples (ie. for fibrous joints, there
are: sutures, syndesmoses and gomphoses). State all of the types of synovial joints, describe them, and recognize and/or
provide examples of each.
Diagram and describe a synovial joint, including the six features of synovial joints. In general, understand the following
terms: joint/synovial cavity, articular cartilage, articular (joint) capsule, synovial membrane, synovial fluid, supporting
ligaments, articulating bones.
List and describe the various accessory structures present at synovial joints. What is bursitis?
Know the structure and function of the shoulder, hip, elbow, and knee joint: participating bones, and bone features, general
stability/strength of joint (and what provides this strength), type of joint, and what movements are allowed.
Understand the major ligaments and tendons associated with each of the joints from #4. Know what their function is within
the joint.
Identify and describe the various types of movements possible at the joints including flexion, extension, hyperextension,
dorsiflexion, plantar flexion, abduction, adduction, rotation, circumduction, inversion, eversion, protraction, retraction,
supination, pronation, elevation, depression, and opposition. Give an example of a joint that illustrates each type of motion.
Compare and contrast osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. What is gout? Lyme disease?
Chapter 9
Know the functions and characteristics of: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle.
Describe each of the following structural elements of muscle: epimysium, perimysium, endomysium, fascicle, tendon,
aponeurosis.
Know the microscopic structure and function of the muscle including the sacrolemma, sacroplasm, sarcoplasmic reticulum,
transverse (T)-tubules, nuclei, myofibril, myofilament, actin, myosin, tropomyosin, troponin, titin, cross-bridge, sarcomere, Z
line, M line, A band, I band, H zone, zone of overlap. Understand the sliding filament theory.
Understand and describe how skeletal muscle activity is controlled at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) including the type of
neurotransmitter used and the steps involved in transmitting an electrical signal from nerve to muscle. Be familiar with:
synapse, synaptic vesicle, acetylcholine, acetylcholine receptors (Na+ channels), acetylcholinesterase, and the NMJ. What is
meant by Excitation-Contraction coupling?
Understand and describe the process of muscle contraction (the contraction cycle) including the role of Ca2+, the role of ATP,
the steps leading to contraction and the steps leading to relaxation. Know all of the proteins involved.
Know the two factors that affect the tension produced by a muscle fiber and define the terms: twitch, tetanus, motor unit,
recruitment, isotonic contraction (concentric and eccentric), and isometric contraction.
Understand the latent period, contraction phase and relaxation phase of a single muscle twitch.
Understand: wave summation, tetanus, recruitment.
Describe the mechanism by which skeletal muscle fibers obtain the energy to power contractions. Be able to compare the
metabolism occurring in a resting muscle to a muscle with moderate activity to a muscle at peak activity.
Understand the characteristics of and differences between slow oxidative, fast oxidative and fast glycolytic fibers.
Understand the location and structure of smooth muscle and how it contracts. Compare and contrast this to skeletal
muscle.
What is Duchenne muscular dystrophy?
ADDITIONAL HELP FOR THE MUSCLE LIST (FOR THE LAB PRACTICAL):
Summary/simplification of a few of the more complex origin/insertions.
Pectoralis major- look at the helpful Fig. 10.14.
Origins= sternal end of clavicle, sternum and ribs 1-6.
Insertion= greater tubercle of humerus and inertubercular sulcus (of humerus)
Latissiumus dorsi- again, look at Fig 10.14.
Origins= spines of lower thoracic and all lumbar vertebrae AND iliac crest.
Insertion= intertubercular suclus of humerus
DeltoidOrigins= acromion and spine of scapula, lateral third of clavicle.
Insertion= deltoid tuberosity of humerus (but you knew that)
Triceps brachiiOrigins= glenoid cavity of scapula and posterior shaft of humerus.
Insertion= olecranon process of ulna
Gastrocneumiusorigins= medial and lateral condyles of femur.
Insertion= calcaneous