The Chemistry of Life
v Elements and the Periodic Table
v Atomic Structure
v Shells, Orbitals, and the Octet Rule
v Bonding between atoms
• Covalent: non-polar and polar
• Ionic bonds
• Hydrogen bonds
v Chemical Reactions
v Acids, Bases, and pH
v Functional Groups
v Carbohydrates: Monosaccharides and Polysaccharides
v Lipids: Fatty Acids and Complex Lipids
v Proteins: Amino Acids and Polypeptides
v Nucleic Acids: Nucleotides and RNA/DNA
Periodic Table of the Elements
C - Carbon
Fe - Iron (from ferrum)
He - Helium
Al - Aluminum
Au - Gold (from aurum)
Cu - copper (from
cuprum)
Table 2.1
The Chemistry of Life
v Elements and the Periodic Table
v Atomic Structure
v Shells, Orbitals, and the Octet Rule
v Bonding between atoms
• Covalent: non-polar and polar
• Ionic bonds
• Hydrogen bonds
v Chemical Reactions
v Acids, Bases, and pH
v Functional Groups
v Carbohydrates: Monosaccharides and Polysaccharides
v Lipids: Fatty Acids and Complex Lipids
v Proteins: Amino Acids and Polypeptides
v Nucleic Acids: Nucleotides and RNA/DNA
Atoms Are the Apples in the Bins Called Elements
• Atoms (apples) are the individual items belonging to a specific element
(variety) in the Periodic Table.
• Atoms belonging to an element are very similar but not identical (they
have slightly different masses)
Three atoms (apples)
from the variety
(element) Golden
Delicious
24.2 g
Periodic Table of Apple Varieties
29.6 g
25.9 g
The Study of Atoms
Electrically neutral atoms have equal numbers of protons and electrons
Figure 2.1
Different Shells (Orbits) Have Different Capacities For Electrons
Atoms whose outer shells are not full are more reactive:
they seek to fill their outermost shells (Octet Rule)
The Chemistry of Life
v Elements and the Periodic Table
v Atomic Structure
v Shells, Orbitals, and the Octet Rule
v Bonding between atoms
• Covalent: non-polar and polar
• Ionic bonds
• Hydrogen bonds
v Chemical Reactions
v Acids, Bases, and pH
v Functional Groups
v Carbohydrates: Monosaccharides and Polysaccharides
v Lipids: Fatty Acids and Complex Lipids
v Proteins: Amino Acids and Polypeptides
v Nucleic Acids: Nucleotides and RNA/DNA
Three Types of Chemical Bonds
Ionic
Covalent
Hydrogen
Chemical Reactions
530 kcal
Categories of Reactions
Synthesis Reactions
A
+
B

AB
Decomposition Reactions
AB

A
+
B
Exchange Reactions
NaOH +
HCl  NaCl
Reversible Reactions
A
+ B
 AB

+ H2O
Dissociation of Salts and Solubility
hydrophilic
hydrophobic
Figure 2.5
The Chemistry of Life
v Elements and the Periodic Table
v Atomic Structure
v Shells, Orbitals, and the Octet Rule
v Bonding between atoms
• Covalent: non-polar and polar
• Ionic bonds
• Hydrogen bonds
v Chemical Reactions
v Acids, Bases, and pH
v Functional Groups
v Carbohydrates: Monosaccharides and Polysaccharides
v Lipids: Fatty Acids and Complex Lipids
v Proteins: Amino Acids and Polypeptides
v Nucleic Acids: Nucleotides and RNA/DNA
Acids, Bases, and Salts
Figure 2.6a
Acid-Base Balance: The pH Scale
H2O
water
H+ + OHhydrogen ion hydroxide ion
The Chemistry of Life
v Elements and the Periodic Table
v Atomic Structure
v Shells, Orbitals, and the Octet Rule
v Bonding between atoms
• Covalent: non-polar and polar
• Ionic bonds
• Hydrogen bonds
v Chemical Reactions
v Acids, Bases, and pH
v Functional Groups
v Carbohydrates: Monosaccharides and Polysaccharides
v Lipids: Fatty Acids and Complex Lipids
v Proteins: Amino Acids and Polypeptides
v Nucleic Acids: Nucleotides and RNA/DNA
Table 2.3.1
Large Biological Molecules Are Polymers of Monomers
HO
HO
polymer
OH
OH
+ HOH
Dehydration/condensation
monomers
HO
+ HOH
HO
OH
Hydrolysis
O
O
+ HOH
OH
+ HOH
The Four Classes of Biological Molecules
–Carbohydrates
–Lipids
–Proteins
–Nucleic acids