Pre CH15 HW for Silberberg
Followings are what you will find at the end of the chapter in your textbook.
For LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Highlight the main idea for EACH objective. Ready carefully so you
don’t highlight everything.
For MASTER THESE SKILLS: Highlight the main idea for each skill. Ready carefully so you don’t
highlight everything.
For KEY TERMS: Make sure you can define it and/or give an example of it. Pick TWO terms of your
choice and actually write the definition or an example.
For KEY EQUATIONS AND RELATIONSHIP: Next to EACH, define each term. Be very specific.
CHAPTER REVIEW GUIDE
Learning Objectives Relevant section (§) and/or sample problem (SP) numbers appear in parentheses.
Understand These Concepts
1. How carbon's atomic properties give rise to its ability to form four strong covalent bonds, multiple
bonds, and chains, which results in the great structural diversity of organic compounds (§15.1)
2. How carbon's atomic properties give rise to its ability to bond to various heteroatoms, which creates
regions of charge imbalance that result in functional groups (§15.1)
3. Structures and names of alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes (§15.2)
4. The distinctions among constitutional, optical, and geometric isomers (§15.2)
5. The importance of optical isomerism in organisms (§15.2)
6. The effect of restricted rotation around a π bond on the structures and properties of alkenes (§15.2)
7. The nature of organic addition, elimination, and substitution reactions (§15.3)
8. The properties and reaction types of the various functional groups (§15.4):
o
Substitution and elimination for alcohols, alkyl halides, and amines
o
Addition for alkenes, alkynes, and aldehydes and ketones
o
Substitution for the carboxylic acid family (acids, esters, and amides)
9. Why delocalization of electrons causes aromatic rings to have lower reactivity than alkenes (§15.4)
10. The polarity of the carbonyl bond and the importance of organometallic compounds in addition reactions
of carbonyl compounds (§15.4)
11. How addition plus elimination lead to substitution in the reactions of the carboxylic acid family (§15.4)
12. How addition and condensation polymers form (§15.5)
13. The three types of biopolymers and their monomers (§15.6)
14. How amino acid sequence determines protein shape, which determines function (§15.6)
15. How complementary base pairing controls the processes of protein synthesis and DNA replication
(§15.6)
16. How DNA base sequence determines RNA base sequence, which determines amino acid sequence
(§15.6)
Master These Skills
1. Drawing hydrocarbon structures given the number(s) of C atoms, multiple bonds, and rings (SP 15.1)
2. Naming hydrocarbons and drawing expanded, condensed, and carbon skeleton formulas (§15.2 and SP
15.2)
3. Drawing geometric isomers and identifying chiral centers of molecules (SP 15.2)
4. Recognizing the type of organic reaction from the structures of reactants and products (SP 15.3)
5. Recognizing an organic reaction as an oxidation or reduction from the structures of reactants and
products (§15.3)
6. Determining reactants and products in reactions of alcohols, alkyl halides, and amines (SP 15.4)
7. Determining the products in a stepwise reaction sequence (SP 15.5)
8. Determining the reactants in reactions involving aldehydes and ketones (SP 15.5)
9. Determining reactants and products in reactions of the carboxylic acid family (SP 15.6)
10. Recognizing and naming the functional groups in organic molecules (SP 15.7)
11. Drawing an abbreviated synthetic polymer structure based on monomer structures (§15.5)
12. Drawing small peptides from amino acid structures (§15.6)
13. Using the base-paired sequence of one DNA strand to predict the sequence of the other (§15.6)
Page 666
Key Terms Page numbers appear in parentheses.
Introduction
organic compounds (617)
Section 15.1
catenation (618)
heteroatom (619)
functional group (619)
Section 15.2
hydrocarbon (620)
alkane (CnH2n+2) (622)
homologous series (622)
saturated hydrocarbon (623)
cyclic hydrocarbon (624)
isomers (625)
constitutional (structural) isomers (625)
stereoisomers (626)
optical isomers (626)
chiral molecule (626)
polarimeter (627)
optically active (627)
alkene (CnH2n) (628)
unsaturated hydrocarbon (628)
geometric (cis-trans) isomers (628)
alkyne (CnH2n–2) (630)
aromatic hydrocarbon (631)
nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy (633)
Section 15.3
alkyl group (635)
addition reaction (635)
elimination reaction (635)
substitution reaction (636)
Section 15.4
alcohol (638)
haloalkane (alkyl halide) (640)
amine (641)
carbonyl group (644)
aldehyde (644)
ketone (644)
organometallic compound (645)
carboxylic acid (646)
ester (646)
amide (646)
fatty acid (647)
acid anhydride (647)
lipid (647)
hydrolysis (648)
nitrile (650)
Section 15.5
addition polymer (652)
condensation polymer (653)
Section 15.6
monosaccharide (654)
disaccharide (655)
polysaccharide (655)
protein (656)
amino acid (656)
nucleic acid (658)
mononucleotide (658)
double helix (660)
base pair (660)
genetic code (660)
transcription (661)
translation (661)
Answer the following questions. Show your work.
(a) What are hydrocarbons? Given one example.
(b) Draw one example of an unsaturated compound.
(c) What is a “parent chain” used in naming rule?
(d) What is an alkyl group? Draw one example.
(e) Name all functional groups which contains carbonyl group.
(f) What is the main difference between the additional polymers and condensation polymers?
(g) What characteristic of a compound leads to it being hydrophobic?
Hydrophillic?