Chapter 10
Applications of Nanotechnology:
Biology & Nanotechnology
NANO 101
Introduction to Nanotechnology
1
Overview
• Much biology is mediated in the 1-100 nm range
• Structures and sizes
• Inspiration for Self Assembly and Molecular Machine concepts
2
Nanotech and Biology
BioNanotechnology:
• use of biology (biological molecules) in nanotech
• use of biology as a model for a nanotechnology system
• Ex. DNA computing
Nanobiotechnology:
• use of nanostructures to enhance biology or biotech
• use of nanotechnology for creating or improving biotech
systems or processes
• Ex. Lab-on-a-chip assays
3
Lab on a Chip
• Combining all lab functions
in one device
• Soft lithography
PDMS casting
Source: Nature Video
4
Lab on a Chip: Research
5
Lab on a Chip: Diagnosis
6
How Biology “Feels” on the Nanoscale
• Hydro environments v. carbon-based life
• What are these tiny species in a cell?
• Sugars (carbohydrates)
• Fatty acids (lipids)
• Nucleotides (DNA)
• Amino Acids (proteins)
7
Carbohydrates
Roles:
1. Mechanical support (large carbohydrates, ex. cellulose)
2. Metabolized and used for energy
• Sugars are basic building blocks
•
general formula: (CH2O)n
•
examples
• glucose (n= 6)
• fructose (n= 6)
• ribose (n= 5)
• loop on themselves to form rings
• rings attach to make chains of many types
8
Basic Carbohydrate Examples
glucose
H
HO
H
H
O
OH
OH
H
OH
OH
O
H
OH
OH
fructose
HO
H
H
O
ribose
OH
OH
H
OH H
OH
HO
OH
H
OH
OH
OH
OH
OH
H
H
H
H
OH
HO
HO
OH
O
H HO
H
OH
H
H
O
H
H
OH
OH
OH
H
OH
chain formation: sugars
simplest: sucrose
monosaccharides; disaccharides; polysaccharides…
9
Complex Carbohydrate Examples
http://www.elmhurst.edu/~chm/vchembook/547cellulose.html
http://guweb2.gonzaga.edu/faculty/cronk/biochem/C-index.cfm?definition=chitin
10
Lipids
Roles:
1. Energy (concentrated energy reserve)
2. Structural (ex. membranes)
• Fatty acids are basic building blocks
Source: Univ. of Calgary
•
long carbon chains with COOH head group
•
•
amphiphilic  interesting self-assembled structures
saturated; monounsaturated; polyunsaturated…
Oleic acid
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Phospholipids
• Pair of fatty acids, connected by glycerol and phosphate group
• Usually also bonded to a small hydrophilic molecule
• Capable of self-assembly and self-repair!
Source: PB Works
12
DNA
Roles:
1. Stores, replicates information
2. Along with RNA and proteins, translates info into product
• Nucleotides are basic building blocks
•
Deoxidized ribose rings chained together with
phosphate bridges
•
Pendant on the ribose rings are the four “bases”
• Specific hydrogen bonding based pairing
NH2
NH2
N
N
N
NH
N
adenine
NH
O
N
O
cytosine
NH
O
NH
N
NH2
guanine
H3C
NH
NH
O
thymine
13
Selfassembled
DNA
structure
14
Base pair hydrogen bonding
15
DNA - chromosome structure
16
DNA Transcription
17
RNA Transcription
18
Proteins
Roles:
Perform many many many roles
Examples include: hormones; transportation of other
molecules; enzymes; detecting signals; structural support
• Amino Acids are basic building blocks
Carbon connected to:
•
•
•
•
NH3 (amino group)
COOH (carboxyl group)
Side chain
Hydrogen
19
The 20
amino
acids
20
Protein Structure
21
Globular Protein Structure
22
Applications of BioNanotech:
Molecular Motors
ATP Synthase:
• as protons flow through membrane, spins
• in cells, this mechanical energy is used for the ADP  ATP rxn
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http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookATP.html
ATP Rotor and Attached Sphere
Constructing Biological Motor Powered Nanomechanical Devices
by
Carlo Montemagno*, George Bachand, Scott Stelick, Marlene Bachand
http://www.foresight.org/Conferences/MNT6/Papers/Montemagno/
24
DNA (Genomic) microarrays
Synthesis of Gene Chips
Biomolecular Engineering Volume 22, Issues 5–
6, December 2005, Pages 173–184
http://www.bio.davidson.
edu/genomics/chip/chip.
html
25
Gene Chips
http://www.bio.davidson.edu/Cou
rses/genomics/chip/chip.html
26
Application of BioNanotech:
Scaffolded DNA Origami
Use short single strands of DNA (“staples”) to direct folding
of long strands of DNA to make nanostructures
27
28
Application of BioNanotech:
Fluorescence tagging
• Fluorescence tag attached to cDNA
– Organic dyes
• Cy3 and Cy5
– Quantum Dots
29
Application of NanoBiotech:
Metal Nanoparticle/Film Binding Assays
• Surface plasmon resonance
– Colorimetric shifts indicate binding
• Can be accomplished using 10-100
nm Au or Ag particles or films
30
Protein Binding
Basic phenomenon in much of biology
31
Protein Microarray Screening
Surface Plasmon Resonance
The optical properties (reflectivity or spectral absorption) of a
metal thin film or particle is determined by the size, shape,
and number of any molecules attached to it.
gold
specular angle
Input Light
specular angle
glass
Output Light
32
Protein Microarray Screening
At some particular angle or wavelength, most of the input
light energy will be converted to a plasmon
Specular Angle
specular angle
reflectivity
Input Light
output light
reflectivity = output/input
Reflectivity minimum is dependent
on type of molecule bonded
specular angle or wavelength
33
Protein Microarray Screening
Monitor SPR curves over time to track binding events
34
Raman Spectroscopy
• Gives information about vibrational (low energy)
states
35
Surface Enhanced Raman
Spectroscopy
• Noble metal
nanoparticles act
as antennas
Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2013, 15, 5312-5328
36
Nanoparticle Photothermal Therapy
Surface Plasmon Resonance effect using a metal
nanoshell in the IR “water window”
http://nano.cancer.gov/resource_center/nanotech_nanoshells.asp
37
Magnetism
• Magnetic field induces changes in alignment of
electron spins in a substance
• Paramagnetism: unpaired spin magnetic
moment is alligned with applied field
• Ferromagnetism: unpaired spins align in absence
of magnetic field
• Diamagnatism: a magnetic moment opposing
the applied field from paired electrons
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39
Magnetic Memory
• Non-volatile (is not lost when power is removed)
– Co – alloy material
• Magnetic domains are 1 and 0
http://www.spmtips.com/library-SPM-in-data-storage.lib
40
Next Gen: Spin Torque Transfer
• Spintronics:
Integrated magnetic
and electronic
properties
• New materials, fab in
conjunction with
silicon elements
• Commercialized->
Everspin
41
Bottom Up : 12 atom bit
• Antiferromagnetic bits
• Needs 5K temps to operate
42
Magnetic Imaging
Choi, J.-S. et al. A hybrid nanoparticle
probe for dual-modality positron
emission tomography and magnetic
resonance imaging. Angew. Chem. Int.
Ed. 47, 6259–6262 (2008)
Goodwill, P. W., Saritas, E. U., Croft, L. R., Kim, T. N., Krishnan, K. M., Schaffer, D. V. and Conolly, S. M. (2012), X-Space
MPI: Magnetic Nanoparticles for Safe Medical Imaging. Adv. Mater., 24: 3870–3877. doi: 10.1002/adma.201200221
• MRI contrast agents
• Magnetic Particle Imaging
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