BIOLOGY 160
PROKARYOTIC AND EUKARYOTIC ORGANELLES
PROKARYOTIC ORGANELLES
ORGANELLE OR STRUCTURE
COMPOSITION
Nucleoid Region
Single circular molecule of DNA
Ribosomes
Plasma (Cell) Membrane
rRNA and Protein
Phospholipids, Protein
Cell Wall (considered non-living)
outside of the cell membrane
Capsule (may or may not be
present, non-living)
Bacterial Flagella
Peptidoglycan
(sugar and protein)
Carbohydrate
FUNCTION
Two filaments of a protein called flagellin
1. Store genetic information
2. Control activity of the cell
3. Control growth and development
Site of protein synthesis within the cell
1. Living boundary separating the external environment from the internal
environment of the cell
2. Allow for selective passage of materials into and out of the cell
1. Support and protection
2. Maintenance of cell shape
1. Protection
2. Prevent desiccation
1. Cell motility
2. Movement of liquids over the cell
EUKARYOTIC ORGANELLES
The chart below contains the organelles and structures common to all eukaryotic cells. There will be two charts that follow demonstrating the different organelles
found in plant-like and animal-like cells.
ORGANELLE OR STRUCTURE
Plasma (Cell) Membrane
Nucleus
COMPOSITION
Phospholipids, Protein
1.
2.
Nuclear envelope composed of two
membranes
2 or more linear molecules of DNA
FUNCTION
1.
2.
Living boundary separating the external environment from the internal
environment of the cell.
Allow for selective passage of materials into and out of the cell
1.
2.
3.
Store genetic information
Control activity of the cell
Control growth and development
Mitochondria
Nucleolus
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
1.
2.
Bound by two membranes
One circular double stranded DNA
molecule
3. ribosomes
Found within the nucleus but considered a
unique structure
DNA, rRNA, protein, ribonucleoprotein
particles
Sacs or sheets surrounded by a single
membrane. Proteins within lumen.
Golgi Apparatus (Dictyosome)
Stacks of membranous sacs or sheets bound
by a single membrane
Peroxisome
Single membrane bound vesicles containing
enzymes
rRNA and protein
Proteinaceous microfilaments composed of
actin, microtubules composed of tubulin, and
intermediate filaments
Ribosomes
Cytoskeleton
Site of Aerobic Respiration. The harvesting of the energy stored in glucose in the
presence of oxygen to produce ATP
Site of ribosome synthesis
Rough ER (RER)
1. ER with ribosomes attached, involved in synthesis of proteins that will be
exported out of the cell or placed into vesicles that will be in the cytoplasm.
2. New membrane production
3. Begin processing of RER produced proteins
a. clip of some amino acids
b. begin adding sugars to nascent glycoproteins
Smooth ER (SER)
1. ER with no ribosomes attached
2. Continue processing of RER produced nascent glycoproteins
3. Sterol and steroid hormone synthesis
4. detoxification
1. Finishes processing of glycoproteins
2. Stores finished glycoproteins or other proteins produced by the ER
3. Sorts, packages, and encloses proteins and glycoproteins into vesicles for
transport into the cytoplasm or out of the cell
Detoxification of harmful substances produced during metabolism
Site of protein synthesis within the cell
1. Maintenance of cell shape (animal cells)
2. Maintenance of internal organization of the organelles within the
cytoplasm of the cell
3. Cell motility (animal cells)
4. Movement of organelles and vesicles within the cytoplasm of the cell
ORGANELLES TYPICALLY FOUND IN ANIMAL CELLS BUT NOT PLANT CELLS
ORGANELLE OR STRUCTURE
COMPOSITION
Lysosomes (occasionally found in
plant cells)
Single membrane bound vesicles containing
enzymes called hydrolases
Centriole
9 triplet blades of microtubules (mts)
Cilia/Flagella
9 + 2 arrangement of microtubules
FUNCTION
1.
2.
Digestion of engulfed food
Breakdown and recycling of components of nonfunctioning organelles and
molecules within the cell
1. Organize the microtubules of the cytoskeleton
2. Organize the microtubules of the spindle during nuclear division
a. Mitosis
b. Meiosis
3. Organize the 9 + 2 arrangement of the microtubules of cilia and flagella
1. Cell motility
2. Movement of liquids over the cell
ORGANELLES FOUND IN PLANT CELLS BUT NOT ANIMAL CELLS
ORGANELLE OR STRUCTURE
COMPOSITION
Cell Wall
Cellulose
Plastids
Two membranes (a third in chloroplasts),
Circular molecules of DNA
Ribosomes
Central Vacuole
Bound by a membrane called the tonoplast.
Water
FUNCTION
1.Support and protection
2.Maintenance of cell shape
1. Chloroplast: site of photosynthesis. Contain pigment that harvest the
energy in light to split water and combine 6 carbon dioxides to produce the
sugar glucose
2. Leukoplast (amyloplast). Storage of starch, long term energy storage
carbohydrate of plants
3. Chromoplast. Contain pigments that give the color to certain fruits to
attract seed dispersers.
1. Maintenance of turgor pressure (stiffness of the cell)
2. Storage of toxic compounds produced during cell metabolism
3. Storage of amino acids, vitamins, other cellular building blocks
4. Lysosomal function in plant cells