BIOL&241 FINAL
____________________________ ______________________________
____________________________ ______________________________
1. You draw blood from a volunteer and make this blood smear. Identify the labeled cells.
A.
D.
B.
E.
(15)
C.
F. In what skeletal tissue were all these cells produced? ___________________________________
G. Which ones are involved in an immune response? ______________________________________
H. Which one carries O2?
____________________________________
I.
During an allergy attack (think inflammation) which of the above cells is most active and what chemical
is it releasing?
J.
During an asthma attack, what type of tissue cells in the respiratory system are stimulated by this
chemical and what is its effect on these cells?
2. Identify the labeled bones on the skeleton:
(15)
A.
D.
B.
E.
C.
Identify the labeled cartilage slides:
F.
G.
I.
H.
J.
Name opening J?
____________________________________________
K. Name opening K?
____________________________________________
L. What type of tissue is represented by these labeled bones? ___________________________________
M. Which type of cartilage caps our long bones?
______________________________________
N. What type occurs between bones that form the knee and the vertebral column and what is its function?
3. Identify the labeled cranial nerves:
A.
B.
D. Circle those that contain only sensory fibers.
E. Name the nerves that control movement of the eye.
(20)
C.
F. A patient’s pupils do not dilate and eye movement is somewhat impaired. Which nerve is probably
damaged?
Identify the labeled regions of the brain:
G.
J.
H.
I.
If both the cerebellum and the cerebrum are intact but a patient still executes inappropriately large,
uncontrolled movements, which region of the brainstem may be damaged?
K. What is the job of brain region G?
L. Draw a diagram explaining the connectivity and information sharing between cerebrum, cerebellum,
and skeletal muscle.
4. Consider protective structures of the body:
A. Name the three protective layers surrounding the brain and spinal cord
(12)
B. What protective fluid layer occurs within these? ____________________________________________
C. Name the cells that produce and secrete this fluid. __________________________________________
D. Name one protective cell in epithelia of the digestive tract and trachea. _________________________
E. Name three protective structures or fluids of the knee joint and explain the specific function of each
one.
Structure
Function
H.
I.
J.
5. Match these regions of the spinal cord with their correct labels:
A.
E.
B.
F.
C.
G.
(16)
D.
H. Name the cells which myelinate axons in the white matter of the:
CNS
PNS
I.
What type of propagation occurs along myelinated axons? _____________________________________
J.
What will happen to the speed of propagation if a degenerative disease begins destroying Schwann cells
and explain why.
K. Draw two graphs of graded potentials and AP’s to help explain how this change will affect the firing of
an AP in a postsynaptic cell that relies on temporal summation of EPSP’s to reach threshold. One graph
should show the normal situation and one should show the situation after demyelination of one neuron.
6. We discussed Ca2+ use in three different organ systems:
A. Name each system and explain the specific role of Ca2+ in each. (6)
(19)
B. If Ca2+ levels drop in the tissues and blood, what hormone will be secreted and explain its effects at two
different tissues. (5)
C. Explain how low extracellular Ca2+ levels might affect signal transduction.
D. Explain how low intracellular Ca2+ levels might affect the maximum tension that a muscle can build.
7. Imagine that you travel through your epidermis, starting on the surface of your skin:
(10)
A. What type and subtype of tissue do you encounter first? ______________________________________
B. Name one, tough, intercellular connection that you must pass through. __________________________
C. Explain one functional reason why the epidermis is so thick.
D. You pass a hair and sebaceous gland. What type of tissues are they? ____________________________
E. Is the sebaceous gland an exocrine or endocrine gland? _______________________________________
F. What tissue subtype is the erector pili muscle? ______________________________________________
G. What two situations might stimulate it to contract?
H. What tissue type is the hair anchored to? ________________________________________
8. Parkinson’s disease reduces a patient’s ability to consciously initiate movement and to do it smoothly.
Somatic reflexes work just fine.
(15)
A. Based on this, are affected neurons in the brain, the spinal cord or the PNS and how do you know?
B. Name the region of the brain that initiates voluntary movement. ______________________________
C. The dopamine releasing neurons of Parkinson’s patients are damaged and eventually die. If dopamine
normally binds to sodium-gated channels on post-synaptic neurons, then explain how AP initiation in the
post-synaptic cell will be affected by the death of these cells.
D. If dopamine release into the synaptic cleft normally produces hyperpolarizations in post-synaptic cells,
then list two gated ion channels that dopamine might bind to.
E. A climber with Parkinson’s is especially upset about losing the ability to flex his fingers and wrist. List
three of the muscles involved in these actions:
F. List three bones that move when these muscles are flexed: