ORGANIC AND CONVENTIONAL KIWIFRUIT: MYTHS
VS. REALITY, ANTIOXIDANT, QUENCHING,
ANTIPROLIFERATIVE AND HEALTH EFFECTS
Yong Seo Park1, Myang Hee Im2, Hanna Leontowicz3, Maria Leontowicz3, Milan Suhaj4, Elena
Katrich5, Moshe Weisz5, Zeev Tashma5, Shela Gorinstein5#
1Department
of Horticultural Science, Mokpo National University, Jeonnam, South Korea; 2Regional Crop Research
Institute, Mokpo National University, Jeonnam, South Korea; 3Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of
Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), Warsaw, Poland; 4Food Research Institute,
Bratislava, Slovakia; 5The Institute for Drug Research, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Faculty of Medicine,
School of Pharmacy, Jerusalem, Israel
#This research is dedicated to the memory of my dear brother Prof. Simon Trakhtenberg, who
encouraged and supported me and our research group during all his life.
SG-073_120311101021 #45-56 RT: 0.40-0.50 AV: 12 SB: 13 0.16-0.27 NL: 7.79E5
T: - p ESI Q1MS [100.070-900.000]
390.64
100
95
90
85
80
75
1. Background
70
65
SG-071_120311095808 #77-105 RT: 0.69-0.95 AV: 29 SB: 11 0.13-0.22 NL: 1.57E6
60
T: - p ESI Q1MS [100.070-900.000]
55
110.85
100
The main peaks (m/z) with Relative
Abundance (RA, %), using different
extraction procedures MeOH and EtOAc,
for ‘KBiCMeOH' and ‘KBiOMeOH' (Fig.
A
4A and 4B) were at: 111(100, 100),
129(15, 15), 175(55, 55), 191(75, 75),
391(40, 80); for ‘KBiCEtOAc' and
‘KBiOEtOAc' (inserts in 4A and 4B):
111(12, 28), 217(45, 40), 311(30, 28), 325
(50,33), 339(43,30), 391(100,100). The
main m/z peaks for ‘KHaCMeOH' and
‘KHaOMeOH' were at: 111(38, 43),
B
191(100, 100) and 391(47, 90);
‘KHaCEtOAc' and ‘KHaOEtOAc' - 111(12,
12), 217(22, 22); 311 (15, 12), 325(20, 18),
339(12, 12), 391(100, 100). The difference
between conventional and organic
Fig. 4. ESI-MS spectra of (A):
'Hayward' and 'Bidan' cultivars was only
methanol fraction (MeOH) of ‘KBiC’
with an insert of ethyl acetate (EtOAc) in RA of peaks, but between the cultivars
fraction of ‘KBiC’; (B), MeOH
was also in the shift of the peaks.
Relative Abundance
95
90
Fruits with high content of bioactive compounds are effective in prevention and treatment of
atherosclerosis (1-4). In this investigation the bioactivity of conventionally and organically
grown kiwifruit’s cultivars ‘Hayward’ (‘KHaC', ‘KHaO') and 'Bidan' (‘KBiC', ‘KBiO') were studied.
324.84
50
216.62
45
338.91
40
310.91
35
85
80
30
25
20
75
190.86
15
132.69
111.13
70
Relative Abundance
55
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
380.98
158.73
154.95
10
5
0
100
432.99
440.97
309.09
276.96
115.19
0
100
173.78
199.12
150
242.87
200
265.27
379.02
469.04
301.11
250
300
350
m/z
400
483.11
484.93 513.00
450
537.01 557.10
500
579.15
591.12
550
600
174.69
390.78
222.71
340.87
262.89
438.80
128.77
15
408.84
352.98
10
5
65
60
404.85
436.77
172.87
154.67
216.76
150
228.80
200
276.61
380.77
318.82
292.71
310.70
250
352.77
442.79
424.73
300
350
m/z
400
480.73
450
570.82
533.02
502.78
500
592.73
550
600
SG-074_120311101258 #57-66 RT: 0.51-0.59 AV: 10 SB: 14 0.16-0.28 NL: 1.33E6
T: - p ESI Q1MS [100.070-900.000]
2. Materials and methods
390.71
100
95
90
85
80
75
70
65
Relative Abundance
60
55
50
45
216.69
40
35
30
Fig. 1. Kiwifruit orchard Heanam County, Jeonnam province,
Korea, 2011 (S.Gorinstein, Y.S. Park)
325.05
338.77
110.99
311.05
25
20
264.71
15
10
292.99
352.91
408.77
415.14
380.98
132.83
158.87
129.19
5
154.81
SG-072_120311100448 #51-137 RT: 0.46-1.24 AV: 87 SB: 16 0.12-0.26
NL: 9.22E5
T: - p ESI Q1MS [100.070-900.000]
0
100
150
110.92
100
172.59
212.98
231.04
200
258.97
250
440.97
378.60
277.10
300
350
m/z
400
468.90 483.04
450
513.07 528.89
500
555.07
576.98 596.93
550
600
95
90
85
390.78
80
75
190.86
70
65
Relative Abundance
Methanol (MeOH) and ethyl acetate (EtOAc) extracts of
conventionally and organically grown in Korea (Fig.1)
kiwifruit’s cultivars ‘Hayward’ (‘KHaC', ‘KHaO') and
'Bidan‘ (‘KBiC', ‘KBiO') were investigated. FTIR, 3D-FL
spectroscopy, ESI-MS, DSC and radical scavenging assays
were used for characterization of bioactive compounds
and the levels of their antioxidant activities (1-4).
60
174.76
55
50
45
40
35
30
25
404.78
20
15
222.71
172.80
216.62
5
0
100
340.80
262.61
438.80
436.77
128.77
10
146.83
150
202.76
200
292.78
232.93
250
318.75 332.82
300
352.63
350
m/z
380.63
424.87
400
442.93
450
476.88
502.99
500
564.94
532.88
550
592.80
600
fraction of ‘KBiO’ with an insert of
EtOAc fraction of ‘KBiO’ in negative
ion mode.
3. Results
The significantly highest levels of bioactive compounds were estimated in methanol
extract of ‘KBiO' (P < 0.05) than in other investigated kiwifruit samples, but the
difference between the organic and conventional kiwifruit was not significant (Fig. 2).
A
B
A
C
B
Fig. 5. DSC curves of EtOAc fractions of (A): ‘KHaO’ (a), ‘KHaC’ (b), ‘KBiO’ (c), ‘KBiC (d)’;
Fig. 2. A, B, three-dimensional fluorescence (3D-FL) spectrum of methanol extracts of
MeOH fractions (B): ‘KHaO’ (a), ‘KHaC’ (b), ‘KBiO’ (c), ‘KBiC’ (d); MeOH extracts (C): ‘KHaC’ (a),
‘KHaO’ (b), ‘KBiC’ (c), ‘KBiO’ (d). The pans were heated in the calorimeter at 10 oC min over the
range 25-200 oC.
conventional and organic kiwifruits ‘Bidan’ (0.25 mg/mL)
A
B
Fig. 3. Sun ray icon plot of organically (O) and conventionally (C) grown ‘Hayward’ kiwifruit
treated with ethylene (0,6,12,18,24 hrs) were compared by the examined variables (fruit firmness,
sensory value, soluble solid content, total tartaric acidity , vitamin C, antioxidant activity, electron
donating ability , nitrite scavenging activity , angiotension-1 converting enzyme , total phenolics).
Each ray represents a different variable; the middle of the ray comprises the mean value of the
variable. Values for each parameter are connected by a cord. This plot clearly demonstrates the
found differences between organic and conventional kiwifruit [Principal Component Analysis
(PCA), Fig.3].
120
120
A
SNU-601
80
60
40
SNU-601
80
60
40
20
20
.0
0
10
30
100
300
10
1000
120
C
Calu-6
SNU-601
100
60
40
20
100
300
1000
120
D
Calu-6
100
Cell viability, %
80
30
Extract concentration, mg/mL
Extract concentration, mg/mL
Cell viability, %
Calu-6
100
Cell viability, %
Cell viability, %
B
Calu-6
100
SNU-601
80
60
Fig. 6. Cell viability (% of Control) of human
40
20
0
10
30
100
300
1000
Extract concentration, mg/mL
The proliferativity (%) at 1000 µg/mL (Fig.
6A, B) for 'KHaO' on Calu-6 is 54.54%, and
on SNU-601 is 60.08%, 'KHaC' for Calu-6
(56.23%) and SNU-601 (61.56%); for 'KBiO'
on Calu-6 is 48.84%, on SNU-601 is 53.36%
(Fig. 6C, D), 'KBiC' for Calu-6 (47.25%) and
SNU-601 (52.28%). Our results show that
antioxidant activity of the studied samples
correlates with their antiproliferative activity.
Significantly different values between the
organic and conventional samples were not
found.
0
10
30
100
300
Extract concentration, mg/mL
1000
cancer cells of the Calu-6 and Snu-601 lines in the
presence of MeOH extracts: A, ‘KHaC’; B, ‘KHaO’;
C, ‘KBiC’; D, ‘KBiO’.
Endothermic peaks were at the same temperature [EtOAc and MeOH fractions
(Fig.5A and 5B)] with nearly 3-fold and 14-fold more heat was required to soften
the ‘KHaC’ that the ‘KHaO’. MeOH extract 2-fold more heat required for ‘KHaO’
(Fig 5C). The endothermic peaks for ‘KBiC’ and ‘KBiO’ were at the same
temperature with the same number of peaks for EtOAc, but the enthalpy of
transition was different and as in case of 'Hayward' 1.8-fold more heat required
for conventional. In MeOH fractions and extracts the temperature peaks were
similar, but 3.3-fold and 5.2-fold more heat required for organic 'Bidan'.
4. Discussion
The DSC thermograms of the phenolic extracts showed only one endothermic
peak at different temperatures, depending on investigated samples and year of
collection. The kiwifruit extracts decreased the proliferation of both Calu-6 and
SNU-601 for human pulmonary carcinoma and gastric carcinoma cells, and the
effect was concentration dependent. The proliferativity for concentrations of
1000µg/ml for ‘KBiO' methanol extract was lower than for other investigated
samples. The interaction between drugs and human serum albumin plays an
important role in the distribution and metabolism of drugs. The complexation
reaction between flavonoids, and kiwifruit extracts, and bovine serum albumin
(BSA) showed that kiwifruit polyphenol extracts have strong ability to quench
the intrinsic fluorescence of BSA and comparable with quercetin (1-4).
5. Conclusion
Relatively high contents of bioactive compounds, positive antioxidant and
antiproliferative properties of two cultivars of kiwifruit justify their use as a
source of valuable antioxidants.
6. References
1. Gorinstein et al., 2010. Phytochemical Analysis, 21, 355-362.
2. Park et al., 2010. Plant Foods for Human Nutrition, 65, 186–191.
3. Im et al., 2012. International Journal of Food Properties, 15, 49–59.
4. Leontowicz et al., 2008. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 46, 581–589.
5. Our publications- http://www.bashanfoundation.org/shela/shelapub.html