Finite Element Analysis of the Stresses in a Modern Alpine Ski
by
David Scott Grant
An Engineering Project Submitted to the Graduate
Faculty of Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
in Partial Fulfillment of the
Requirements for the degree of
MASTER OF ENGINEERING
Major Subject: MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
Approved:
_________________________________________
Norberto Lemcoff, Project Adviser
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
Hartford, Connecticut
May 2015
© Copyright 2015
by
David Scott Grant
All Rights Reserved
ii
CONTENTS
LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................ iv
LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................... v
NOMENCLATURE ........................................................................................................ vii
ACKNOWLEDGMENT ................................................................................................ viii
ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................................... ix
1. Introduction.................................................................................................................. 1
1.1
Background ........................................................................................................ 1
1.2
Project Objective ................................................................................................ 2
2. Analysis Methodology and Approach ......................................................................... 3
2.1
Analysis Overview ............................................................................................. 3
2.2
ABAQUS Model Development ......................................................................... 3
2.3
ABAQUS Model Mesh ...................................................................................... 6
2.4
Material Properties Used in ABAQUS Model ................................................... 7
2.5
Loads and Boundary Conditions Used in ABAQUS Model ............................ 10
2.6
Stage 2 ABAQUS Ski Analysis ....................................................................... 10
3. Results........................................................................................................................ 13
4. Conclusions................................................................................................................ 17
5. References.................................................................................................................. 18
6. Appendices ................................................................................................................ 20
6.1
Stage 2 ABAQUS Input Deck-Damaged Ski .................................................. 20
6.2
Stage 2 ABAQUS Undamaged Ski Stress by Layer ........................................ 41
iii
LIST OF TABLES
Table 2-1 Mechanical Properties of Poplar Wood ............................................................ 8
Table 2-2 Mechanical Properties of Fiberglass Ply ........................................................... 8
Table 2-3 Mechanical Properties of Basalt Ply ................................................................. 9
Table 2-4 Mechanical Properties for P-Tex Bottom.......................................................... 9
Table 2-5 Mechanical Properties for Nylon Topsheet ....................................................... 9
iv
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1-1 Modern Alpine Skis ......................................................................................... 1
Figure 2-1 Alpine Ski Geometry ....................................................................................... 4
Figure 2-2 P-Tex 4504-1/16inch ....................................................................................... 4
Figure 2-3 Thicknesses for Poplar Wood Vary ................................................................. 5
Figure 2-4 Fiberglass for 0°, 45°, -45°-0.033 inches ......................................................... 5
Figure 2-5 Basalt 0°- 0.011 inches .................................................................................... 5
Figure 2-6 Nylon Topsheet- 0.02 inches ........................................................................... 6
Figure 2-7 Composite Cross-section ................................................................................. 6
Figure 2-8 Finite Element Model with 1 inch Mesh Size .................................................. 7
Figure 2-9 Finite Element Model with 0.5 inch Mesh Size ............................................... 7
Figure 2-10 Locations of Boundary Conditions and Loads ............................................. 10
Figure 2-11 Figure from Bose [19] .................................................................................. 11
Figure 2-12 Figure from Chawla [10] ............................................................................. 12
Figure 3-1 Unloaded Ski Position.................................................................................... 13
Figure 3-2 35lb Loaded Ski Position ............................................................................... 14
Figure 3-3 ABAQUS 35lb Load Deflection Plot ............................................................ 14
Figure 3-4 ABAQUS 100lb Load Deflection Model ...................................................... 15
Figure 3-5 ABAQUS 100lb Load Ply 10 Stress .............................................................. 15
Figure 3-6 Stress (psi) Through Thickness (inches) at Mid-Ski...................................... 16
Figure 3-7 ABAQUS 100lb Load Damaged Deflection Model ...................................... 16
Figure 6-1 Ply 1 Base Layer Stress.................................................................................. 41
Figure 6-2 Ply2 Fiberglass 0° Stress ................................................................................ 41
Figure 6-3 Ply 3 Fiberglass 45° Stress ............................................................................. 41
Figure 6-4 Ply 4 Fiberglass -45° Stress ........................................................................... 42
Figure 6-5 Ply 5 Poplar Wood Stress .............................................................................. 42
Figure 6-6 Ply 6 Poplar Wood Stress .............................................................................. 42
Figure 6-7 Ply7 Poplar Wood Stress ............................................................................... 43
Figure 6-8 Ply 8 Poplar Wood Stress .............................................................................. 43
Figure 6-9 Ply 9 Poplar Wood Stress .............................................................................. 43
Figure 6-10 Ply 10 Fiberglass 0° Stress ........................................................................... 44
v
Figure 6-11Ply 11 Fiberglass 45° Stress.......................................................................... 44
Figure 6-12 Ply 12 Fiberglass -45° Stress ....................................................................... 44
Figure 6-13 Ply 13 Basalt 0° Stress ................................................................................. 45
Figure 6-14 Ply14 Nylon Stress ....................................................................................... 45
vi
NOMENCLATURE
E
Young’s Modulus
G
Shear Modulus
S
ABAQUS Directional Stress
V
Volume Fraction
Greek letters
v
Poisson Ratio
𝜎
Ultimate Stress
𝜎’
Strength at fiber strain to fracture
Subscripts
11
Direction along primary axis
12
On face with normal to 1 and in direction of 2
22
Direction along transverse axis
23
On face with normal to 2 and in direction of 3
f
Property for Fiber
m
Property for Matrix
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
I would like to thank my professor for his advisement on this project. I would also like to
thank my friends and loved ones for their understanding when I told them I was otherwise
occupied for the night, the week or the weekend.
viii
ABSTRACT
This project explored the latest technology of alpine skis and the damaging effect of skiing
over a small trench or gully in the off-trail glades. This was accomplished by analyzing
the stiffness and stress values of the ski, and applying this stress over three years of
moderate use. A modern alpine ski, consisting of multiple layers of composite materials,
was modeled using finite elements in the computer program ABAQUS. The validity of
the model was verified by comparing a simply supported ski at both ends with the
measured deflection of actual skis loaded with a dumbbell. Once deflections were
confirmed, a second stage representing a skier going over a gully was analyzed. In this
stage, the highest stress among the fiberglass portions of the ski was determined, and using
this value over a simulated period of 3 years, the damage of the ski was determined from
the loss of stiffness. This study determined that the analyzed ski just going over the gully
under moderate use will result in little damage to the ski.
ix
1. Introduction
1.1 Background
The modern alpine ski has changed drastically since its wooden plank beginnings and the
technology continues to rapidly grow. Most notably, the shape of the skis have changed.
Skis are not straight planks anymore, but more of a stretched hourglass shape as shown in
Figure 1-1. This hour-glass shape allows the skis’ geometry to aid in turning.
Figure 1-1 Modern Alpine Skis
While many alpine skis still contain a wooden core, there are now many more
materials that are used in ski design and construction. These include: wood, foam board,
fiberglass, Kevlar, aluminum, titanium, steel, nylon, and a material called P-Tex, as listed
in [1]. These ski materials form a composite structure much stiffer and stronger than the
wood itself. The properties of some materials, such as foam board and fiberglass, can also
1
change noticeably throughout the skis life. This degradation of material often results on
what skiers call losing “power” or “spring”, which is basically a result of the loss of
stiffness of the ski. Skis whose stiffness has degraded are less responsive to the skier’s
efforts to maintain control and direction. No technical papers were found on the alpine
ski fatigue, and this project explores fatigue damage done to the skis stiffness under a
specific loading.
1.2 Project Objective
The objective of this project is to analyze a composite layered ski under the condition of
crossing a small gully in the glades over the course of three years of moderate use. The
analysis will be accomplished in two stages. In Stage 1, a 35lb load will be applied to a
finite element model of the ski, and a 35 lb. dumbbell will be attached to the actual ski
under simply supported condition. The second stage will analyze fatigued fiber glass
layers and its effect on the overall stiffness of the ski.
.
2
2. Analysis Methodology and Approach
2.1 Analysis Overview
The modern ski analyzed for this project was the Rossignol Experience 88 ski. This ski
was chosen as it is contemporary to latest ski designs today, and a pair of these skis is
owned by the author, making measuring the geometries of the ski convenient. This alpine
ski was modeled using finite elements in the computer program ABAQUS [2].
Composition of the ski was mainly obtained from the Rossignol website [3]. Other
materials were assumed based on common ski construction layering. This project will
make use of composite conventional shell layups in ABAQUS to form the structure of the
ski.
This project consisted of multiple stages:
1. The validity of the model was tested by comparing the predicted deflection of a
simply supported ski at both ends with the measured deflection of the author’s skis.
2. Once deflections were confirmed, fiberglass stresses of the ski were determined in
ABAQUS by applying the static load of the skier on one ski. These stresses were
used in assessing the damage of the ski. The damaged ski material properties were
rerun in ABAQUS and the overall effect on stiffness was determined.
2.2 ABAQUS Model Development
Geometry for the modeled ski was measured directly from a pair of Rossignol skis. Data
points were collected at various points along the ski. These data points were later used to
make geometry nodes in the software HyperWorks [4]. HyperWorks is a user friendly
geometry creator, and is quite robust in creating a geometry, as opposed to directly
modeling in ABAQUS [1]. Geometry was exported from HyperWorks as an .IGES file,
which was later imported into ABAQUS. The geometry imported can be seen in Figure
2-1.
3
Figure 2-1 Alpine Ski Geometry
Partitions were created at intervals along the ski for where material thicknesses changed.
From the partitions shown in Figure 2-1, the composite layup feature in ABAQUS could
be used. Materials used in the finite element model were P-Tex 4504, fiberglass, poplar
wood, basalt fiber, and nylon. Figure 2-2 shows the whole bottom of the ski, known as
the base layer, made of P-Tex 4504. Figure 2-3 shows the various layers of poplar wood
used for the core of the ski. It should be noted that, unlike the other layers in this ski,
individual layers of poplar wood, except for the bottom-most layer, do not span the whole
length of the ski. Figure 2-4 through Figure 2-6 show the thicknesses of the layers
covering the whole ski. Two instances of fiberglass, consisting of three plies, were used
above and below the wood. A cross-section of the ski layers, as well as the fiber directions,
can be seen in Figure 2-7.
Figure 2-2 P-Tex 4504-1/16inch
4
Figure 2-3 Thicknesses for Poplar Wood Vary
Figure 2-4 Fiberglass for 0°, 45°, -45°-0.033 inches
Figure 2-5 Basalt 0°- 0.011 inches
5
Figure 2-6 Nylon Topsheet- 0.02 inches
Figure 2-7 Composite Cross-section
2.3 ABAQUS Model Mesh
The alpine ski finite element model in ABAQUS used first order quad S4 element. An
initial mesh size of one inch was used (Figure 2-8). A mesh density study was conducted
and resulted in that the initial mesh size was adequate after running the model with double
the mesh density (Figure 2-9). Differences in deflection at mid ski between the two
models were only 0.01 inches. As a result, the mesh was considered converged for a mesh
size of one inch.
6
Figure 2-8 Finite Element Model with 1 inch Mesh Size
Figure 2-9 Finite Element Model with 0.5 inch Mesh Size
2.4 Material Properties Used in ABAQUS Model
In general alpine skis are made from many layers of materials stacked on top of each other.
The layers are held together by epoxy, the same material used in the matrix of several of
the skis structural layers. The most important layers of the ski are those that make up the
core of the ski. For the core, wood is generally used, for its blend of stiffness, cost and its
ability to damp out undesirable vibrations in the ski. The other layers of the ski are
composite reinforcements, a base layer of P-tex at the bottom, and a layer of nylon at the
top. Skis also contain a very thin metal edge along the sides of the ski for grip. However,
this material is very thin and does not extend across the full width of the ski, and therefore
it was not modeled in this project.
Materials for the composite layers of the ski were determined initially from [3].
However, very little information was provided other than that it was made out of wood,
fiberglass and basalt fibers. Further research was required to come up with a type of wood
used in the core of the ski, as wood species vary greatly in mechanical properties. A
couple of references [5, 6] list the ski having a poplar wood core. Using the properties of
poplar wood [7] and converting to units of psi, a longitudinal modulus of 1,738,910 psi
7
was determined. Using tables in [7] that expressed moduli as ratios of the longitudinal
modulus, the rest of the calculated properties were obtained, and are shown in Table 2-1.
Table 2-1 Mechanical Properties of Poplar Wood
E11
E22
G12
G13
G23
v12
1738910 159980 130418 130418
19128
0.318
Several layers of reinforcement plies were applied to the composite layup in ABAQUS.
These plies were composites themselves. For the fiberglass layers, fiberglass fibers in an
epoxy matrix were used. E-glass fiber properties were obtained from AZoM [8]. Matrix
modulus properties of marine epoxy, commonly used in skis, were obtained from TAP
Plastics [9]. Since no Poisson ratio was given in [9], its value was assumed from typical
data given by Chawla [10].
Fiber glass volume fractions were obtained from a
commercially available mesh that could be used for skis [11]. For the composite plies,
properties were determined using the law of mixtures and equations given by Chawla [10]
for entry into ABAQUS as anisotropic material properties. Equations (2.1) through (2.6)
show the equations used [10]. These equations lead to the fiberglass ply properties listed
in Table 2-2.
𝐸11 = 𝐸𝑓 𝑉𝑓 + 𝐸𝑚 𝑉𝑚
𝐸22 =
(2.1)
𝐸𝑚
𝐸
1−√𝑉𝑓 (1− 𝑚⁄𝐸 )
𝑓2
(2.2)
𝐸
𝑚
𝐺𝑚 = 2(1+𝑣
(2.3)
𝑚)
𝐺12 =
𝐺𝑚
𝐺
1−√𝑉𝑓 (1− 𝑚⁄𝐺
)
𝑓12
𝐺23 =
𝐺𝑚
𝐺
1−√𝑉𝑓 (1− 𝑚⁄𝐺
)
𝑓23
(2.4)
(2.5)
𝑣12 = 𝑣𝑓12 𝑉𝑓 + 𝑣𝑚 𝑉𝑚
(2.6)
Table 2-2 Mechanical Properties of Fiberglass Ply
E11
E22
G12
G13
G23
v12
6225300 1123462 478798 478798 478798
0.2098
8
For the composite plies of basalt fibers, the same epoxy matrix was assumed. Basalt fiber
modulus information was obtained from Gencarelle [12]. Poisson ratio was obtained from
Piergiorgio et al. [13], which also contained the same modulus property. Fiber volume
fractions for fiber fabrics were not given in [12]; however the mass in grams per square
meter of fabric was reported. From this information and the density of basalt 2.8 g/cc
from [14], a fiber volume fraction of 0.64 was obtained. Similarly to the fiberglass ply,
basalt composite ply properties were determined from equations (2.1) through (2. 6).
Table 2-3 Mechanical Properties of Basalt Ply
E11
E22
G12
G13
G23
v12
8390950 1619352 629914 629914 629914
0.2384
The ply base layer for P-tex [15] was considered isotropic and the properties are listed in
Table 2-4. P-tex is abrasion resistant and is selected for skis for its ability to accept ski
wax and glide over snow. Poisson’s Ratio was not given in [15], however P-tex is a
popular brand name for UHMWPE (Ultra High Molecular Weight Polyethylene), and the
value was obtained from Fang et al. [16].
Table 2-4 Mechanical Properties for P-Tex Bottom
E
v
87023
0.46
The ply topsheet layer of nylon [17] was considered isotropic and its properties are listed
in Table 2-5. Nylon is used on skis for its ability to be dyed and display brand name and
artwork on the top of the ski.
Table 2-5 Mechanical Properties for Nylon Topsheet
Nylon
V
377098
0.41
The layering of these materials was obtained by looking at the similar materials of [3] used
in [18]. Kilchenstein and Alary [18] state that, from the bottom up, the layers are base
9
layer, fiberglass layers, wood core, fiberglass and or basalt reinforcement layers, and
topped off with a nylon topsheet.
2.5 Loads and Boundary Conditions Used in ABAQUS Model
The alpine ski model applied simply supported conditions at the inflection points near the
ends of the ski (Figure 2-10). In stage one, the 35 lb load was applied approximately in
the middle of the ski, corresponding to where the weight of a skier would be applied.
These locations correspond to the model validation locations of the actual ski loading with
the dumbbell.
Figure 2-10 Locations of Boundary Conditions and Loads
2.6 Stage 2 ABAQUS Ski Analysis
In stage two, the ski was modeled to analyze the damage to the ski after about 3000 cycles
of higher stress. The situation modeled is a representation of a skier going over a small
gully in the glades on a mountain. In this condition, the ski is in a similar position as
analyzed in stage one, with simply supported conditions near the tips of the ski. The
ABAQUS input deck for stage two is provided in Appendix Section 6.1.
In this stage, the ski deflection and fiberglass stresses at the middle of the ski were
obtained. These stresses will be further used to determine the damage to the fiberglass
reinforcement of the ski after three years of use. Once the damage is determined, the
damaged fiberglass modulus will be introduced into the model and the overall effect on
the ski stiffness will be determined.
Using the ultimate strength of fiberglass from AZoM [8], 282.8 ksi, the modulus
of 12.3 Msi, as well as the modulus of the epoxy 360 ksi from TAP [9], and the equation
from Bose [19]
𝜎𝑐 = 𝜎𝑓 𝑉𝑓 + 𝜎𝑚 ′(1 − 𝑉𝑓 ),
(2.7)
10
an ultimate strength of the ply can be determined (Figure 2-11).
Figure 2-11 Scan of Bose [19]
11
Chawla [10] shows a graph of E glass fiber displaying the maximum stress as a fraction
of the ultimate tensile monotonic strength being cycled versus the number of cycles with
several data lines for damage ratios (Figure 2-12).
Figure 2-12 Figure from Chawla [10]
12
3. Results
In stage one, the deflection at the middle of the ski was determined to be 2.35 inches.
Measuring the actual ski deflection, a recording of 2.25 inches was obtained.
Prior to measuring the deflection, the ski was removed from all bindings, since there
is no binding representation in the model. Measurements of the deflection of the ski were
determined by analyzing a photograph taken with a camera on a tripod. Photos were taken
both before and after loading the ski with a 35 lb. dumbbell. A measuring tape was placed
on a wall behind the ski for measurement. Figure 3-1 shows the undeflected ski position.
Figure 3-2 shows the deflected ski position with the 35 lb. load. Figure 3-3 shows the
ABAQUS finite element deflection with the 35 lb. load.
Figure 3-1 Unloaded Ski Position
13
Figure 3-2 35lb Loaded Ski Position
Figure 3-3 ABAQUS 35lb Load Deflection Plot
In stage two, the maximum deflection was determined to be 6.71 inches, as shown in
Figure 3-4. A maximum stress of 22.9 ksi was determined in the fiberglass portion of the
ski with the original material properties. Stress was obtained in the axial fiber direction,
S11. The S11 stress for ply 10 (fiberglass) can be seen in Figure 3-5. Stress results for other
plies are shown in Appendix Section 6.2
14
Figure 3-4 ABAQUS 100lb Load Deflection Model
Figure 3-5 ABAQUS 100lb Load Ply 10 Stress
A plot of stresses through the thickness of the middle of the ski is provided in
Figure 3-6. Comparing the fiberglass S11 stress over a calculated ultimate tensile stress
(150 ksi) for the composite, using the properties obtained from AZoM [8] and the
equations from Bose [19], the damage at a certain number of cycles can be determined
[10]. The 100lb stage two load represents the weight of a man on one ski skiing over a
gully in the glades. If this feature is assumed to happen a 100 times per outing and the
skier goes 10 times a year, about 3000 cycles of this load have occurred after 3 years.
Using these cycles and figure 13.14 of Chawla [10], the change in modulus of the
fiberglass is found to be about 95%. A new deflection of 6.85 inches was obtained after
applying this ratio to the fiberglass modulus. The deflection of the damaged ski is shown
in Figure 3-7.
15
Figure 3-6 Stress (psi) Through Thickness (inches) at Mid-Ski
Figure 3-7 ABAQUS 100lb Load Damaged Deflection Model
16
4. Conclusions
For stage one, the Rossignol ski was analyzed with the materials identified on the website
[3], but the other materials and material layering were assumed from other references.
Despite the assumptions on the materials of the Rossignol ski, the analyzed ski and the
physically loaded ski showed similar vertical deflections. These deflections were within
5 percent.
After validating the overall stiffness of the modeled ski in stage one, the fatigue
damage of the ski for the specified terrain obstacle was analyzed in stage two. This
analysis showed that the damaged stiffness was about 2 percent less than the original
stiffness. Therefore, the damaging effect of skiing 3000 cycles over the terrain, which
was statically modeled in stage two, resulted in little impact on the stiffness of this ski.
Either a higher fiberglass stress as a result of a higher load, such as landing from a jump
on the gully, or larger number of cycles may be needed to see a noticeable impact to the
overall ski stiffness. This study concludes that just skiing over the glade gully under over
three years of use will not have, by itself, a huge and noticeable effect on the overall ski
stiffness, ensuring its ability to be reactive and turn as designed.
17
5. References
1. Mechanic
of
Sport,
Ski
Construction,
Copyright
2007-2015.
http://www.mechanicsofsport.com/skiing/equipment/skis/ski_construction.html,
date accessed February 28, 2015.
2. Abaqus/ CAE 6.13-1, Dassault Systèmes, 2013
3. Rossignol, Experience 88 BSLT Open,
http://www.rossignol.com/US/US/experience-88-bslt-open--2014--RADED02-product--alpine-men-skis.html#close, date accessed on March 1, 2015.
4. Altair HyperWorks 13.0 Student Edition, Altair Engineering Inc., 2015.
5. Evo.com, Rossignol Experience 88 BSLT Skis 2015, copyright 2001-2015,
http://www.evo.com/skis/rossignol-experience-88.aspx accessed April 1, 2015
6. Skis.com, Rossignol Experience 88 Skis 2015, copyright 1990-2015,
http://www.skis.com/Rossignol-Experience-88-Skis2015/350606P,default,pd.html, date accessed April 1, 2015.
7. Forest Products Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture Forest
Service, Wood Handbook, Wood as an Engineering Material, Madison,
Wisconsin, 2010.
8. AZoM.com,
E-Glass
Fibre,
Copyright
2000-2015.
http://www.azom.com/properties.aspx?ArticleID=764, accessed March 31, 2015.
9. TAP Premium Marine Grade Epoxy System, Tap Plastics Product Bulletin, June
2010.
http://www.tapplastics.com/uploads/pdf/Product%20Bulletin%2012-
2010.pdf accessed April 1, 2015.
10. Chawla, Krishan K., Composite Materials: Science and Engineering, Third
Edition, Springer, New York, 2012.
11. Fiber Glass Industries, 5=1+4 Stitched Bonded Warp Triaxial 0°/±45°/±45°,
http://www.fiberglassindustries.com/warp-triax.htm copyright 2007-2013. date
accessed March 28, 2015.
12. Gencarelle, Nick. Basalt FAQs, Smarter Building Systems-Smarter Building
Materials
for
a
Cleaner
Environment,
http://smarter-building-
systems.com/smarter-building-basalt-faqs/ Copyright 2014, date accessed March
28, 2015.
18
13. Piergiorgio Valentino, Franco Furgiuele, Marco Romano, Info Ehrlich, Geebbeken
Norbert, Mechanical Characterization of basalt fibre reinforced plastic with
different fabric reinforcements-Tensile tests and FE calculations with
representative volume elements (RVEWs), Roma Italy, 2013.
14. Singha, Kunal. A Short Review on Basalt Fiber. International Journal of Textile
Science 2012. http://article.sapub.org/pdf/10.5923.j.textile.20120104.02.pdf, date
accessed April 12, 2015.
15. P-tex 4504 black. Cps GmbH, Creative Plastic Solutions http://cpsgmbh.net/download/datenblaetter/4504_P-tex_DS_black_v130228.pdf.
Date
accessed March 28, 2015
16. Fang, Hsu-Wei; Hsu, Stephen M.; Sengers, Jan V.. NIST Special Publication 1002:
Ultra-High Molecular Weight Polyethylene Wear Particle Effects on Bioactivity.
September
2003.
http://www.ccp14.ac.uk/ccp/ccp14/ftp-mirror/nist-
texture/NISTSP1002.pdf. Date accessed March 28th, 2015.
17. Mechanical
Properties
of
Plastic
Materials.
Professional
Plastics.
http://www.professionalplastics.com/professionalplastics/MechanicalPropertiesof
Plastics.pdf. Copyright 2015. Date accessed March 28, 2015.
18. Kilchenstein, Michael; Alary, Christian. Skis and methods of making same: US
20140062064 A1. March 6, 2014.
https://www.google.com/patents/US20140062064. Date accessed February 28,
2015.
19. Bose, Sudhangshu, Mechanics of Composites:MANE6180 G01;H01, 7.0 Strength,
Fracture, Fatigue and Design - slide11, PowerPoint slides distributed in
MANE6180 at Rensselelaer Poly Technic Institute on October 27, 2014.
19
6. Appendices
6.1 Stage 2 ABAQUS Input Deck-Damaged Ski
*Heading
** Job name: stage2_fiber_change Model name: Model-1
** Generated by: Abaqus/CAE 6.13-1
*Preprint, echo=NO, model=NO, history=NO, contact=NO
**
** PARTS
**
*Part, name=SKI
*End Part
**
**
** ASSEMBLY
**
*Assembly, name=Assembly
**
*Instance, name=SKI-1, part=SKI
*Node
1,
60., 0.00272241514, 2.14694977
2,
60., 0.00272241188, -2.14694977
3, 62.5000076, 1.64821074e-07, -2.23241854
4, 62.5000076, 1.41106753e-07, 2.23241854
5,
56., 0.10109701, 1.97272778
6,
56., 0.10109701, -1.97272778
7,
50., 0.187148646, 1.81556082
8,
50., 0.187148631, -1.81556082
9,
48., 0.193056166, -1.78263509
10,
48., 0.193056166, 1.78263509
11, 45.0000038, 0.19177781, 1.71871567
12, 45.0000038, 0.19177781, -1.71871567
13,
42., 0.184938744, 1.67498231
14,
42., 0.184938744, -1.67498231
15,
36., 0.166981131, 1.69037664
16,
36., 0.166981131, -1.69037664
17,
30., 0.147715434, 1.68687606
18,
30., 0.147715434, -1.68687606
19,
24., 0.130517229, -1.8080883
20,
24., 0.130517229, 1.80808806
21,
20., 0.122324422, 1.93353283
22,
20., 0.122324422, -1.93353283
23, 16.0000019, 0.109580077, 2.05654335
24, 16.0000019, 0.109580077, -2.05654335
25, 12.0000038, 0.0589322411, 2.24670768
26, 12.0000038, 0.0589322411, -2.24670768
20
27, 9.99999905, -3.92250605e-08, 2.30999875
28, 9.99999905, -3.92251103e-08, -2.30999875
29, 5.04551268, 2.63805244e-08, 2.38059473
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1, 1, 41, 194, 50
2, 41, 42, 195, 194
3, 42, 43, 196, 195
4, 43, 2, 44, 196
5, 50, 194, 197, 49
6, 194, 195, 198, 197
7, 195, 196, 199, 198
8, 196, 44, 45, 199
9, 49, 197, 48, 4
10, 197, 198, 47, 48
11, 198, 199, 46, 47
12, 199, 45, 3, 46
13, 5, 51, 200, 59
14, 51, 52, 201, 200
15, 52, 53, 202, 201
16, 53, 6, 54, 202
17, 59, 200, 203, 58
18, 200, 201, 204, 203
19, 201, 202, 205, 204
20, 202, 54, 55, 205
21, 58, 203, 206, 57
22, 203, 204, 207, 206
28
23, 204, 205, 208, 207
24, 205, 55, 56, 208
25, 57, 206, 41, 1
26, 206, 207, 42, 41
27, 207, 208, 43, 42
28, 208, 56, 2, 43
29, 7, 60, 209, 72
30, 60, 61, 210, 209
31, 61, 62, 211, 210
32, 62, 8, 63, 211
33, 72, 209, 212, 71
34, 209, 210, 213, 212
35, 210, 211, 214, 213
36, 211, 63, 64, 214
37, 71, 212, 215, 70
38, 212, 213, 216, 215
39, 213, 214, 217, 216
40, 214, 64, 65, 217
41, 70, 215, 218, 69
42, 215, 216, 219, 218
43, 216, 217, 220, 219
44, 217, 65, 66, 220
45, 69, 218, 221, 68
46, 218, 219, 222, 221
47, 219, 220, 223, 222
48, 220, 66, 67, 223
49, 68, 221, 51, 5
50, 221, 222, 52, 51
51, 222, 223, 53, 52
52, 223, 67, 6, 53
53, 9, 73, 224, 77
54, 73, 8, 62, 224
55, 77, 224, 225, 76
56, 224, 62, 61, 225
57, 76, 225, 226, 75
58, 225, 61, 60, 226
59, 75, 226, 74, 10
60, 226, 60, 7, 74
61, 11, 78, 227, 84
62, 78, 79, 228, 227
63, 79, 80, 229, 228
64, 80, 12, 81, 229
65, 84, 227, 230, 83
66, 227, 228, 231, 230
67, 228, 229, 232, 231
68, 229, 81, 82, 232
69, 83, 230, 75, 10
29
70, 230, 231, 76, 75
71, 231, 232, 77, 76
72, 232, 82, 9, 77
73, 13, 85, 233, 91
74, 85, 86, 234, 233
75, 86, 87, 235, 234
76, 87, 14, 88, 235
77, 91, 233, 236, 90
78, 233, 234, 237, 236
79, 234, 235, 238, 237
80, 235, 88, 89, 238
81, 90, 236, 78, 11
82, 236, 237, 79, 78
83, 237, 238, 80, 79
84, 238, 89, 12, 80
85, 15, 92, 239, 104
86, 92, 93, 240, 239
87, 93, 94, 241, 240
88, 94, 16, 95, 241
89, 104, 239, 242, 103
90, 239, 240, 243, 242
91, 240, 241, 244, 243
92, 241, 95, 96, 244
93, 103, 242, 245, 102
94, 242, 243, 246, 245
95, 243, 244, 247, 246
96, 244, 96, 97, 247
97, 102, 245, 248, 101
98, 245, 246, 249, 248
99, 246, 247, 250, 249
100, 247, 97, 98, 250
101, 101, 248, 251, 100
102, 248, 249, 252, 251
103, 249, 250, 253, 252
104, 250, 98, 99, 253
105, 100, 251, 85, 13
106, 251, 252, 86, 85
107, 252, 253, 87, 86
108, 253, 99, 14, 87
109, 17, 105, 254, 117
110, 105, 106, 255, 254
111, 106, 107, 256, 255
112, 107, 18, 108, 256
113, 117, 254, 257, 116
114, 254, 255, 258, 257
115, 255, 256, 259, 258
116, 256, 108, 109, 259
30
117, 116, 257, 260, 115
118, 257, 258, 261, 260
119, 258, 259, 262, 261
120, 259, 109, 110, 262
121, 115, 260, 263, 114
122, 260, 261, 264, 263
123, 261, 262, 265, 264
124, 262, 110, 111, 265
125, 114, 263, 266, 113
126, 263, 264, 267, 266
127, 264, 265, 268, 267
128, 265, 111, 112, 268
129, 113, 266, 92, 15
130, 266, 267, 93, 92
131, 267, 268, 94, 93
132, 268, 112, 16, 94
133, 19, 118, 269, 130
134, 118, 119, 270, 269
135, 119, 120, 271, 270
136, 120, 121, 272, 271
137, 121, 122, 273, 272
138, 122, 18, 107, 273
139, 130, 269, 274, 129
140, 269, 270, 275, 274
141, 270, 271, 276, 275
142, 271, 272, 277, 276
143, 272, 273, 278, 277
144, 273, 107, 106, 278
145, 129, 274, 279, 128
146, 274, 275, 280, 279
147, 275, 276, 281, 280
148, 276, 277, 282, 281
149, 277, 278, 283, 282
150, 278, 106, 105, 283
151, 128, 279, 127, 20
152, 279, 280, 126, 127
153, 280, 281, 125, 126
154, 281, 282, 124, 125
155, 282, 283, 123, 124
156, 283, 105, 17, 123
157, 21, 131, 284, 139
158, 131, 132, 285, 284
159, 132, 133, 286, 285
160, 133, 22, 134, 286
161, 139, 284, 287, 138
162, 284, 285, 288, 287
163, 285, 286, 289, 288
31
164, 286, 134, 135, 289
165, 138, 287, 290, 137
166, 287, 288, 291, 290
167, 288, 289, 292, 291
168, 289, 135, 136, 292
169, 137, 290, 128, 20
170, 290, 291, 129, 128
171, 291, 292, 130, 129
172, 292, 136, 19, 130
173, 23, 140, 293, 148
174, 140, 141, 294, 293
175, 141, 142, 295, 294
176, 142, 24, 143, 295
177, 148, 293, 296, 147
178, 293, 294, 297, 296
179, 294, 295, 298, 297
180, 295, 143, 144, 298
181, 147, 296, 299, 146
182, 296, 297, 300, 299
183, 297, 298, 301, 300
184, 298, 144, 145, 301
185, 146, 299, 131, 21
186, 299, 300, 132, 131
187, 300, 301, 133, 132
188, 301, 145, 22, 133
189, 25, 149, 302, 157
190, 149, 150, 303, 302
191, 150, 151, 304, 303
192, 151, 26, 152, 304
193, 157, 302, 305, 156
194, 302, 303, 306, 305
195, 303, 304, 307, 306
196, 304, 152, 153, 307
197, 156, 305, 308, 155
198, 305, 306, 309, 308
199, 306, 307, 310, 309
200, 307, 153, 154, 310
201, 155, 308, 140, 23
202, 308, 309, 141, 140
203, 309, 310, 142, 141
204, 310, 154, 24, 142
205, 27, 158, 311, 162
206, 158, 159, 312, 311
207, 159, 160, 313, 312
208, 160, 28, 161, 313
209, 162, 311, 149, 25
210, 311, 312, 150, 149
32
211, 312, 313, 151, 150
212, 313, 161, 26, 151
213, 29, 163, 314, 172
214, 163, 164, 315, 314
215, 164, 165, 316, 315
216, 165, 30, 166, 316
217, 172, 314, 317, 171
218, 314, 315, 318, 317
219, 315, 316, 319, 318
220, 316, 166, 167, 319
221, 171, 317, 170, 32
222, 317, 318, 169, 170
223, 318, 319, 168, 169
224, 319, 167, 31, 168
225, 31, 173, 320, 168
226, 173, 28, 160, 320
227, 168, 320, 321, 169
228, 320, 160, 159, 321
229, 169, 321, 322, 170
230, 321, 159, 158, 322
231, 170, 322, 174, 32
232, 322, 158, 27, 174
233, 48, 47, 323, 334
234, 334, 323, 324, 333
235, 333, 324, 325, 332
236, 332, 325, 326, 331
237, 331, 326, 327, 330
238, 330, 327, 328, 329
239, 328, 181, 33, 329
240, 4, 48, 334, 176
241, 176, 334, 333, 175
242, 175, 333, 332, 34
243, 34, 332, 331, 183
244, 183, 331, 330, 182
245, 182, 330, 329, 33
246, 35, 181, 328, 335
247, 328, 327, 340, 335
248, 327, 326, 339, 340
249, 326, 325, 338, 339
250, 325, 324, 337, 338
251, 324, 323, 336, 337
252, 323, 47, 46, 336
253, 46, 3, 177, 336
254, 336, 177, 178, 337
255, 337, 178, 36, 338
256, 338, 36, 179, 339
257, 339, 179, 180, 340
33
258, 340, 180, 35, 335
259, 37, 342, 359, 193
260, 342, 343, 351, 359
261, 193, 359, 360, 192
262, 359, 351, 352, 360
263, 192, 360, 353, 29
264, 360, 352, 349, 353
265, 343, 344, 361, 351
266, 344, 345, 362, 361
267, 345, 341, 354, 362
268, 351, 361, 363, 352
269, 361, 362, 364, 363
270, 362, 354, 355, 364
271, 352, 363, 356, 349
272, 363, 364, 357, 356
273, 364, 355, 350, 357
274, 341, 346, 365, 354
275, 346, 38, 190, 365
276, 354, 365, 366, 355
277, 365, 190, 191, 366
278, 355, 366, 358, 350
279, 366, 191, 30, 358
280, 349, 356, 367, 353
281, 356, 357, 368, 367
282, 357, 350, 358, 369
283, 353, 367, 163, 29
284, 367, 368, 164, 163
285, 368, 369, 165, 164
286, 369, 358, 30, 165
287, 39, 347, 371, 40
288, 40, 371, 372, 187
289, 187, 372, 373, 186
290, 186, 373, 370, 185
291, 347, 348, 375, 371
292, 348, 341, 345, 375
293, 371, 375, 376, 372
294, 375, 345, 344, 376
295, 372, 376, 377, 373
296, 376, 344, 343, 377
297, 373, 377, 374, 370
298, 377, 343, 342, 374
299, 342, 37, 184, 374
300, 374, 184, 185, 370
301, 346, 341, 348, 379
302, 379, 348, 347, 378
303, 347, 39, 188, 378
304, 188, 189, 379, 378
34
305, 189, 38, 346, 379
*Element, type=S3
306, 357, 369, 368
*Nset, nset=_PickedSet60, internal, generate
1, 379, 1
*Elset, elset=_PickedSet60, internal, generate
1, 306, 1
*Nset, nset=_PickedSet62, internal, generate
1, 379, 1
*Elset, elset=_PickedSet62, internal, generate
1, 306, 1
** Region: (CompositeLayup-1-5: Generated From Layup)
*Elset, elset=CompositeLayup-1-5
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 225, 226, 227, 228
229, 230, 231, 232
** Section: CompositeLayup-1-5
*Shell Section, elset=CompositeLayup-1-5, composite, layup=CompositeLayup-1
0.06125, 3, Base, 0., Ply-1
0.011, 3, fiberglass, 0., Ply-2
0.011, 3, fiberglass, 45., Ply-3
0.011, 3, fiberglass, -45., Ply-4
0.06125, 3, Poplar, 0., Ply-5
0.06125, 3, Poplar, 0., Ply-6
0.011, 3, fiberglass, 0., Ply-10
0.011, 3, fiberglass, 45., Ply-11
0.011, 3, fiberglass, -45., Ply-12
0.011, 3, basalt, 0., Ply-13
0.02, 3, nylon, 0., Ply-14
** Region: (CompositeLayup-1-2: Generated From Layup)
*Elset, elset=CompositeLayup-1-2
13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28
189, 190, 191, 192, 193, 194, 195, 196, 197, 198, 199, 200, 201, 202, 203, 204
205, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212
** Section: CompositeLayup-1-2
*Shell Section, elset=CompositeLayup-1-2, composite, layup=CompositeLayup-1
0.06125, 3, Base, 0., Ply-1
0.011, 3, fiberglass, 0., Ply-2
0.011, 3, fiberglass, 45., Ply-3
0.011, 3, fiberglass, -45., Ply-4
0.06125, 3, Poplar, 0., Ply-5
0.06125, 3, Poplar, 0., Ply-6
0.06125, 3, Poplar, 0., Ply-7
0.011, 3, fiberglass, 0., Ply-10
0.011, 3, fiberglass, 45., Ply-11
0.011, 3, fiberglass, -45., Ply-12
0.011, 3, basalt, 0., Ply-13
0.02, 3, nylon, 0., Ply-14
35
** Region: (CompositeLayup-1-4: Generated From Layup)
*Elset, elset=CompositeLayup-1-4
29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44
45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 180
181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187, 188
** Section: CompositeLayup-1-4
*Shell Section, elset=CompositeLayup-1-4, composite, layup=CompositeLayup-1
0.06125, 3, Base, 0., Ply-1
0.011, 3, fiberglass, 0., Ply-2
0.011, 3, fiberglass, 45., Ply-3
0.011, 3, fiberglass, -45., Ply-4
0.06125, 3, Poplar, 0., Ply-5
0.06125, 3, Poplar, 0., Ply-6
0.06125, 3, Poplar, 0., Ply-7
0.06125, 3, Poplar, 0., Ply-8
0.011, 3, fiberglass, 0., Ply-10
0.011, 3, fiberglass, 45., Ply-11
0.011, 3, fiberglass, -45., Ply-12
0.011, 3, basalt, 0., Ply-13
0.02, 3, nylon, 0., Ply-14
** Region: (CompositeLayup-1-3: Generated From Layup)
*Elset, elset=CompositeLayup-1-3, generate
53, 172, 1
** Section: CompositeLayup-1-3
*Shell Section, elset=CompositeLayup-1-3, composite, layup=CompositeLayup-1
0.06125, 3, Base, 0., Ply-1
0.011, 3, fiberglass, 0., Ply-2
0.011, 3, fiberglass, 45., Ply-3
0.011, 3, fiberglass, -45., Ply-4
0.06125, 3, Poplar, 0., Ply-5
0.06125, 3, Poplar, 0., Ply-6
0.06125, 3, Poplar, 0., Ply-7
0.06125, 3, Poplar, 0., Ply-8
0.06125, 3, Poplar, 0., Ply-9
0.011, 3, fiberglass, 0., Ply-10
0.011, 3, fiberglass, 45., Ply-11
0.011, 3, fiberglass, -45., Ply-12
0.011, 3, basalt, 0., Ply-13
0.02, 3, nylon, 0., Ply-14
** Region: (CompositeLayup-1-1: Generated From Layup)
*Elset, elset=CompositeLayup-1-1
213, 214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 233, 234, 235, 236
237, 238, 239, 240, 241, 242, 243, 244, 245, 246, 247, 248, 249, 250, 251, 252
253, 254, 255, 256, 257, 258, 259, 260, 261, 262, 263, 264, 265, 266, 267, 268
269, 270, 271, 272, 273, 274, 275, 276, 277, 278, 279, 280, 281, 282, 283, 284
285, 286, 287, 288, 289, 290, 291, 292, 293, 294, 295, 296, 297, 298, 299, 300
301, 302, 303, 304, 305, 306
36
** Section: CompositeLayup-1-1
*Shell Section, elset=CompositeLayup-1-1, composite, layup=CompositeLayup-1
0.06125, 3, Base, 0., Ply-1
0.011, 3, fiberglass, 0., Ply-2
0.011, 3, fiberglass, 45., Ply-3
0.011, 3, fiberglass, -45., Ply-4
0.06125, 3, Poplar, 0., Ply-5
0.011, 3, fiberglass, 0., Ply-10
0.011, 3, fiberglass, 45., Ply-11
0.011, 3, fiberglass, -45., Ply-12
0.011, 3, basalt, 0., Ply-13
0.02, 3, nylon, 0., Ply-14
*End Instance
**
*Nset, nset=Set-23, instance=SKI-1
3, 4, 29, 30, 46, 47, 48, 163, 164, 165
*Elset, elset=Set-23, instance=SKI-1
9, 10, 11, 12, 213, 214, 215, 216, 233, 240, 252, 253, 283, 284, 285, 286
*Nset, nset=load261, instance=SKI-1
261,
*End Assembly
**
** MATERIALS
**
*Material, name=Base
*Elastic
87023., 0.46
*Material, name=Poplar
*Elastic, type=LAMINA
1.73891e+06,159980., 0.318,130418.,130418., 19128.
*Material, name=basalt
*Elastic, type=LAMINA
8.39095e+06, 1.61935e+06,
0.238,
629914.,
629914.,
629914.
*Material, name=fiberglass
*Elastic, type=LAMINA
5.92322e+06, 1.1197e+06,
0.21,
477732., 477732., 477732.
*Material, name=nylon
*Elastic
377098., 0.41
**
** BOUNDARY CONDITIONS
**
** Name: BC-1 Type: Displacement/Rotation
*Boundary
Set-23, 1, 1
Set-23, 2, 2
Set-23, 3, 3
37
Set-23, 4, 4
Set-23, 5, 5
** ---------------------------------------------------------------**
** STEP: Stage1_Weight35
**
*Step, name=Stage1_Weight35, nlgeom=NO, perturbation
*Static
**
** LOADS
**
** Name: Load-2 Type: Concentrated force
*Cload
load261, 2, -100.
**
** OUTPUT REQUESTS
**
**
** FIELD OUTPUT: F-Output-1
**
*Output, field
*Node Output
U, UR, UT
*Element Output, directions=YES
LE, S
**
** FIELD OUTPUT: stage2compos
**
*Element Output, elset=SKI-1.CompositeLayup-1-1, directions=YES
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16
ALPHA, CS11, CTSHR, E, EE, ER, IE, LE, MISES, MISESMAX, MISESONLY, NE, PE, PEEQ, PEEQMAX, PEEQT
PEMAG, PEQC, PRESSONLY, PS, S, SALPHA, SE, SEE, SEP, SEPE, SPE, SSAVG, THE, TRIAX, TSHR, VE
VEEQ, VS
*Element Output, elset=SKI-1.CompositeLayup-1-1, directions=YES
17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30
ALPHA, CS11, CTSHR, E, EE, ER, IE, LE, MISES, MISESMAX, MISESONLY, NE, PE, PEEQ, PEEQMAX, PEEQT
PEMAG, PEQC, PRESSONLY, PS, S, SALPHA, SE, SEE, SEP, SEPE, SPE, SSAVG, THE, TRIAX, TSHR, VE
VEEQ, VS
**
** FIELD OUTPUT: stage2compos
**
*Element Output, elset=SKI-1.CompositeLayup-1-2, directions=YES
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16
ALPHA, CS11, CTSHR, E, EE, ER, IE, LE, MISES, MISESMAX, MISESONLY, NE, PE, PEEQ, PEEQMAX, PEEQT
PEMAG, PEQC, PRESSONLY, PS, S, SALPHA, SE, SEE, SEP, SEPE, SPE, SSAVG, THE, TRIAX, TSHR, VE
VEEQ, VS
*Element Output, elset=SKI-1.CompositeLayup-1-2, directions=YES
38
17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32
ALPHA, CS11, CTSHR, E, EE, ER, IE, LE, MISES, MISESMAX, MISESONLY, NE, PE, PEEQ, PEEQMAX, PEEQT
PEMAG, PEQC, PRESSONLY, PS, S, SALPHA, SE, SEE, SEP, SEPE, SPE, SSAVG, THE, TRIAX, TSHR, VE
VEEQ, VS
*Element Output, elset=SKI-1.CompositeLayup-1-2, directions=YES
33, 34, 35, 36
ALPHA, CS11, CTSHR, E, EE, ER, IE, LE, MISES, MISESMAX, MISESONLY, NE, PE, PEEQ, PEEQMAX, PEEQT
PEMAG, PEQC, PRESSONLY, PS, S, SALPHA, SE, SEE, SEP, SEPE, SPE, SSAVG, THE, TRIAX, TSHR, VE
VEEQ, VS
**
** FIELD OUTPUT: stage2compos
**
*Element Output, elset=SKI-1.CompositeLayup-1-3, directions=YES
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16
ALPHA, CS11, CTSHR, E, EE, ER, IE, LE, MISES, MISESMAX, MISESONLY, NE, PE, PEEQ, PEEQMAX, PEEQT
PEMAG, PEQC, PRESSONLY, PS, S, SALPHA, SE, SEE, SEP, SEPE, SPE, SSAVG, THE, TRIAX, TSHR, VE
VEEQ, VS
*Element Output, elset=SKI-1.CompositeLayup-1-3, directions=YES
17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32
ALPHA, CS11, CTSHR, E, EE, ER, IE, LE, MISES, MISESMAX, MISESONLY, NE, PE, PEEQ, PEEQMAX, PEEQT
PEMAG, PEQC, PRESSONLY, PS, S, SALPHA, SE, SEE, SEP, SEPE, SPE, SSAVG, THE, TRIAX, TSHR, VE
VEEQ, VS
*Element Output, elset=SKI-1.CompositeLayup-1-3, directions=YES
33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42
ALPHA, CS11, CTSHR, E, EE, ER, IE, LE, MISES, MISESMAX, MISESONLY, NE, PE, PEEQ, PEEQMAX, PEEQT
PEMAG, PEQC, PRESSONLY, PS, S, SALPHA, SE, SEE, SEP, SEPE, SPE, SSAVG, THE, TRIAX, TSHR, VE
VEEQ, VS
**
** FIELD OUTPUT: stage2compos
**
*Element Output, elset=SKI-1.CompositeLayup-1-4, directions=YES
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16
ALPHA, CS11, CTSHR, E, EE, ER, IE, LE, MISES, MISESMAX, MISESONLY, NE, PE, PEEQ, PEEQMAX, PEEQT
PEMAG, PEQC, PRESSONLY, PS, S, SALPHA, SE, SEE, SEP, SEPE, SPE, SSAVG, THE, TRIAX, TSHR, VE
VEEQ, VS
*Element Output, elset=SKI-1.CompositeLayup-1-4, directions=YES
17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32
ALPHA, CS11, CTSHR, E, EE, ER, IE, LE, MISES, MISESMAX, MISESONLY, NE, PE, PEEQ, PEEQMAX, PEEQT
PEMAG, PEQC, PRESSONLY, PS, S, SALPHA, SE, SEE, SEP, SEPE, SPE, SSAVG, THE, TRIAX, TSHR, VE
VEEQ, VS
*Element Output, elset=SKI-1.CompositeLayup-1-4, directions=YES
33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39
ALPHA, CS11, CTSHR, E, EE, ER, IE, LE, MISES, MISESMAX, MISESONLY, NE, PE, PEEQ, PEEQMAX, PEEQT
PEMAG, PEQC, PRESSONLY, PS, S, SALPHA, SE, SEE, SEP, SEPE, SPE, SSAVG, THE, TRIAX, TSHR, VE
VEEQ, VS
**
** FIELD OUTPUT: stage2compos
39
**
*Element Output, elset=SKI-1.CompositeLayup-1-5, directions=YES
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16
ALPHA, CS11, CTSHR, E, EE, ER, IE, LE, MISES, MISESMAX, MISESONLY, NE, PE, PEEQ, PEEQMAX, PEEQT
PEMAG, PEQC, PRESSONLY, PS, S, SALPHA, SE, SEE, SEP, SEPE, SPE, SSAVG, THE, TRIAX, TSHR, VE
VEEQ, VS
*Element Output, elset=SKI-1.CompositeLayup-1-5, directions=YES
17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32
ALPHA, CS11, CTSHR, E, EE, ER, IE, LE, MISES, MISESMAX, MISESONLY, NE, PE, PEEQ, PEEQMAX, PEEQT
PEMAG, PEQC, PRESSONLY, PS, S, SALPHA, SE, SEE, SEP, SEPE, SPE, SSAVG, THE, TRIAX, TSHR, VE
VEEQ, VS
*Element Output, elset=SKI-1.CompositeLayup-1-5, directions=YES
33
ALPHA, CS11, CTSHR, E, EE, ER, IE, LE, MISES, MISESMAX, MISESONLY, NE, PE, PEEQ, PEEQMAX, PEEQT
PEMAG, PEQC, PRESSONLY, PS, S, SALPHA, SE, SEE, SEP, SEPE, SPE, SSAVG, THE, TRIAX, TSHR, VE
VEEQ, VS
**
** HISTORY OUTPUT: H-Output-1
**
*Output, history, variable=PRESELECT
*End Step
40
6.2 Stage 2 ABAQUS Undamaged Ski Stress by Layer
Figure 6-1 Ply 1 Base Layer Stress
Figure 6-2 Ply2 Fiberglass 0° Stress
Figure 6-3 Ply 3 Fiberglass 45° Stress
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Figure 6-4 Ply 4 Fiberglass -45° Stress
Figure 6-5 Ply 5 Poplar Wood Stress
Figure 6-6 Ply 6 Poplar Wood Stress
42
Figure 6-7 Ply7 Poplar Wood Stress
Figure 6-8 Ply 8 Poplar Wood Stress
Figure 6-9 Ply 9 Poplar Wood Stress
43
Figure 6-10 Ply 10 Fiberglass 0° Stress
Figure 6-11Ply 11 Fiberglass 45° Stress
Figure 6-12 Ply 12 Fiberglass -45° Stress
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Figure 6-13 Ply 13 Basalt 0° Stress
Figure 6-14 Ply14 Nylon Stress
45