Reformed Ministry & Worship
D.Min. Program
RTS – Charlotte – 2012
Terry L. Johnson
Course Syllabus
Table of Contents
I.
Syllabus ............................................................................................................................. i-iv
II.
Lecture Outline .................................................................................................................. 1-7
III.
Daily Worship Format .......................................................................................................... 8
IV. Time-Line of Reform ....................................................................................................... 9-11
V.
Charts of Early Reforms ................................................................................................ 12-13
VI. Antiquity of Reformed Worship .................................................................................... 14-16
VII. Appendix A “Our Order of Service” ............................................................................. 17-23
VIII. Appendix B “Charts” ..................................................................................................... 24-26
IX. Bibliography .................................................................................................................. 27-54
Reformed Worship
D.Min. RTS - Charlotte
July 23-27, 2012
Dr. Terry L. Johnson
Course Objective
The primary purpose of this course is to study the history and principles of the worship of
Reformed Protestantism, beginning with the Reformers and continuing to the present day. We
will look at the biblical and theological justification for the sixteenth century reforms and
evaluate their relevance for today, particularly interacting with the student’s current convictions
and practices.
Hours
9:00 a.m. – 4:30 p.m., Monday-Thursday
9:00 a.m. – 12:00 Noon, Friday
Requirements
Students are required to submit three synopses of the required reading of no less than four and no
more than five pages (double-spaced, 12 pt. type). A fourth paper (also 4-5 pages) describing and
defending the worship as currently practiced in their church will also be required. All course
work is due in the D.Min. Office by October 31, 2012.
1.
Textbooks – Purchase of all of the following books for your collection is advised, but
report on one of the following asterisked (*) books (we will make substantial use of
Leading in Worship and Liturgies of the Western Church as well):
*Hart & Muether, With Reverence & Awe
*Johnson, Reformed Worship and Pastor’s Public Ministry (together)
Johnson, Leading in Worship
*Old, Worship: Reformed According to Scripture (2nd revised & expanded edition)
*Themes & Variations for a Christian Doxology
*Patristic Roots of Reformed Worship
Leading in Prayer
*Reading & Preaching of Scriptures in the Worship of the Christian Church, Vol.
4, The Reformation
Thompson, Liturgies of the Western Church
Rayburn, O Come Let Us Worship
2.
Primary Sources – Submit a 4-5 page synopsis/summary of two of the following liturgies
(considered together) or one of the asterisked (*) books.
Martin Luther, Babylonian Captivity of the Church*
- or [*Formula Missae (1523), found in Thompson, pp. 95f.
[*Deutsche Messe (1526), found in Thompson, pp. 123f.
i
Martin Bucer, The Strasbourg Liturgy, found in Thompson, pp. 159f.
Grund und Ursach (Basic Princples):* An English translation is now
available. See bibliography.
Ulrich Zwingli, Liturgy of the Word (1525), found in Thompson, pp. 141f.
Action or Use of the Lord’s Supper, found in Thompson, pp. 149f.
*John Calvin, Form of Church Prayers (Genevan Psalter), found in Thompson, pp. 185f.
Institutes of the Christian Religion, Book II, Ch. VIII, Sec. II-34, Chapters
XIV-XIX*
John Knox, The Form of Prayers, found in Thompson, pp. 287f.
Middleburg Liturgy of the English Puritans, found in Thompson, pp 311f.
The Westminster Directory, found in Thompson, pp. 345f.
Richard Baxter, The Savoy Liturgy, found in Thompson, pp 375f.
3.
Contemporary Discussion – Submit a 4-5 page synopsis/summary of one of the
following texts:
Dawn, Reaching Out without Dumbing Down
Frame, Worship in Spirit & Truth
Contemporary Worship Music
Frankforther, Stones for Bread
Gore, Covenantal Worship
Horton, A Better Way
Lucarini, Why I Left the Contemporary Christian Music Movement
Morgenthaler, Worship Evangelism
Redmann, The Great Worship Awakening
Kauflin, Worship Matters
Kidd, With One Voice
Plantinga & Roseboom, Discerning the Spirits
Warren, Purpose Driven Church
Other Background Reading:
Bainton, Here I Stand
Eire, War Against the Idols
4.
Paper on student’s current worship practices (4-5 pages)
ii
DMin* Student Learning Outcomes
Rubric
In order to measure the success of the DMin curriculum, RTS has defined the
following as the intended outcomes of the student learning process. Each course
contributes to these overall outcomes. This rubric shows the contribution of this
course to the DMin outcomes.
Strong
Moderate
Minimal
None
Biblical/
Theological
Foundations:
Significant knowledge of biblical and theological
foundations for pastoral ministry. (This includes
interaction with Biblical texts, as well as
awareness of Reformed Theology.)
Historical/
Contemporary
Practices:
Significant knowledge of historical and
contemporary practices of pastoral ministry.
Integration:
Ability to reflect upon and integrate theology and
practice, as well as implementation in a
contemporary pastoral setting.
Sanctification:
Demonstrates a love for the Triune God that
aids in the student’s sanctification.
Strong
Strong
Strong
Minimal
Mini-Justification
1. Biblical texts upon which reforms
were based, and,
2. Theological principles out of
which reforms flowed are
thoroughly studied
1. Historic reformed liturgies are
studied, and,
2. compared and contrasted with
contemporary forms
Students are expected to design and
defend an order of worship for
today
Not specifically a part of the course,
though, of course, Christian maturity
effects everything one thinks about
worship
Outline of the Course
Session 1, Monday 9:00 a.m. – 12:00 noon – Background
Students should come to class prepared to read their synopsis of primary liturgical sources (two)
or Luther’s Babylonian Captivity or Bucer’s Grund und Ursach
1.
The importance of worship
2.
The historical setting of 16th century reforms of worship
3.
Protestant theology and the reforms of worship
Session 2, Monday 1:00 p.m. – 4:00 p.m. – Background (cont’d)
4.
Protestant theology and the reforms of worship (cont’d)
5.
Important biblical texts
6.
Elements, circumstances, forms
Session 3, Tuesday 9:00 a.m. – 12:00 noon – Elements of Worship
iii
Students should come to class ready to read their synopsis of one of the textbooks, either Old,
Worship (the best choice), Johnson, Reformed Worship & Pastor’s Public Ministry, or Hart &
Muether, With Reverence and Awe
7.
Distinguishing elements, forms, circumstances
8.
Delineating the elements: the word read, preached, sung, prayed, administered and seen
Session 4, Tuesday 1:00 p.m. – 4:00 p.m. – Strengths & Setting of Reformed Worship
9.
It is God-centered, Bible-filled, Gospel-structured, Church-Aware, and Spirit-dependent
10.
The Lord’s Day
11.
Architectural considerations
Session 5, Wednesday 9:00 a.m. – 12:00 noon –Implementing Reformed Worship
Students should come to class with their 4-5 page synopsis of one of the books which deal with
the contemporary discussion of worship (Dawn, Frame, Frankforter, Gore, Lucarini,
Morgenthaler, or Redmann).
12.
Discussion of Reading Scripture
13.
Discussion of Preaching
Session 6, Wednesday 1:00 p.m. – 4:00 p.m. – Implementing Reformed Worship (cont’d)
14.
Discussion of church song
15.
Discussion of public prayer
Session 7, Thursday 9:00 a.m. – 12:00 noon – Implementing Reformed Worship (cont’d) &
Practical Considerations
Students should come to class with a 4-5 page description and defense of worship as practiced in
their church.
16.
Discussion of the Sacraments
17.
Practical considerations: wisdom, excellence, focus, order
Session 8, Thursday 1:00 p.m. – 4:00 p.m. – Practical Considerations (cont’d)
18.
Practical considerations: reverence, pace, pastoral leadership, aesthetics, simplicity
19.
Catch up and review
Session 9, Friday 9:00 a.m. – 12:00 Noon – Final Considerations & Discussion
20.
The benefits of Reformed Worship summarized
iv
Reformed Worship
RTS - 2012
I.
Importance of Worship (see Reformed Worship, 15-20)




II.
not secondary issue
John 4 – salvation/a “must”
goal of redemption
worship wars – worthy subject over which to fight
Historical Setting of Worship Reform
Medieval mass – considerable diversity yet consistent deficiencies

little or no preaching– afternoon preaching service

Latin liturgy

little prayer

no congregational singing; monastic choirs

lectio selecta reading; Old Testament not read; extra scriptural readings (e.g. lives
of the saints)

sacrificial mass

sacerdotal ministry

ex opere operato sacramentalism
After Trent, congregation still passive – the mass unintelligible, and “implicit faith,”
trusting the church as teacher, is all that is required
III.
Theology of Worship (see Worshiping with Calvin [WWC], 33-57; Traditional
Protestantism [TP], 125-132)
1.
Exegetical insights – ad fontes interest in original sources in Scripture and the
Church Fathers (e.g. Ac 2:42). The biblical and historical cause for reform grows.
2.
Theological reform was driven by exegesis and solidified the case for the reform
of worship
i.
Sola Scriptura → reform of ritual
a.
worship must be “according to Scripture”
–
propensity to idolatry – Romans 1:18ff – “factory of idols”
(Calvin)
–
therefore must go to God to learn – “Lord, teach us to pray”
b.
remove extrabiblical elements (Old, Themes, 91-110, “Prophetic
Doxology”)
–
altars, symbols, images, pictures
–
reform the calendar
300 saints days added 800–1558 AD
+ those of Christ (OER, II, 447)
1
–
–
eliminate gestures, anointing, exorcisms
whatever would distract attention from word
ii.
Solo Christo → eucharistic reforms
–
mass ≠ sacrifice; transubstantiation denied
–
Christ = spiritually and truly present
Therefore
meal not mass
table not altar
pastor not priest
seated not kneeling
communion not mysticism
=
further emphasis on word – believing vs. passive and
uncomprehending reception
=
reject vestments, elevation of host and chalice, prayers for dead,
Purgatory
iii.
Sola fide → reading and preaching reforms
–
fill service with Scripture, (Old, Themes, 73-89)
–
vernacular services
–
lectio continua reading
–
expository sequential preaching
–
Romans 10:17, etc.
iv.
Sola gratia → prayer reforms
a.
dependence on the Holy Spirit as the agent of application
b.
prayer revolution
–
“full diet of prayer”
–
6 basic prayers
c.
emphasis on internals of worship vs. externals
d.
simplicity of forms
v.
Soli Deo Gloria (Eire, 197ff)
a.
maintained finitum non est capax infiniti
b.
rejected Marian devotion, cult of saints, relics, images,
pilgrimages, transubstantiation
c.
confidence in ordinary means of grace
Protestant worship = theologically driven!
IV.
Elements of Worship
1.
Restricting the elements: regulative principle (see Reformed Worship, 25-29)
i.
ii.
biblical case – Reformed Worship, 25-26
theological case – Reformed Worship, 27-29
2
2.
Defining elements – Reformed orthodoxy in Westminster Confession of Faith
(XX1.3-8; XXII.1,2; I.6) and Directory (see Reformed Worship, 30-32)
i.
ii.
iii.
3.
elements
forms
circumstances
Delineating the elements – all understood in connection with theology of the word
(see WWC 76-197; Old, Worship, 1-6)
i.
Read the word (Old, Worship, 59-90)
a.
biblical case (1 Tim 4:13; Acts 13:14,15; 15:21)
b.
historical case
–
patristic
–
reformers
–
classical Protestantism & expository reading
ii.
Preach the word (Old, Worship, 59-90)
a.
biblical case (see above)
b.
historical case
–
patristic
–
reformers
–
classical Protestantism & expository preaching
iii.
Sing the word (Old, Worship, 33-57)
a.
biblical case (Psalter; Acts 4:24-26; Eph 5:19: Col 3:16; Jas 5:13)
b.
historical case
–
patristic
–
reformers
–
classical Protestantism & psalm singing
iv.
Pray the word (Old, Worship, 91-108)
a.
biblical case (1 Tim 2:1ff; Eph 1; Phil 1; Col 1)
b.
historical case
–
patristic
–
reformers
–
Protestant orthodoxy & prayer
v.
Administer the (visible) word: Lord’s Supper (Old, Worship, 109-146;
Themes, 41-137)
a.
covenantal interpretation (1 Cor 11:28: “new covenant in my
blood”)
b.
means of grace not ex opera operato
3
V.
VI.
vi.
Administer the (visible) word: Baptism (Old, Worship, 7-22; Baptismal
Rites (all)
a.
covenantal interpretation
b.
means of grace not baptismal regeneration
c.
simple, public administration
d.
rejection of ritual and images as means of making the gospel
visible
vii.
Affirm the word in summary: Creeds
Strengths of Reformed Worship (see WWC, 58-291)
1.
God-centered
2.
Bible-filled
3.
Gospel-structured
4.
Church-aware
5.
Spirit dependent
Implementing Reformed Worship (WWC, 292-492)
1.
2.
Preparing the Minister (WWC, 302-370)
i.
pastoral leadership (1 Tim 3:6; 2 Tim 2:2)
ii.
exemplary piety (1 Tim 4:16)
iii.
humility (Mt 5:3,5)
iv.
wisdom (Eph 5:15ff)
Preparing the services
i.
ordinary means pattern of ministry
ii.
morning and evening services on the Lord’s Day (Ps 141:1,2)
iii.
catholicity and the communion of the saints
iv.
excellence
v.
services of worship
a.
worship
4
b.
c.
vi.
Gospel logic
a.
b.
c.
d.
3.
public (not private)
congregational (not individual)
praise (Ps 100:4): call, invocation, song, confession of faith, gloria
patri/doxology
confession (Ex 34:8; Isa 6:5) – reading of Law, confession,
assurance, thanksgiving
means of grace (Ps 96:2-3) – prayer of illumination, reading of
Scripture, sermon, prayers of intercession, sacraments
thanksgiving and benediction – collection, hymn, benediction
vii.
Balance of form and freedom
viii.
Reverence (1 Cor 14:25; Ps 2:11; 95:5)
ix.
Pace consistent with urgency
x.
Economy of language
xi.
Length of service
xii.
Aesthetic standards (Phil 4:8)
a.
Historic views
b.
Music’s power to express emotions (e.g. 1 Sam 16:33)
c.
Music’s power to stimulate the memory
d.
Music’s power to discipline or corrupt the soul
xiii.
Simplicity (1 Cor 1:17ff; 2:1-5; Heb 9:2-5)
Administering the Elements
i.
Reading the Word (see Liturgical Guidelines)
a.
Read a chapter of each Testament in each service, as recommended
by the Westminster Directory for the Public Worship of God.
b.
Read the Testament not being preached
c.
Read passages that are accessible to the congregation
d.
Consistent with this, skip over (with descriptive comments)
exceptionally remote or difficult texts
e.
Vary scriptural types
f.
Provide brief introductions to books and chapters
g.
Read slowly, clearly and with nuance
h.
Limit the church calendar
i.
Provide perspective
5
ii.
Preaching the word (see Pastor’s Public Ministry, 63-76)
a.
preach expositorily and sequentially
b.
preach your text
c.
allow the text to provide the main point, structure, and application
d.
avoid formulas
e.
preach Christocentrically
f.
preach the whole gospel
g.
assume a low level of knowledge
h.
explain the context but don’t dwell on it
i.
use quotations sparingly
j.
review and repeat constantly
k.
apply the text
l.
preach sermons of moderate length
m.
begin preaching those books of the Bible that are the most
accessible
n.
vary the sermon diet
o.
preach with urgency
p.
be yourself
q.
include exhortation
iii.
Praying the word (see Pastor’s Public Ministry, 46-62)
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
iv.
focus on spiritual concerns
aim to edify
incorporate the language of Scripture
plan your prayers
pray authentically
pray briefly
pray don’t preach or announce
pray with public terminology
pray the “full diet” of prayer
Singing the word (see Pastor’s Public Ministry, 26-30)
a.
b.
c.
metrical psalmody
classical hymnody
(see below)
guidelines (see Pastor’s Public Ministry, 26-30)
1.
is it singable?
2.
is it biblically and theologically sound?
3.
is it biblically and theologically mature?
4.
is it musically appropriate?
5.
is it emotionally balanced?
6.
is it catholic in its appeal? (or demographically
comprehensive?)
6
v.
Administering the visible word (see Case, 103-116)
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
VII.
The Setting of Reformed Worship (see Leading in Worship, 103-104)
1.
The Lord’s Day and the church calendar (Old, Worship, 23-32)
i.
ii.
iii.
2.
VIII.
regular administration
covenantal administration
biblical simplicity
context of counsel and instruction
word with sacrament
serious tone
Christian Sabbath as center of calendar
reduced calendar – Evangelical feast days
Puritan/Scottish further reductions
Architectural considerations (see Stones Cry Out at www.ipcsav.org)
i.
interior arrangement
a.
plain style
b.
central, elevated pulpit
c.
means of grace visible
d.
placement of choir and organ
e.
gathered congregation around pulpit
f.
devotional art
g.
performing arts
h.
modern innovation
iv.
facilities and appearances
a.
buildings and grounds
b.
members
c.
environment of the service: sound, lighting, temperature, seating
d.
announcements
Accompanying Documents
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Daily Worship Format
Time-line of Reform of Worship
Early Reforms of Worship, 1523-1526
The Antiquity of Reformed Worship
Our Order of Worship (pamphlet)
Various Charts
7
Reformed Worship
Daily Worship Format
(Student led)
Praise
Invocation/Call to Worship
(this is a prayer of praise)
Hymn # ___________________
Confession of Sin, Pardon, Thanksgiving
Reading of the law of God
Minister: God spake all these words saying, I am the Lord thy God, which have brought
thee out of the land of Egypt, out of the house of bondage.
All:
1. Thou shalt have no other gods before me.
2. Thou shalt not make unto thee any graven image.
3. Thou shalt not take the Name of the Lord thy God in vain.
4. Remember the Sabbath day, to keep it holy.
5. Honor thy father and thy mother.
6. Thou shalt not kill.
7. Thou shalt not commit adultery.
8. Thou shalt not steal.
9. Thou shalt not bear false witness.
10. Thou shalt not covet. [Exodus 20:1-17]
Hear also the words of our Lord Jesus, how he saith: Thou shalt love the Lord thy
God with all thy heart, and with all thy soul, and with all thy mind. This is the
first and great commandment. And the second is like unto it: Thou shalt love thy
neighbor as thyself. On these two commandments hang all the law and the
prophets. [Matthew 22:37-40]
Prayer of Confession
Assurance of Pardon
Prayer of Thanksgiving
Means of Grace
Prayer of Illumination
Scripture Reading: Sequential readings of James
Intercessory Prayer
Thanksgiving & Blessing
Psalter # ___________________
Benediction
8
Time-Line of the Reform of Worship
I.
January 1, 1519 B Zwingli begins lectio continua reading and preaching of Scripture in
Zurich. Hughes Old calls this Athe first liturgical reform of Protestantism@ (Reading &
Preaching, Vol. 4, p. 46).
II.
October 6, 1520 B Luther publishes The Babylonian Captivity of the Church. He
$
attacks the withholding of the cup from the laity,
$
denies transubstantiation,
$
denies that the mass is a sacrifice,
$
denies the sacramental status of the other five so-called sacraments (retaining the
Lord=s Supper and baptism), and
$
denies that clergy are priestly class while affirming the priesthood of all believers.
Luther concedes that it may be necessary Ato alter almost the entire external form of the
churches and introduce, or rather reintroduce, a totally different kind of ceremonies@
(Three Treatises, pp 151-52). Public worship shifts from sacerdotal and sacramental to
word-centered system.
III.
March 1, 1522 B Luther returns to Wittenburg from hiding in Wartburg Castle (where he
had been since leaving Worms, i.e. May 1521BMarch 1522) and rejects the liturgical
radicalism of Carlstadt=s iconoclasm: organs, pictures, altars, vestments, ceremonies
would be retained
IV.
V.
August 1523 B Zwingli De canone missae
$
Latin retained, except . . .
$
Scripture readings and sermon are in German
$
references to the Virgin Mary and saints are removed
$
language of sacrifice removed from the mass
December 1523 B Luther=s Formulae Missae calls for the removal from the mass of all
that Asmacks of sacrifice@ (Thompson, 111)
$
preaching given central place in service
$
congregational hymnody introduced, the development of psalmody recommended
$
church calendar reformed Aabrogating completely the festivals of all the saints,@
as
9
he put it, while retaining the weekly Lord=s day and those days on the church
calendar pertaining to the life of Christ (Thompson, 109)
$
VI.
restored cup to laity
February 16, 1524 B Diobald Schwarz of Strassburg published a Teutsche Messe, among
the first complete vernacular services (German).
$
William Farel introduced a French-language service in Montbeliard, La Maniere
et fasson in 1524 (Thompson, p 186)
$
Martin Luther published his Deutsche Messe, October 29, 1525
$
John Oecolampadius introduced a German-language service, Form und Gstalt,
November 1, 1525
VII.
December 26, 1524 B Martin Bucer=s Grund und Ursach published, explaining the
reforms of worship in Strassburg, then carried out in the Strassburg Psalters of 1525 and
1526.
VIII.
$
church calendar abolished, Sunday the sole Christian holy day
$
Amass@ abolished and now called ALord=s Supper@
$
altar replaced by table
$
Apriests@ now called Aministers@
$
vestments replaced by plain gown
$
songs are Abased on holy Scripture@ and sung by the congregation (p. 208)
$
baptism simplified (exorcisms, oils, salts, candles, etc. eliminated)
$
liturgical use of Ten Commandments
$
unscriptural, unwarranted, and distracting gestures, rituals, and ceremonies
eliminated
$
images removed
April 1525 B Zwingli presented his reformed liturgy to the Council of Zurich entitled,
Action or Use of the Lord=s Supper. This followed the grassroots Acleansing@ of the
churches, that is, the iconoclastic riots of the summer of 1524, as paintings and
decorations were whitewashed, relics statues, ornaments, and vestments were removed,
and organs closed. Zwingli took up the question of the mass in his Commentary on True
and False Religion in March of 1525, arguing that it must be abolished. Then in April
1525, he presented a reformed liturgy. The first evangelical observance of the Lord=s
Supper took place in Holy Week 1525 (Patristic Roots, 43).
10
Church buildings and furnishings:
$
relics and images abolished
$
paintings and decorations removed
$
walls whitewashed
$
altars broken-up, tables
$
pulpits installed
$
Latin-singing choirs abolished
Church services:
IX.
$
vernacular
$
simple services of Bible reading, sermon, and prayer
$
liturgical responses eliminated
$
no music
$
Lord=s Supper observed quarterly
$
calendar reduced to Afive evangelical feast days@
1542 B Calvin=s Form of Church Prayers, brought together the reforms of the first
generation of reformers
$
lectio continua reading and preaching of Scripture
$
prayers B call to worship, confession of sin, illumination, intercession, and
thanksgiving
$
congregational psalmody
$
liturgical use of Ten Commandments
$
Lord=s Supper administered on a table by a pastor
$
simple service in a plain setting
11
Early Reforms of Worship
1523-1526
Reform of
Worship
Removed
Retained
Restored
Zwingli, De
canone missae
epichiresis (1523)
Latin Scripture reading
Offertory
Prayers to Mary & saints
Language of sacrifice
Latin service
Introits
Kyrie Eleison
Gloria
collects
gradual
Allelujah
Creed
Sursum corda
Preface
Sanctus
Revised Canon
Doxology
Lord’s Prayer
Collect
Nunc dimittis
Benediction
Vestments
lectio continua
vernacular Scripture
reading
lectio continua sermon
Luther Formula
Missae (1523);
Deutsche Messe
(1526)
Offertory
Canon of Mass
Latin
Saints days
Language of sacrifice
Sequences
Introit
Lectio selecta
Gradual, Allelujah
Kyrie eleison
Gloria, Sanctus
Benedictus, Angus
Dei, Te Deum, Pax
Collect
Creed
Elevation
Vestments
Altars
Incense, candles
Responses
Congregational singing
Daily lectio continua
Sermon
Communion in both
kinds
12
Reform of
Worship
Removed
Zell & Schwarz,
Teutsche
Messe (1524)
(Strasbourg)
Canon of Mass
Latin
Offertory
Responses
Language of sacrifice
Bucer’s Grund
und
Ursach (1524),
Strasbourgh
Psalter of 1526
Church calendar
Lectio selecta Bible
readings
Collect
Responses
Term “mass”
Altar
Term “priest”
Sanctus
Benedictus
Kyrie eleison
Gloria
Introit
Gradual
Vestments
Retained
Kyrie eleison,
Gloria, Sanctus,
Benedictus,
Angus Dei,
Pax
Collect
Creed
Candles
Sign of Cross
Elevation
Washing of priest’s
hands
Restored
Confession of sin
(w/o congregational
singing)
(w/o sermon)
lectio continua sermon
Psalm-singing
Lectio continua Bible
reading for Lord’s
Day
Terms “Lord’s Supper”
and “Lord’s Cup”
Table
Term “minister”
Minister’s gown
13
The Antiquity of Reformed Worship
Can the claim of Calvin and Reformed Protestantism, that the Genevan Psalter of 1542 and
subsequent Reformed worship, was “according to the custom of the ancient church” be
substantiated? What have the Reformed Protestants found in their studies of Apostolic church in
Scripture, and of the Patristic period in the works of Church Fathers and other historical sources
that support their claims? They started with Acts 2:42 and found there a simple description of
simple worship with a few basic elements.
I.
Regarding forms:
No written liturgies until third century (Hippolytus, 217 A.D.)
No ritual or ceremony until fourth century (Cyril of Jerusalem)
No visual art until third century; no liturgical use until sixth century (John of Damascus)
No instrumental music until tenth century
No incense until fourth century
II.
Regarding circumstances:
No altars until fourth century
Simple church buildings (often house churches)
No church calendar
Services were held on the Lord’s Day (Acts 20:7; 1Co 16:2; Rev 1:8). This is confirmed
by Pliny the Younger’s letter (110 A.D.), Justin Martyr’s First Apology (c.155
A.D.), the Didache (c.80–110 A.D., and Tertullian.
14
III.
Regarding elements:
1. Scripture reading – followed the practice of synagogue and early church of lectio
continua readings of Scripture. They abandoned the calendar based lectionary which was not
developed until fifth to seventh centuries with its lectio selecta readings in favor of sequential
reading (1Ti 4:13).
2. Preaching – They followed the pattern of the synagogue, of exhortation based upon
the reading (Lk 4:16-27; Ac 13:14, 15:21; cf. Ac 5:42; 6:2,4) and found lectio continua
preaching in the works of Origen, Augustine, Chrysostom, Jerome, and others.
3. Prayer – found a “full diet of prayer” (Old) in Scripture and the Fathers and so restored
the Invocation, Confession of Sin, Intercessions, and Benediction (five-fold based on 2Ti 2:1ff);
and they found extemporaneous prayers in Justin Martyr’s First Apology (155 A.D.), where he
describes the presiding elder as praying “according to his ability” as does Hippolytus (217 A.D.).
There are six basic prayers in the worship of the Reformed Church.
4. Psalmody/hymnody – they found evidence of the early church singing psalms (e.g. Ac
4:24-26; Eph 5:19; Col 3:16; Jas 5:13) (primarily), and also hymns (e.g. Lk 1:46-55; 2:68-79;
2:29-32; Php 2:5-11; Col 1:15-26). Pliny the Younger’s letter to the emperor (112 A.D.) speaks
of the early Christians singing hymns to Christ. The Church Fathers are effusive in their zeal for
psalm singing, with Tertullian (ca. 150–ca. 225), Eusebius (ca. 260–ca. 320), Athanasius (ca.
295–373), Augustine (343–430), Jerome (ca. 345–420), Basil (ca. 330–379), Ambrose (ca. 339–
397), and Chrysostom (ca. 347–407) among the many who provide testimony.
5. Sacraments
i) baptism – scriptural baptisms were simply washings, as were those described in
the Didache (ca. 80–ca. 110 A.D.) and Justin Marty’s First Apology (ca. 155 A.D.). The Apostle
15
Paul identifies baptism with circumcision (Col 2:11), giving it a covenantal interpretation which
answers the claims of the Anabaptists (Ge 17:7; Ac 2:39; Ro 4:11). Tertullian (ca. 150–225) was
first to use the Latin term sacramentum meaning “sacrament” or “oath,” demonstrating a
covenantal understanding.
ii) Lord’s Supper – they found in Scripture a pattern of covenantal meals which
finalize agreed upon obligations between parties (Ge 14:18; 18:1-8; 27:19; Ex 12–13; 24), into
which pattern Jesus deliberately placed His Supper (Mt 26:28; Mk 14:24; Lk 22:20; cf. Heb
9:20). The supper is simply that, a meal. The Didache (ca. 80–ca. 110 A.D.) and Justin Martyr’s
First Apology (ca. 155) confirm the simplicity and non-sacrificial nature of the early observance.
Augustine reemphasized the covenantal understanding of the Lord’s Supper and gave to the
sacraments their classical definition as external signs of inward realities.
Upon these foundations the Reformers reformed worship. Lectio selecta readings gave way to
lecito continua; festal or lectionary preaching gave way to expository preaching; written prayer
gave way to (mostly) free prayer; monastic choirs gave way to congregational singing of psalms
and biblical hymns; the church calendar gave way to the Lord’s Day; the mass gave way to the
Lord’s Supper; the priestly ministry gave way to the pastoral and proclamational. Simple
services of the word read, preached, sung, prayed, and received (in the sacraments) replaced the
ritual and ceremonial of medieval worship.
16
Appendix A
The following is a document which we have used to describe what we do in worship and why we
do it. It includes item-by-item explanations of our order of service, as well as general biblical,
theological, and historical background. We publish it as a pamphlet which we make available to
our visitors. Permission is granted to reproduce it as long as credit is given.
Our Order of Service
Welcome to the Independent Presbyterian Church. We are pleased that you have chosen to
worship with us today. Our service is a classic worship service in the tradition of Reformed (or
Presbyterian) Protestantism. Given the diversity of styles of worship today, what we do is
unfamiliar to many of our visitors. We offer the following booklet as an aid in understanding the
meaning of each part of the service.
Before we explain each item let us make some general comments.
The Setting of Our Worship
The architecture and furnishings of a church building may either reinforce the congregation’s
message or detract from it. Our church building is a gift to us from past generations, and is a
classic example of the architecture of Reformed Protestantism. The exterior “looks like a
church,” which we see as a positive virtue. It tells the onlooker that this is a house of worship,
not a bank, or theater, or a retail outlet. The interior displays beautiful craftsmanship employing
the finest materials. Yet notice the absence of religious art: no pictures, statues, or religious
symbols. The architectural focal point, the pulpit, underscores our theological conviction: the
word of God takes the central place in our worship without competition from extraneous visual
stimuli. More broadly, decorative simplicity aids worshipers in giving their undistracted attention
to the three primary means of grace (i.e. growth): the word, sacraments, and prayer. The pews
are placed as they are in order to gather the congregation around the pulpit, baptismal font, and
the Lord’s Table.
The Elements of Our Worship
Our worship is simple, consisting of the few biblical elements that God has commanded. Our
approach to worship means that:
We read and preach the Word – Approximately a chapter is read in each service in addition to the
portion upon which the sermon is to be based. Normally our sermons are sequential, verse-byverse expositions of whole books of the Bible.
17
We pray the Word – Our prayers are filled with the praises, the confessions, and the promises of
Scripture. We offer a full-diet of prayer in each service.
We sing the Word – We incorporate at least one metrical Psalm (the biblical Psalms translated and
rhymed for singing) in each service. We also sing biblically rich hymns.
We receive the Visible Word – The sacraments of baptism and the Lord’s Supper are the word of
God made visible and perceivable by our senses.
Our services join together that which is so often separated: reverent worship and biblical
preaching. We see this as the distinctive benefit of our ministry: God-centered worship and Bible
teaching at the same place and at the same time.
The Order of Worship
The design of our worship, both morning and evening, is driven by what one might call “gospel
logic.”
1. A cycle of praise (call to worship / prayer of praise / hymn / Gloria Patri / Creed); is
followed by . . .
2. A cycle of confession (recitation of the Law of God / confession of sin / assurance of
pardon / collection); which is followed by . . .
3. A cycle employing the means of grace (intercessory prayers / sacraments / Scripture
reading / sermon); which is followed by . . .
4. A cycle of thanksgiving and blessing (concluding hymn / benediction)
This is essentially the pattern of Isaiah 6, the Lord’s Prayer, and the gospel itself. In knowing the
true God (in praise), we know ourselves (as sinners), our need (for grace), and give thanks for
His gifts in Christ. Sometimes each element is distinct. Sometimes they are combined (as in the
morning “pastoral prayer,” where confession, pardon, and supplication are together in a “great
prayer”).
The Day of Worship
We worship on Sunday because the first day of the week is the Lord’s Day, the Christian
Sabbath, a day devoted to worship and rest. We worship twice on Sunday, following the pattern
of the morning and evening sacrifice of the Old Testament and the devotions that flow from
them. Morning and evening Lord’s Day prayer have been standard for the Christian church from
the beginning. Sunday morning is somewhat more formal in tone, with more “fixed forms.”
Robes are worn by the ministers not as priestly attire (pastors are not priests), but as a simple
covering while performing sacred duties. Similarly, we encourage our members to wear their
“Sunday best,” that is, that they dress nicely and neatly, as they do for other important occasions.
Visitors are warmly welcomed to come as they are.
We trust that you will find at the Independent Presbyterian Church two well-ordered services that
are offered in “spirit and truth” (Jn 4:23), conducted with “reverence and awe” (Heb 12:28), and
characterized by both emotional discipline and holy joy (Ps 2:11; 1Cor 14:32,40).
18
THE LORD’S DAY MORNING WORSHIP
“Let us show gratitude, by which we may offer to God an acceptable service, with reverence and awe.”
Hebrews 12:28
The Silent Prayer Upon Entering the Sanctuary
(We provide a different prayer for each week of the year for meditation as you prepare for worship. They are slightly
expanded versions of the collects [short succinct prayers] from the Book of Common Prayer.)
The Prelude
(The prelude is part of the meditative environment we seek to establish prior to the call to worship.)
The Welcome and Announcements
(Announcements are handled before the call to worship so as not to interfere with the flow of the service.)
The Call to Worship
(The call marks the beginning of our worship as the congregation is called to the happy task of worshiping the Triune
God. Sometimes this is sung by the choir, sometimes spoken by the ministers.)
The Hymnal
(This is a vigorous, energetic hymn of praise that focuses on the attributes and works of God. )
The Invocation and Lord’s Prayer
(The invocation is a prayer of praise that calls upon God to be present among us by His Spirit and bless us. It concludes
with the Lord’s Prayer.)
Our Father who art in heaven, hallowed be Thy name. Thy kingdom come. Thy will be done on earth, as
it is in heaven. Give us this day our daily bread. And forgive us our debts, as we forgive our debtors. And
lead us not into temptation, but deliver us from evil: For Thine is the kingdom, and the power, and the
glory, forever. Amen.
The Apostles’ Creed
(The Creed is the oldest Christian confession of faith, with roots in the second century, and provides the means by which
we affirm our Christian identity and faith. Because the churches of Christ have all affirmed this Creed for centuries, its
use also demonstrates our unity with the whole church, past and present:)
I believe in God the Father Almighty, Maker of heaven and earth:
And in Jesus Christ His only Son, our Lord; who was conceived by the Holy Ghost, born of the Virgin
Mary, suffered under Pontius Pilate, was crucified, dead, and buried; He descended into hell*; the
third day He rose again from the dead; He ascended into heaven, and sitteth on the right hand of God
the Father Almighty; from thence He shall come to judge the quick and the dead.
I believe in the Holy Ghost; the holy catholic church;** the communion of saints; the forgiveness of
sins; the resurrection of the body; and the life everlasting. Amen.
* this refers to the realm of the dead, not the place of punishment.
** “catholic” means “universal” church, the true church in all times and places.
19
The Gloria Patri
(This Trinitarian ascription of praise dates to the fourth century. It has played an important role in combating
unitarianism. We sing it to several different tunes.)
Glory be to the Father, and to the Son, and to the Holy Ghost; As it was in the beginning, is now, and
ever shall be, world without end. Amen, Amen.
The Pastoral Prayer
(This is a comprehensive prayer of confession of sin and intercession, and follows the five-fold pattern of intercession
found in Scripture [e.g. 1Tim 2:1ff]: (1) for civil authority; (2) for Christian ministry; (3) for all peoples; (4) for the
sanctification of God’s people; (5) for the afflicted.)
The Baptism
Baptisms are administered upon request of Christian parents (we practice infant baptism) and new believers (if never
previously baptized). All those who are baptized are initiated into the membership of the church. Baptism is no mere
ceremony, but a means of grace, blessing, and growth for believers and their children.
The Scripture Reading
(We read roughly a chapter of Scripture, sequentially, through books of the Bible, in each service, in addition to the
portion of Scripture to be preached.)
The Psalter
(We sing a psalm in each service and work our way through much of the Psalter each year.)
The Collection
(A simple collection is taken for the support of the work of the church. It is not an “offering” that is presented to God on
the altar, and for this reason is not brought forward with ceremony.)
The Choral Anthem
(The choir and organ are in the back, not up front as though they were entertainers, and are part of the congregation,
not clergy. The primary task is to support and enrich the congregation’s singing.
The Doxology
(The doxology was written by Thomas Ken in 1709, and perhaps has done more to popularize the doctrine of the
Trinity than all the theological books ever written. It is typically associated with the tune Old Hundredth [Geneva
Psalter, 1562] but is used in our services with a number of other tunes.)
Praise God from Whom all blessings flow; praise Him all creatures here below. Praise Him above, ye
heav’nly host, praise Father, Son, and Holy Ghost. Amen.
The Dismissal
Children ages 4 & 5 may leave for a separate service
(We encourage children to stay for the entire service from as young an age as possible. The criteria for determining if
our children should stay or leave is their ability to sit quietly and not be a distraction to those around them. We provide
a “children’s church” in which 4 and 5 year olds are encouraged to learn by heart the various fixed-forms in our services
[e.g. Creed, Lord’s Prayer, Doxology, Gloria Patri, Ten Commandments].)
The Sermon
(Normally our sermons are sequential and expository, verse-by-verse through books of the Bible.)
20
The Lord’s Supper
The Lord’s Supper is a covenantal meal (“this is the new covenant in my blood”) which seals or finalizes covenantal
commitments. Each time we partake we renew the covenant, recommit ourselves to Christ, even as He reaffirms the efficacy
of His atoning death on our behalf. It is normally administered in the morning on the first Sunday of each quarter
(January, April, July, October). We believe in the “true presence” of Christ in the supper, that is, His spiritual presence. We
enjoy fellowship with the ascended Christ at the Table (1 Cor 10:16) and partake of spiritual food to the nourishment of our
souls (1 Cor 10:3).
The Hymnal
(The closing hymn is normally related thematically to the sermon.)
The Benediction and Response
(sung by all)
(The benediction is a prayer for the blessing of God upon the congregation as it departs. A brief response by the
congregation follows.)
The Postlude
(A final, beautiful selection is played on the organ as the congregation departs.)
21
THE LORD’S DAY EVENING WORSHIP
“God is spirit, and those who worship Him must worship in spirit and truth.”
John 4:24
Preparation
(For a period of about 15 minutes before the beginning of the service we prepare for worship by singing hymns. As is the
case in the morning, we place the announcements before the call to worship so as not to interfere with the flow of the
service.)
Hymn Sing
Announcements
Praise
(As is the case in the morning service, the opening prayer and hymn focus on the attributes and works of God. The
hymn is a vigorous song of praise.)
Call to Worship and Prayer of Praise
Hymn
Confession of Sin, Pardon, and Thanksgiving
(Having praised God we move on to the confession of our sins. We make liturgical use of the Ten Commandments in
the evening as a preparation for the confession, a practice rooted in the synagogue and early church, and revived by the
Protestant Reformers in the 16th century. A comprehensive prayer of confession is offered followed by scriptural
assurance for all of the benefits that we receive in Christ.)
Reading of the Law of God
Minister: God spake all these words saying, I am the Lord thy God, which have brought thee out of the land of
Egypt, out of the house of bondage.
All:
1.Thou shalt have no other gods before me.
2.Thou shalt not make unto thee any graven image.
3.Thou shalt not take the Name of the Lord thy God in vain.
4.Remember the Sabbath day, to keep it holy.
5.Honor thy father and thy mother.
6. Thou shalt not kill.
7. Thou shalt not commit adultery.
8. Thou shalt not steal.
9. Thou shalt not bear false witness.
10. Thou shalt not covet. [Exodus 20:1-17]
Hear also the words of our Lord Jesus, how he saith: Thou shalt love the Lord thy God with all thy
heart, and with all thy soul, and with all thy mind. This is the first and great commandment. And
the second is like unto it: Thou shalt love thy neighbor as thyself. On these two commandments
hang all the law and the prophets. [Matthew 22:37-40]
The Prayer of Confession of Sin
Assurance of Pardon
Prayer of Thanksgiving
Collection
22
Provision for Life and Growth
(Also known as the “means of grace,” this cycle [following the cycles of praise and confession] employ the ordinary means
given by God to the church by which to sanctify the saints and grow the church.)
Scripture Reading
(Normally a chapter is read in addition to the text upon which the sermon is to be based. This means that regularly
two full chapters will have been read in our services on a given Sunday.
Intercessory Prayer
(We see prayer as an important part of our ministry to our own people and to the world. This fourth prayer of the
service is a prayer that is primarily petitionary, that is, an intercessory prayer.)
Psalter
(A second metrical psalm of the Sunday is sung.)
Prayer of Illumination
(This is a prayer for the aid of the Holy Spirit in understanding the Scripture as it is read and preached. It is based on
scriptural example [e.g. Ps 119:12,17,18,27,etc] and the practice of the early church. It demonstrates our dependence
upon the Holy Spirit.)
Scripture & Sermon
(As is the case in the morning, normally our sermon is expository, taking us verse-by-verse through a book of the
Bible.)
The Lord’s Supper
The Lord’s Supper normally is administered in the evening service on the first Sunday of the months in which it is not
administered in the morning (that is, February, March, May, June, August, September, November, December, and
Maundy Thursday). At the Table we enjoy a spiritual meal (“the Lord’s Supper”), fellowship with Christ
(“Communion”), and give thanks (“Eucharist”) for our salvation in Christ Jesus.
Thanksgiving and Blessing
(The concluding cycle of response includes a hymn that is normally related to the theme of the sermon and the
concluding blessing upon the congregation.)
Hymn
Benediction
Conclusion: Worship and Ministry
Worship is both our highest priority and greatest privilege as believers. We give it careful and
focused attention at Independent Presbyterian Church. Worship also shapes our ministry.
Because we worship twice on Sunday and our services are filled with biblical content, our
weekday schedule is relatively uncluttered. Bible study, prayer, fellowship, and discipleship are
not activities that must be scheduled for weekdays (and weeknights). They occur richly in our
Sunday services. Christian growth is not something that must be pursued through retreats, camps,
conferences and frenetic weekday activity, but through the ordinary services of the church.
23
Appendix B
Old School
Piety
Faithfulness
Substance
Character
Prayer
Theology
Minister
New School
Personality
Format
Style
Techniques
Program
Therapy
Life coach
Ministry
marketing
Biblical Worship
read the word
sing the word
preach the word
pray the word
administer the visible word
Communion
Is
meal
supper
table
pastor
gift of God
Is Not
mass
sacrifice
altar
Priest
offering to God
Solas
Scriptura
Christo
fide
gratia
Deo gloria
Contemporary
reading
verses preached
preaching
topical
praying
little
singing
choruses
sacraments
infrequent
Liturgical
Reformed
lectio selecta
lectio continua
expository selective or topical
expository sequential
written comprehensive
free/studied comprehensive
(six types)
(six types)
classic hymns
metrical psalms and hymns
classic
weekly
frequent
24
Strength of Worship of Reformed Protestantism
God-centered
Word-filled
Gospel-structured
Spirit-dependent
Church-aware
Protestant View of the Lord’s Supper
meal
supper
table
pastor
not
not
not
not
mass
sacrifice
altar
priest
The Worship of Reformed Protestantism
Read
Preach
Sing
Pray
Administer
word
word
word
word
word
lectio continua
expository & sequential
psalms & hymns
full diet of 6 prayer genres
Lord’s Supper & baptism
25
Marketing the Church (or Churching the Market?)
Market:
Ministry
Products:
Promotion:
Secular Marketing
Church Marketers
Principles:
Identify desired
Target ministry for
market
Saddleback Sam, Willow
Creek Wally, young,
white-collar,
professionals
Design product
Soft-rock music; talk
according to needs
show format; felt-needs
& tastes of targeted sermons; unchurchy
market
setting
Design promotion
according to needs
and tastes of
targeted market
“cool” advertising for
target market
Historic Ministry
Identify existing “market;” i.e. who
lives in neighborhood, not a
demographic slice of the
neighborhood
Conduct historic forms of ministry
tailored to character of
neighborhood without targeting a
subset of the neighborhood:
historic hymns & psalms
expository preaching
lectio continua reading
full diet of prayer
frequent sacraments
Promotional materials that appeal
broadly to neighborhood, not a
group within the neighborhood.
26
Bibliography
I.
Original Sources
Patristic & Medieval
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1
Nazianzen, Saint Gregory. “Select Orations” in Schaff and Wace (eds.), A Select Library
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2
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Deutsche Messe (1526), pp 123f
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Ulrich Zwingli, Liturgy of the Word (1525), pp 141f
Action or Use of the Lord’s Supper (1505), pp 149f
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William Farel, La Maniere et Fasson (1524?), 216ff
John Calvin, Form of Church Prayers (Genevan Psalter) (1545 & 1542), pp 185f
John Knox, The Form of Prayers (1556), pp 287f
Middleburg Liturgy of the English Puritans (1586), pp 311f
The Westminster Directory (1644), pp 345f
Richard Baxter, The Savoy Liturgy (1661), pp 375f
Zwingli, Huldrych. “On the Lord’s Supper” in G.W. Bromiley, Zwingli & Bullinger in
John Baillie, et. al. (ed.) The Library of Christian Classics, Vol. XXIV.
Philadelphia: The Westminster Press, 1953.
Post-Reformation
Henry, Matthew. A Method for Prayer. Ed. J. Ligon Duncan, III. 1716, Greenville, South
Carolina: Reformed Academic Press, 1994.
Mather, Cotton. Ratio Disciplinae Frutrum Nov-Anglorum: A Faithful Account of the
Discipline Professed & Practiced in the Churches of New England. 1726, New
York: Arno Press, 1972.
Perkins, William. The Art of Prophesying. 1606; Edinburgh: The Banner of Truth Trust,
1996.
3
Shields, Charles W. The Book of Common Prayer and Administration of the Sacraments
and Other Rites and Ceremonies of the Church as Amended by the Presbyterian
Divines in the Royal Commission of 1661 and in Agreement with the Directory for
Public Worship. New York: Anson D. F. Randolph and Company, 1864.
__________. Luturgia Expurgata; or The Prayer-Book as Amended by the Westminster
Divines. New York: Anson D. F. Randolph and Company, 1864.
Watts, Isaac. A Guide to Prayer. 1715, Edinburgh: The Banner of Truth Trust, 2001.
Westminster Confession of Faith. Glasgow: Free Presbyterian Publications, 1985.
II.
Background Reading
Ahlstrom, Sydney. A Religious History of the American People. New Haven: Yale
University Press, 1972)
Arndt, William F. and F. Wilbur Gingrich. A Greek-English Lexicon of the New
Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, Second Edition. Chicago &
London: University of Chicago Press, 1957, 1979.
Bainton, Roland H. Here I Stand: A Life of Martin Luther. New York: AbingdonCokesbury Press, 1950.
Benedict, Philip. Christ’s Churches Purely Reformed: A Social History of Calvinism.
New Haven & London: Yale University Press, 2002.
Bloom, Allan. The Closing of the American Mind. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1987.
Bonhoeffer, Dietrich. Life Together, trans. John W. Doberstein. New York: Harper &
Row, 1954.
Cameron, Nigel. M.de S. Dictionary of Scottish Church History and Theology. Downers
Grove, Illinois: InterVarsity Press, 1993.
Chesterton, G.K. Orthodoxy: The Romance of Faith. New York: Doubleday, 1980, 1990.
Childs, Brevard S. The Book of Exodus: A Critical, Theological Commentary.
Philadelphia: The Westminster Press, 1974.
Colson, Charles. The Body: Being Light in the Darkness. Dallas: Word Publishing, 1992.
Dallimore, Arnold. George Whitefield, Vol. I. Edinburgh: The Banner of Truth Trust,
1970.
Davies, J. G. (ed.). The New Westminster Dictionary of Liturgy & Worship. Philadelphia:
The Westminster Press, 1986.
4
Di Berardino, Angelo (ed.). Encyclopedia of the Early Church, trans. from the Italian by
Adrian Walford, Volumes I & II. New York: Oxford University Press, 1992.
Douglas, J.D. et. al. The New Bible Dictionary. Leicester: Inter-Varsity Press, 1962.
Edgar, William. Truth in All its Glory: Commending the Reformed Faith. Phillipsburg,
NJ: P&R Publishing, 2004.
Ferguson, Everett (ed.). Encyclopedia of Early Christianity. New York & London:
Garland Publishing, Inc., 1990.
Ganoczy, Alexandre. The Young Calvin. Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 1999.
Goff, Philip K. “TV’s Healing Powers” in the Wall Street Journal. September 15, 2006.
Grabar, André. Early Christian Art: From the Rise of Christianity to the Death of
Theodosius. New York: Odyssey Press, 1968.
Hahn, Scott. Rome, Sweet Home. S
Heinze, Rudolph W. Reform & Conflict: From the Medieval World to the Wars of
Religion, AD 1350–1648, The Baker History of the Church, Volume Four, Tim
Dowley (ed.). Grand Rapids: Baker Books, 2005.
Henry, Matthew. An Exposition of the Old & New Testament. Philadelphia: Tavar &
Hogan, 1829.
Holloway, Carson Holloway. All Shook Up: Music, Passion, & Politics. Dallas: Spence
Publishing Company, 2001.
Hunt, Arthur W., III. The Vanishing Word: The Veneration of Visual Imagery in the
Postmodern World. Wheaton: Crossway Books, 2003.
James, Frank A. III. “Calvin the Evangelist.” RTS: Reformed Quarterly, Fall 2001.
Johnson, Merwyn S. “Whose Ministry Is It?” Due West, 1997.
Johnson, Terry L. The Case for Traditional Protestantism. Edinburgh: Banner of Truth
Trust, 2004.
________. The Family Worship Book. 1998, Geanies House, Fearn, Ross-shire, Great
Britain, 2003.
Kane, J. Herbert. A Concise History of the Christian World Mission. Grand Rapids:
Baker Book House, 1978.
5
Kerr, Hugh T. and John M. Mulder. Conversions. Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdsmans
Publishing Co., 1983.
Leith, John H. From Generation to Generation. Louisville, Westminster: John Knox
Press, 1990.
________. Introduction to the Reformed Tradition, Revised Edition. Atlanta: John Knox
Press, 1981.
Lindsey, T. M. The History of the Reformation, Vol. 1 & 2. Edinburgh: T&T Clark,1907.
Longfield, Bradley J. The Presbyterian Controversy. New York: Oxford University
Press, 1991.
McGavran, Donald. Understanding Church Growth. Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans,
1970.
McGrath, Alister E. Luther=s Theology of the Cross. Oxford: Basil Blackwell Ltd., 1985.
M’Crie, Thomas. The Story of the Scottish Church. 1874, Glasgow: Free Presbyterian
Publications, 1988.
Mitchell, A. F. The Westminster Assembly, Its History and Standards. London: 1883;
Edmonton, A.B.: Still Water Revival Books, 1992.
Motyer, J.A. “The Psalms,” in The New Bible Commentary: Revised, ed D. Guthrie, J.A.
Motyer, et al. Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1970.
Mueller, Richard A. Post Reformation Reformed Dogmatics: The Rise and Development
of Reformed Orthodoxy, ca. 1520 to ca. 1725. Grand Rapids: Baker Academic,
2003.
Myers, Kenneth A. All God’s Children and Blue Suede Shoes. Westchester, Il: Crossway
Books, 1989.
Old, Hughes O. “Henry, Matthew (1662-1714)”, in D. K. McKim (ed.) Historical
Handbook of Major Biblical Interpreters. Downers Grove: Illinois: InterVarsity
Press, 1998.
Packer, J. I. Faithfulness and Holiness: The Witness of J. C. Ryle. Wheaton Illinois:
Crossway Books, 2002.
_________. Knowing God. Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 1973.
Packer, J. I. “Theology and Wisdom,” in J. I. Packer & Sven K. Soderlund (eds), The
Way of Wisdom: Essays in Honor of Bruce K. Waltke. Grand Rapids: Zondervan
Publishing House, 2000.
6
Pattison, Robert. The Triumph of Vulgarity: Rock Music in the Mirror of Romanticism.
New York: Oxford University Press, 1987.
Peterson, David. Engaging with God: A Biblical Theology of Worship. Grand Rapids:
Eerdmans, 1992.
Peterson, David W. and I. Howard Marshall, (eds). Witness to the Gospel: The Theology
of Acts. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1998.
Piper, John. Let the Nations Be Glad: the Supremacy of God in Missions. 1993 Grand
Rapids: Baker House Books, 2003.
Postman, Neal. Amusing Ourselves to Death. New York: NY: Penguin Group, 1985.
Reid, W. Sanford Reid (ed.). John Calvin: His Influence in the Western World. Grand
Rapids: Zondervan Publishing House, 1982.
Rian, Edwin H. The Presbyterian Conflict. 1940, Philadelphia: Orthodox Presbyterian
Church, 1992.
Richards, John Edwards. The Historical Birth of the Presbyterian Church of America.
Liberty Hill, SC: The Liberty Press, 1987.
Schaff, Phillip A. The History of the Christian Church, Vol. 1-VIII. 1890, 1910, Grand
Rapids: Eerdmans, 1950.
Settle, Paul. To God All Praise and Glory: Under God: Celebrating the Pasto, Claiming
the Future: The Presbyterian Church in America, 1973-1998. Atlanta: PCA
Administrative Committee, 1998.
Smart, Kennedy. I Am Reminded: An Autobiographical, Anecdotal History of the
Presbyterian Church of America. Privately published, 1994.
Smith, Frank J. A History of the Presbyterian Church in America: Silver Anniversary
Addition. 1985, Lawrenceville, Georgia: Presbyterian Scholars Press, 1999.
Smith, Morton. How Is the Gold Become Dim: The Decline of the Presbyterian Church,
U.S., as Reflected in Its Assembly Actions. Jackson, MS: The Steering Committee
for a Continuing Presbyterian Church, 1983.
Spurgeon, Suzannah and Joseph Harrold. C. H. Spurgeon Autobiography, Volume 2: The
Full Harvest, 1860–1892. Edinburgh: Banner of Truth Trust, 1897-1900, 1973.
Warfield, B.B. Calvin and Augustine. Philadelphia: Presbyterian & Reformed Publishing
Company, 1980.
7
Weber, Robert. Evangelicals on the Canterbury Trail. Wilton, Connecticut: MorehouseBarlow, 1985.
Wells, David F. Above All Earthly Pow’rs: Christ in a Postmodern World. Grand Rapids:
William B. Eerdsman Publishing Company, 2005.
________. Losing Our Virtue. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1998.
________. No Place for Truth: or, Whatever Happened to Evangelical Theology? Grand
Rapids: Eerdmans, 1993.
White, R.E.O. “Psalms,” in Evangelical Commentary on the Bible, ed Walter A. Elwell.
Baker Book House, Grand Rapids, 1989.
III.
History & Practice of Worship
Early, Medieval & Orthodox
Cormack, Robin. Byzantine Art, Oxford History of Art. Oxford: Oxford University Press,
2000.
Cross, F.L. & E.A. Livingstone (eds.). “Iconography” in The Oxford Dictionary of the
Christian Church. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997.
Crouzel, Henri. “Origen,” Adrian Hastings (ed.) in The Oxford Companion to Christian
Thought. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000.
________. “Origen and Origenism” in Marthaler, et. al. (eds.), New Catholic
Encyclopedia, Second Edition, Vol. 10. Washington, DC: The Catholic University
of America Press, 2003.
Cullmann, Oscar. Early Christian Worship. London: SCM Press, Ltd., 1950, 1953.
Davies, Horton. Christian Worship: Its Making & Meaning. 1946, Waalington, Surry,
England: The Religious Education Press, Ltd., 1957.
Dawn, Marva J. Reaching Out Without Dumbing Down. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1995.
Dix, Dom Gregory. The Shape of the Liturgy. 1945, Glasgow: The University Press,
1952.
Driscoll, Michael S. “The Conversion of the Nations,” in Wainwright, Oxford History of
the Christian Worship. New York: Oxford University Press, 2006.
Hackel, Sergei. “Orthodox Worship,” in J.G. Davies The New Westminster Dictionary of
Liturgy & Worship. Philadelphia: The Westminster Press, 1986.
8
Hunt, E.D. “Pilgrimages,” in J.G. Davies (ed.) The New Westminster Dictionary of
Liturgy & Worship. Philadelphia: The Westminster Press, 1986.
Karlin-Hayter, Patricia. “Iconoclasm” in Cyril Mango (ed.) The Oxford Dictionary of
Byzantium. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002.
Lietzmann, Hans. The Era of the Church Fathers: A History of the Early Church, Vol.
IV, trans. Bertram Lee Woolf. London: Lutterworth Press, 1951.
Lowden, John. Early Christian & Byzantine Art. London: Phaidon Press, 1977.
Martin, R. P. Worship in the Early Church. 1964, Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1974.
Morris, Leon. “The Saints & the Synagogue,” in Michael J. Wilkins and Terrence Paige
(eds), Worship, Theology & Ministry in the Early Church: Essays in Honor of
Ralph P. Martin. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 1992.
Old, Hughes O. “The Service of Daily Prayer in the Primitive Christian Church: A Study
of Acts 4:23-31.” Unpublished paper, 1979.
Oulton & Chadwick. “Origen: General Introduction,” in Alexandrian Christianity, Vol.
II, Library of Christian Classics. Philadelphia: The Westminster Press, 1954.
Peterson, David W. “Worship in the New Testament” in D. A. Carson (ed) Worship:
Adoration and Action. Grand Rapids: Baker Book House, 1993.
_________. Engaging with God: A Biblical Theology of Worship. Grand Rapids:
Eerdmans, 1993.
Walker, Peter. “Building a Holy City,” Christian History & Biography, Issue 97.
Reformation
Eire, Carlos M. N. War Against the Idols. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986.
Kwatera, Michael. “Roman Catholic Liturgy,” The Oxford Encyclopedia of the
Reformation.
Old, Hughes O. The Patristic Roots of Reformed Worship. Zurich: Theologischer Verlag,
1970.
Post-Reformation
Davies, Horton. The Worship of the American Puritans, 1629-1730. Morgan, PA: Soli
Deo Gloria Publications, 1999.
9
________. The Worship of the English Puritans. 1948, Morgan, PA: Soli Deo Gloria,
1997.
________. Worship & Theology in England: From Watts & Wesley to Maurice, 16901850. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1961.
Fawcett, Timothy J. The Liturgy of Comprehension 1689. Southend-on-Sea: The Alcuin
Club.
Hanson, Dave. “Cloud of Witnesses,” Leadership. Fall 1996.
Modern
Blackwood, Andrew. The Fine Art of Worship. Nashville: Abingdon Press, 1939.
Carson, D. A. (ed.). Worship: Adoration and Action. Grand Rapids: Baker Book House,
1993.
________. (ed.). Worship by the Book. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Zondervan, 2002.
Clowney, Edward P. “Presbyterian Worship,” in D.A. Carson (ed.) Worship: Adoration
and Action. Grand Rapids: Baker Book House, 1993.
Farrer, Lauralee. “The Way We Were Led.” Fuller Focus. Spring 2005, Vol. 13, No. 2.
Frame, John M. Contemporary Worship Music: A Biblical Defense. P&R Publishing,
1997.
________. Worship in Spirit and Truth: A Refreshing Study of the Principle and Practice
of Biblical Worship. Phillipsburg, NJ: Presbyterian & Reformed Publishing, 1996.
Frankforter, A. Daniel. Stones for Bread: A Critique of Contemporary Worship.
Louisville: Westminster John Knox Press, 2001.
Galli, Mark. “A Deeper Relevance,” in Christianity Today. May 2008.
Goodloe, James C. IV. “Righteous Judgment.” The Presbyterian Outlook, February 7,
2004.
Gordon, T. David. “Some Answers to the Regulative Principle,” Westminster Theological
Journal, Vol. 55, 1993.
________. “Review Article: The Westminster Assembly’s Unworkable and Unscriptural
View of Worship,” Westminster Theological Journal, Vol. 65, 2003.
Gore, R. J. Covenantal Worship: Reconsidering the Puritan Regulative Principle.
Phillipsburg, New Jersey: P & R Publishing Co., 2002.
10
________. “Response: Covenantal Worship: Reconsidering the Critics.” Westminster
Theological Journal 67, 2005.
Grossman, Cathy Lynn. “Cowboy church rounds ‘em up; Straight-shooting emphasis on
Christianity spurs a growing trend.” USA Today, March 11, 2003.
Hamilton, Michael S. “The Triumph of the Praise Songs,” in Christianity Today. July 12,
1999.
Hart, D.G. “Evangelicals on the Durham Trail,” originally appeared as “Post-Modern
Evangelical Worship.” Calvin Theological Journal, 30. 1995.
Hawkins, Greg and Cally Parkinson. Reveal: Where Are You? Barrington, Illinois:
Willow Creek Association, 2007.
Hope, D.M. Revised by G. Woolfenden, “Liturgical Books,” in Jones, et. al, Study of
Liturgy. 1978, New York: Oxford University Press, 1992.
Horton, Michael. A Better Way: Rediscovering the Drama of God-Centered Worship.
Grand Rapids, Michigan: Baker Books, 2002.
Keller, Tim. “Evangelistic Worship” found at the Redeemer, NY web site:
www.redeemer.com, June 2001.
“Reformed Worship in the Global City,” in D.A. Carson (ed.), Worship By the
Book. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2002.
________.
McCarthy, Rebecca. “Gwinnett’s 12Stone church features glitzy amenities, Starbucks,”
Atlanta Journal Constitution, January 22, 2008.
Leland, John. “Rappers are Raising Their Churches.” New York Times, September 13,
2004.
Lucarini, Dan. Why I Left the Contemporary Christian Music Movement: Confessions of
a Former Worship Leader. Darlington, England: Evangelical Press, 2002.
Meyers, Jeffrey J. The Lord’s Service: The Grace of Covenant Renewal Worship.
Moscow, ID: Canon Press, 2003.
Morgenthaler, Sally. “Film & Worship: Windows in Caves & Other Things We Do with
Perfectly Good Prisms,” in Theology, News, & Notes, Vol. 52, No. 2, Spring
2005.
Murray, Iain. “Reinventing Evangelicalism” in The Banner of Truth Magazine, Issue 534,
March 2008.
11
Owen, Linda. “Worship at the O.K. Corral.” Christianity Today, September 12, 2003,
Vol. 47, No. 9.
Redmann, Robb. The Great Worship Awakening: Singing a New Song in the Postmodern
Church. San Francisco: Josey-Bass Books, 2002.
Tolson, Jay. “A Return to Tradition,” in U.S. News & World Report. Volume 143,
Number 22, December 22, 2007.
Ziegler, Mollie. Hemmingway, “Radio Silence,” Wall Street Journal, March 28, 2008.
General & Reformed
Dennison, Charles G. “Worship and Office,” in Mark R. Brown, ed., Order in the Offices.
Classic Presbyterian Government Resources: Duncansville, PA 1993.
Forrester, D.B. “Worship,” in Nigel M. de Cameron (ed). Dictionary of Scottish Church
History and Theology. Downers Grove, Ill: Inter-Varsity Press, 1993.
Godfrey, Robert. “The Offering,” The Outlook 41. Nov. 1991.
Hageman, H. G. Pulpit & Table: Some Chapters in the History of Worship in the
Reformed Churches. Richmond, Virginia: John Knox Press, 1962.
Hart, D.G. Recovering Mother Kirk: The Case for Liturgy in the Reformed Tradition.
Grand Rapids, Michigan: Baker Book House, 2003.
________ and John R. Muether. With Reverence and Awe: Returning to the Basics of
Reformed Worship. Phillipsburg, NJ: P&R Publishing Company, 2002.
Hughes, R. Kent. “Free Church Worship” in D.A. Carson (ed.), Worship by the Book.
Grand Rapids, Michigan: Zondervan, 2002.
Johnson, Terry L. Leading in Worship (Oak Ridge, TN: The Covenant Foundation,
1996).
________. Reformed Worship: Worship that Is According to Scripture: Revised &
Expanded. 2000; Greenville: Reformed Academic Press, 2003.
Jones, Chelsey and Geoffrey Wainright. The Study of Liturgy (Revised Edition). London:
SPCK, 1992 (1978).
Macleod, Donald. Presbyterian Worship: Its Meaning and Method. Richmond: John
Knox, 1967.
12
Martin, R. P. “Worship & Liturgy” in R. P. Martin & Peter H. Davids (eds). Dictionary
of the Later New Testament and Its Developments. Downers Grove: Illinois:
Leicester England: InterVarsity Press, 1997.
Maxwell, William D. A History of Worship in the Church of Scotland. London: Oxford
University Press, 1955.
________. An Outline of Christian Worship: Its Developments and Forms. 1936;
London: Oxford University Press, 1952.
M’Crie, Charles Greig. The Public Worship of Presbyterian Scotland. Edinburgh:
William Blackwood & Sons, 1892.
Merton, Julius. Presbyterian Worship in America. Richmond: John Knox Press, 1967.
Mueller, Richard A. and Rowland S. Ward. Scripture and Worship: Biblical
Interpretation and the Directory for Public Worship. Phillipsburg, NJ: P&R
Publishing, 2007.
Nichols, James Hastings. Corporate Worship in the Reformed Tradition. Philadelphia:
Westminster Press, 1968.
Old, Hughes O. Themes and Variations for a Christian Doxology. Grand Rapids:
Eerdmans, 1992.
________. Worship: That is Reformed According to Scripture. 1984, Louisville:
Westminster John Knox Press, 2004.
Penny, Robert L. (ed.). The Hope Fulfilled: Essays in Honor of O. Palmer Robertson.
Phillipsburg, NJ: P&R Publishing, 2008.
Rayburn, Robert. O Come Let Us Worship: Corporate Worship in the Evangelical
Church. Grand Rapids: Baker Book House, 1980.
Ryan, Joseph. Worship: Beholding the Beauty of the Lord. Wheaton, Illinois: Crossway
Books, 2005.
Ryken, Philip G., Derek W. H. Thomas, and J. Ligon Duncan, III (eds.). Give Praise to
God: A Vision for Reforming Worship. Phillipsburg, New Jersey: P&R
Publishing, 2003.
Ryle, J.C. Worship: Its Priority, Principles, & Practice. Edinburgh: The Banner of Truth
Trust, 2005.
Shields, Charles W. Liturgia Expurgata. New York: Anson D. F. Randolph & Company,
1864.
13
Smith, Frank J. and David C. Lachman (ed.), Worship in the Presence of God.
Greenville, South Carolina: Greenville Seminary Press, 1992.
Sproul, R. C. “Good Intensions Gone Bad,” in Tabletalk. October 2007, Vol. 31, No. 10.
Spurgeon, C. H. The Metropolitan Tabernacle Pulpit: Sermons Preached by C. H.
Spurgeon, Vol. XXXVIII. 1892, Pasadena, Texas: Pilgrim Publications, 1986.
Stephens, W.P. Zwingli: An Introduction to His Thought. Oxford: Clarendon, 1992.
Still, William. Congregational Record and Bible Readings. Gilcomston South Church of
Scotland, Aberdeen, February 1989.
Veith, Gene Edward. “Corporate Reverence,” in Tabletalk. October 2007, Vol. 31, No.
10.
________. “Through Generations,” For the Life of the World. March, 1998, Vol 2, No. 1.
Vischer, Lukas (ed.). Christian Worship in Reformed Churches Past and Present. Grand
Rapids: Eerdmans, 2003.
Von Allmen, Jean-Jacques. Worship: Its Theology and Practice. London: Lutterworth
Press, 1965.
White, James F. Introduction to Christian Worship. Nashville: Abingdon, 1980.
________. “Where The Reformation Was Wrong on Worship,” Christian Century.
October 27, 1982. (accessible online at
http://www.religion_online.org/showarticle.asp?title=1348).
________. “Our Apostasy in Worship,” Christian Century. September 28, 1977.
IV.
Elements of Worship
Pastoral Theology
Armstrong, John H. (ed). Reforming Pastoral Ministry: Challenges for Ministry in
Postmodern Times. Wheaton: Crossway Books, 2001.
Baxter, Richard. The Reformed Pastor. 1656, rprt; Edinburgh: The Banner of Truth Trust,
1974.
Berkley, James D. (ed.). Leadership Handbooks of Practical Theology, Volume One,
Word and Worship. Grand Rapids: Baker Book House, 1992.
14
Bridges, Charles. The Christian Ministry; With an Inquiry into the Causes of Its
Inefficiency; With an Especial Reference to the Ministry of the Establishment.
London: Seeley, 1849.
Brown, John. The Christian Pastor’s Manual. Ligonier, 1826, Pennsylvania: Soli Deo
Gloria, 1991.
Cameron, N.M. and S.B. Ferguson, Pulpit and People: Essays in Honour of William Still
on His 75th Birthday. Edinburgh: Rutherford House Books, 1986.
Conn, Harvey M. (ed.). Practical Theology and the Ministry of the Church, 1952-1984:
Essays in Honor of Edmund P. Clowney. Phillipsburg, New Jersey: Presbyterian
and Reformed Publishing Company, 1990.
Fairbairn, Patrick. Pastoral Theology: A Treatise on the Office and Duties of the
Christian Pastor. 1875; Audubon, New Jersey: Old Paths Publications, 1992.
Johnson, Terry L. The Pastor’s Public Ministry. Greenville, SC: Reformed Academic
Press, 2001.
Jowett, J. H. The Preacher: His Life and Work. New York: George H. Doran Company,
1912.
MacArthur, John, Jr. Rediscovering Pastoral Ministry. Dallas: Word Publishing, 1995.
Murphy, Thomas. Pastoral Theology: The Pastor and the Various Duties of His Office.
1877; Audubon, New Jersey: Old Paths Publications, 1996.
Oden, Thomas C. Pastoral Theology: Essentials of Ministry. San Francisco: Harper and
Row, Publishers, 1983.
Plumer, William S. Hints & Helps in Pastoral Theology. 1874; Harrisonburg, Virginia:
Sprinkle Publications, 2003.
Shedd, W.G.T. Homiletics and Pastoral Theology. 1867; Edinburgh: The Banner of
Truth Trust, 1965.
Spurgeon, C. H. An All-Around Ministry: Addresses to Ministers and Students. 1900;
Edinburgh: The Banner of Truth Trust, 1965.
________. Lectures to My Students: A Selection from Addresses Delivered to the
Students of The Pastors’ College, Metropolitan Tabernacle. London: Passmore
and Alabaster, 1881.
Still, William. The Work of the Pastor. Aberdeen: Didasho Press, 1976.
15
Stott, John R. Between Two Worlds: The Art of Preaching in the Twentieth
Century. Grand Rapids, Michigan: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company,
1982.
Whitney, Don. “Ten More Ways to Improve Your Church Worship Service.” Banner of
Truth Web Site, November 2002.
White, Peter. The Effective Pastor. Ross-shire: Christian Focus Publications, 1998.
Preaching
Adams, Jay E. Preaching with Purpose. Phillipsburg, New Jersey: Presbyterian and
Reformed Publishing Company, 1982.
Alexander, James W. Thoughts on Preaching: Being Contributions to Homiletics. 1864,
Edinburgh: The Banner of Truth Trust, 1975.
Beecher, Henry Ward. Yale Lectures on Preaching. New York: Fords, Howard, and
Hulbert, 1893.
Broadus, J. A. Broadus. On the Preparation and Delivery of Sermons Revised Edition.
1870; Nashville: Broadman Press, 1944.
Brooks, Phillips. Lectures on Preaching Delivered before the Divinity School of Yale
College In January and February. 1877, New York: E. P. Dutton and Company,
1907.
Chapell, Bryan. Christ-Centered Preaching: Redeeming the Expository Sermon. Grand
Rapids: Baker Books, 1994.
Dabney, Robert L. Sacred Rhetoric or Course of Lectures on Preaching. 1870;
Edinburgh; The Banner of Truth Trust, 1979.
Dale, R. W. Nine Lectures on Preaching. London: Hodder and Stoughton, n.d.
Doddridge, Philip. Lectures on Preaching. London: W. Baynes and Son, n.d.
Ferguson, Sinclair. “Evangelical Exemplar,” Tabletalk. Feb. 1999
Forsyth, P.T. Preaching and the Modern Mind. 1907, London: Independent Press Ltd.,
1949.
Kistler, Don (ed.). Feed My Sheep: A Passionate Plea for Preaching. Morgan, PA: Soli
Deo Gloria Publications, 2002.
16
Lloyd-Jones, D. Martyn. Preaching and Preachers. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Zondervan,
1971.
Logan, Jr., Samuel T. The Preacher & Preaching: Reviving the Art in the Twentieth
Century. Phillipsburg: New Jersey: Presbyterian & Reformed Publishing
Company, 1986.
MacArthur, John, Jr. (ed.). Rediscovering Expository Preaching. Dallas: Word
Publishing, 1992.
Morgan, G.C. Preaching. London: Marshall, Morgan & Scott, 1938).
Mouw, Richard J. “Preaching Worth Pondering,” Fuller Focus 5. November 1996.
Porter, Ebenezer. Lectures on Homiletics and Preaching, and on Public Prayer; Together
with Sermons and Letters. New York; Flagg, Gould and Newman, 1834.
Robinson, Haddon W. Biblical Preaching. Grand Rapids: Baker Book House, 1980.
Taylor, William M. The Ministry of the Word. 1876; Harrisonburg, Virginia: Sprinkle
Publications, 2003.
Willimon, William H. Preaching and Leading Worship. Philadelphia: The Westminster
Press, 1984.
Reading Scripture
Allen, Jr., Horace T. “Calendar & Lectionary in Reformed Perspective & History,” in
Lukas Vischer (ed.), Christian Worship in Reformed Churches Past & Present.
Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2003.
Bastian, Donald N. “The Silenced Word,” in Christianity Today, March 5, 2001, Vol. 45,
No. 4.
Burgess, John P. “Shaping a Congregation Through Lectio Continua” in Reformed
Liturgy & Music, Vol. XXX, Number 1, 1996.
DeBoer, Louis F. “The Reading of the Scriptures,” in Frank J. Smith & David C.
Lachman (ed.), Worship in the Presence of God. Greenville, South Carolina:
Greenville Seminary Press, 1992.
Duncan, J. Ligon, III. “Reading & Praying the Bible in Corporate Worship,” in Philip G.
Ryken (ed.), Give Praise to God: A Vision for Reforming Worship. Philipsburg,
NJ: P&R Publishing, 2003.
Fuller, R. H. “Lectionary,” in J. G. Davies (ed.). The New Westminster Dictionary of
Liturgy & Worship. Philadelphia: The Westminster Press, 1986.
17
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