honors biology
ch.17 notes
“Plants, Fungi, and the Colonization of Land”
Plants and Fungi---A Beneficial Partnership
Opening Essay
Describe the significance of mycorrhiza to plant health
and the history of this relationship.
Symbiotic
 mycorrhiza
 absorbs?
 fungus provides:
 Plant provides:
Significance:
 .
 .
History
 fossils:
 evolution:
17.1 Describe the key plant adaptations to life on land.
Ancesteral plants:
Plants and modern charophytes evolved from common
ancestor.
Lived on:
Subject to occasional _________
Natural selection favored those that
Key Adaptations:
waxy cuticle
stomata:
open for:
closed during:
roots:
provide:
absorb:
absorb:
mycorrhizae
root hairs increase ?
apical meristems: grow from _____
vascular tissue:
xylem
transports: ________, ________
support (dead xylem = ________)
phloem
transports ________
Moss is primitive
no __________ __________
must remain ______
gets water by ___________
lignin
in:
function:
allows for ____________
mosses lack __________
seeds
embryophytes
multicellular, dependent embryo distinguishes plants
from algae.
gametangea
protective jacket of cells surrounding
____________________cells
pollen
contain ___________-producing cells
_____________ not required to bring gametes
together
17.2 Compare the bryophytes, seedless vascular plants,
gymnosperms, and angiosperms.
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1. Origin of _________________
2. Origin of _________________
3. Origin of _________________
Spore-producing, Nonvascular
Bryophytes:
 no vascular tissue
 Examples:
o
o
o
 no lignin
 apical meristem present or absent?
 spores, no seeds
 embryos
 grow in mats support and moisture retention
Spore-producing, Vascular Plants
Vascular tissue allowed for ________________________.
Height allowed for ______________________.
Examples:


Spores, no seeds
require moist conditions for fertilization
Seed, Vascular Plants
Gymnosperms
“________ ________” not produced in specialized
chambers
Examples:


Angiosperms
“________ _______”
Flowering plants
________ around seed
Examples:



17.8 Describe the parts of a flower and explain their
functions.
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Functions:
sepals:
petals:
stamen:
(male)
anther:
filament:
carpel:
(female)
stigma:
style:
ovary:
What is the difference between pollination and fertilization?
17.10 List the angiosperm adaptations that promote seed
dispersal
wind dispersal:
“Velcro”:
fruit:
fleshy edible
before ripening, fruit is green/camouflaged. Why?
advertise”
animals…
rollers:
floaters:
launchers:
17.12 Explain how flowers are adapted to attract
pollinators.
Energy budget:


Flower Adaptations:
 color:
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

scent:
nectar:
Animal Adaptations
birds:


beetles:


bees:
bats & moths:
flies, beetles:
Success:
Pollination successful only if to same species.
Insects only remember one ___________________
Will get more nectar if _______________________
17.14 Describe the main traits of fungi and their
ecological role.
Traits:



Ecological Role:


17.18 Explain how parasitic fungi harm plants and
animals.
____% of fungi are parasitic or pathogenic
Example:
Dutch Elm disease (1926-1970’s)
spread across U.S.
destroyed _____% of Elm trees in the______
Example:
English Elms devastated
Studies showed all English Elms were __________
derived asexually by ________________________
Romans _____________ years ago.
______% of plant diseases are caused by fungi
______% of world’s fruit harvest lost to fungal attack each year
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Corn smut
Ergots in Rye
Ergots of rye, wheat, and oats are toxic to humans
Consumption of flour made from ergot-infested grain can
cause:






 Suggested as the cause for Vikings going “berserk.”
Human Fungal Diseases
50 species known to be parasitic in humans and other animals
“mycosis” =
deadly lung diseases, now considered potential biological
weapon (Coccidioidomycosis = tuberculosis-like
symptoms)
Examples:
 ringworm =
 vaginal yeast infections = Candida albicans
o
o
o
17.19 Describe the structure and characteristics of
lichens.
green _____ or cyanobacteria held in a mass of fungal hyphae
each partner provides?
able to live where?
Normal metabolism produces ?
Important food source for?
Opportunistic:
 grows quickly in _____________________________
 remains dormant during _______________________
 some are __________ of years old
 very sensitive to____________&_______________.
 Death of lichens sign of _______________________
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17.21 Describe the positive ecological and practical roles
of fungi.
Ecological Benefit


Practical Uses



 yeast for
 antibiotics:
 use yeasts to convert plant biomass to
Fungus Ppt. (stored on desktop)
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