Advanced Writing Rules
You Should Already Know
You Should Already Know
1. Where Commas Belong
You Should Already Know
1. Where Commas Belong
a. In a list
John, Mary, and Sherlock went to Baker Street.
You Should Already Know
1. Where Commas Belong
a. In a list
John, Mary, and Sherlock went to Baker Street.
b. Separating extra information
Before school started, I ate breakfast at home.
You Should Already Know
1. Where Commas Belong
a. In a list
John, Mary, and Sherlock went to Baker Street.
b. Separating extra information
Before school started, I ate breakfast at home.
c. Joining two sentences
I love ice cream, but she loves cake.
You Should Also Know
You Should Also Know
2. Parts of Speech
You Should Also Know
2. Parts of Speech
a. Nouns
You Should Also Know
2. Parts of Speech
a. Nouns
dog
cats
houses
establishment
haecceity
water
absence
basis
creation
fortitude
You Should Also Know
2. Parts of Speech
a. Nouns
b. Verbs
You Should Also Know
2. Parts of Speech
a. Nouns
b. Verbs
walk
talked
bought
to believe
frighten
stirring
to change
written
think
to cry
staying
avoid
You Should Also Know
2. Parts of Speech
a. Nouns
b. Verbs
c. Adjectives
You Should Also Know
2. Parts of Speech
a. Nouns
b. Verbs
c. Adjectives
blue strange expensive
cold injured creepy
hot forgotten crying
You Should Also Know
2. Parts of Speech
a. Nouns
b. Verbs
c. Adjectives
d. Adverbs
You Should Also Know
2. Parts of Speech
a. Nouns
b. Verbs
c. Adjectives
d. Adverbs
very frighteningly
so
triumphantly
too
quietly
never
not
You Should Also Know
2. Parts of Speech
a. Nouns
b. Verbs
c. Adjectives
d. Adverbs
e. Pronouns
You Should Also Know
2. Parts of Speech
a. Nouns
b. Verbs
c. Adjectives
d. Adverbs
e. Pronouns
I
We My
Our Your You
He She It
His Its Hers
Their
Theirs
You Should Also Know
2. Parts of Speech
a. Nouns
b. Verbs
c. Adjectives
d. Adverbs
e. Pronouns
f. Prepositions
You Should Also Know
2. Parts of Speech
a. Nouns
b. Verbs
c. Adjectives
d. Adverbs
e. Pronouns
f. Prepositions
of
by near
far from under
since before
You Should Also Know
2. Parts of Speech
a. Nouns
b. Verbs
c. Adjectives
d. Adverbs
e. Pronouns
f. Prepositions
g. Articles
You Should Also Know
2. Parts of Speech
a. Nouns
b. Verbs
c. Adjectives
d. Adverbs
e. Pronouns
f. Prepositions
g. Articles
a
an the
You Should Also Know
2. Parts of Speech
a. Nouns
b. Verbs
c. Adjectives
d. Adverbs
e. Pronouns
f. Prepositions
g. Articles
h. Conjunctions
You Should Also Know
2. Parts of Speech
a. Nouns
b. Verbs
c. Adjectives
d. Adverbs
for and nor but
because when
e. Pronouns
f. Prepositions
g. Articles
h. Conjunctions
or yet so
while
although
One More Thing You Should Know
One More Thing You Should Know
3. What a Sentence is
One More Thing You Should Know
3. What a Sentence is
I love ice cream because it is delicious.
One More Thing You Should Know
3. What a Sentence is
N V
N
conj. pro V Adj.
I love ice cream because it is delicious.
One More Thing You Should Know
3. What a Sentence is
N V
N
conj. pro V Adj.
I love ice cream because it is delicious.
I know that TEST
One More Thing You Should Know
3. What a Sentence is
N V
N
conj. pro V Adj.
I love ice cream because it is delicious.
I know that TEST
I know that I love ice cream.
One More Thing You Should Know
3. What a Sentence is
N V
N
conj. pro V Adj.
I love ice cream because it is delicious.
I know that TEST
I know that I love ice cream.
I know that it is delicious.
One More Thing You Should Know
3. What a Sentence is
N V
N
conj. pro V Adj.
I love ice cream because it is delicious.
I know that TEST
I know that I love ice cream.
I know that because it is delicious...?
Now That THAT’s Over
Now That THAT’s Over
Time for Advanced Writing Rules
What You Will Learn
What You Will Learn
1. Participles
What You Will Learn
1. Participles
2. Participial Phrases
What You Will Learn
1. Participles
2. Participial Phrases
3. Active Voice
What You Will Learn
1.
2.
3.
4.
Participles
Participial Phrases
Active Voice
Passive Voice
What You Will Learn
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Participles
Participial Phrases
Active Voice
Passive Voice
Relative Pronouns
What You Will Learn
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Participles
Participial Phrases
Active Voice
Passive Voice
Relative Pronouns and Clauses
1. Participles
1. Participles
All verbs have participles.
1. Participles
All verbs have participles.
They come in two forms:
Present and Past
1. Participles
Present Participles are easy to remember.
1. Participles
Present Participles are easy to remember.
They always end with –ing.
1. Participles
walking, playing, running, studying, writing
1. Participles
Past Participles aren’t as easy.
1. Participles
They can be regular or irregular.
1. Participles
If the verb is regular,
it will most likely end with –ed
1. Participles
Everyday, I walk.
1. Participles
Everyday, I walk.
Present
1. Participles
Everyday, I walk.
Yesterday, I walked.
Present
1. Participles
Everyday, I walk.
Yesterday, I walked.
Present
Past
1. Participles
Everyday, I walk.
Yesterday, I walked.
The day before, I had walked.
Present
Past
1. Participles
Everyday, I walk.
Yesterday, I walked.
The day before, I had walked.
Present
Past
Past Participle
1. Participles
If the verb is irregular,
it will look something like this:
1. Participles
Everyday, I fly.
1. Participles
Everyday, I fly.
Present
1. Participles
Everyday, I fly.
Yesterday, I flew.
Present
1. Participles
Everyday, I fly.
Yesterday, I flew.
Present
Past
1. Participles
Everyday, I fly.
Yesterday, I flew.
The day before, I had flown.
Present
Past
1. Participles
Everyday, I fly.
Yesterday, I flew.
The day before, I had flown.
Present
Past
Past Participle
1. Participles
Participles are used for a number of things:
1. Participles
Participles are used for a number of things:
1. As adjectives
2. In the Perfect form
3. In the Progressive form
1. Participles
1. As adjectives
1. Participles
1. As adjectives
tempered steel, flavored ice cream, iced tea,
spoken word, shrunken head,
She is driven.
1. Participles
1. As adjectives (Past)
tempered steel, flavored ice cream, iced tea,
spoken word, shrunken head,
She is driven.
1. Participles
1. As adjectives
crying baby, sleeping sickness,
running team, flying squirrel
1. Participles
1. As adjectives (Present)
crying baby, sleeping sickness,
running team, flying squirrel
1. Participles
2. In the Perfect form
1. Participles
2. In the Perfect form
I have driven. She has wanted. They have been.
I had tried. She had seen. We had agreed.
1. Participles
2. In the Perfect form (ALL Past)
I have driven. She has wanted. They have been.
I had tried. She had seen. We had agreed.
1. Participles
3. In the Progressive form
1. Participles
3. In the Progressive form
I am reading. She is leaving. We are studying.
I was trying. She was hoping. We were planning.
1. Participles
3. In the Progressive form (ALL Present)
I am reading. She is leaving. We are studying.
I was trying. She was hoping. We were planning.
2. Participial Phrases
2. Participial Phrases
We start with a participle.
2. Participial Phrases
We start with a participle.
The Present participle implies that the action is
happening at the same time.
2. Participial Phrases
We start with a participle.
The Past participle implies that the action is
being done to the subject.
2. Participial Phrases
Forgetting his keys inside, Jim locked the door to
his house.
2. Participial Phrases
Forgetting his keys inside, Jim locked the door to
his house.
Forgotten by its people, the legend faded into the
pages of history.
2. Participial Phrases
Present
Forgetting his keys inside, Jim locked the door to
his house.
Forgotten by its people, the legend faded into the
pages of history.
2. Participial Phrases
Present
Forgetting his keys inside, Jim locked the door to
his house.
Past
Forgotten by its people, the legend faded into the
pages of history.
2. Participial Phrases
Present
Forgetting his keys inside, Jim locked the door to
his house. This is happening at the same time.
Past
Forgotten by its people, the legend faded into the
pages of history.
2. Participial Phrases
Present
Forgetting his keys inside, Jim locked the door to
his house. This is happening at the same time.
Past
Forgotten by its people, the legend faded into the
pages of history. This is happening to the subject.
3. Active Voice
3. Active Voice
The Active Voice is found in most sentences.
3. Active Voice
Yesterday, Sarah read a novel.
3. Active Voice
Yesterday, Sarah read a novel.
In this sentence, we have a subject (S), a verb
(V), and an object (O).
3. Active Voice
Adv.
S V
O
Yesterday, Sarah read a novel.
In this sentence, we have a subject (S), a verb
(V), and an object (O).
4. Passive Voice
4. Passive Voice
The Passive Voice is different from the
Active Voice in a number of ways.
4. Passive Voice
Here is the sentence from earlier.
4. Passive Voice
Yesterday, Sarah read a novel.
Here is the sentence from earlier.
4. Passive Voice
Yesterday, Sarah read a novel.
Here is the sentence from earlier.
We will change it to the Passive.
4. Passive Voice
Yesterday, Sarah read a novel.
An Active sentence is in SVO order.
4. Passive Voice
Adv.
S V
O
Yesterday, Sarah read a novel.
An Active sentence is in SVO order.
4. Passive Voice
Adv.
S V
O
Yesterday, Sarah read a novel.
An Active sentence is in SVO order.
A Passive sentence is in OVS order.
4. Passive Voice
Adv.
O
V
S
Yesterday, a novel read Sarah.
An Active sentence is in SVO order.
A Passive sentence is in OVS order.
4. Passive Voice
Adv.
O
V
S
Yesterday, a novel read Sarah.
But this doesn’t mean the same thing as before.
4. Passive Voice
Adv.
O
V
S
Yesterday, a novel read Sarah.
But this doesn’t mean the same thing as before.
So we change the verb:
4. Passive Voice
Adv.
O
V
S
Yesterday, a novel was read Sarah.
But this doesn’t mean the same thing as before.
So we change the verb:
4. Passive Voice
Adv.
O
V
S
Yesterday, a novel was read Sarah.
But this doesn’t mean the same thing as before.
So we change the verb:
And we add a preposition:
4. Passive Voice
Adv.
O
V
S
Yesterday, a novel was read by Sarah.
But this doesn’t mean the same thing as before.
So we change the verb:
And we add a preposition:
5. Relative Pronouns
5. Relative Pronouns
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Who
Whom
Which
Whoever
Whomever
That
5. Relative Pronouns
1. Who
5. Relative Pronouns
1. Who is a Subject Pronoun!
5. Relative Pronouns
1. Who is a Subject Pronoun and refers to a
previous noun
5. Relative Pronouns
1. Who
Can be used for singular nouns
5. Relative Pronouns
1. Who
Can be used for singular nouns
A student who reads is a good student, indeed.
5. Relative Pronouns
1. Who
Can be used for singular nouns
A student who reads is a good student, indeed.
5. Relative Pronouns
1. Who
Can be used for singular nouns
A student who reads is a good student, indeed.
…or plural nouns
5. Relative Pronouns
1. Who
Can be used for singular nouns
A student who reads is a good student, indeed.
…or plural nouns
Students who read are good students, indeed.
5. Relative Pronouns
1. Who
Can be used for singular nouns
A student who reads is a good student, indeed.
…or plural nouns
Students who read are good students, indeed.
5. Relative Pronouns
2. Whom
5. Relative Pronouns
2. Whom is an Object pronoun and refers to a
previous noun.
5. Relative Pronouns
2. Whom
Can be used for singular nouns
5. Relative Pronouns
2. Whom
Can be used for singular nouns
The professor, whom I respect, retires next year.
5. Relative Pronouns
2. Whom
Can be used for singular nouns
The professor, whom I respect, retires next year.
5. Relative Pronouns
2. Whom
Can be used for singular nouns
The professor, whom I respect, retires next year.
…or plural nouns
5. Relative Pronouns
2. Whom
Can be used for singular nouns
The professor, whom I respect, retires next year.
…or plural nouns
Professors, whom I respect, rarely retire.
5. Relative Pronouns
2. Whom
Can be used for singular nouns
The professor, whom I respect, retires next year.
…or plural nouns
Professors, whom I respect, rarely retire.
5. Relative Pronouns
3. Which
5. Relative Pronouns
3. Which is used for inanimate nouns.
5. Relative Pronouns
3. Which is used for inanimate nouns and refers
to previous nouns.
5. Relative Pronouns
3. Which is used for inanimate nouns and refers
to previous nouns.
The professor, whom I respect, retires next year.
The tree, which I planted last year, has no leaves.
5. Relative Pronouns
3. Which is used for inanimate nouns and refers
to previous nouns.
The professor, whom I respect, retires next year.
The tree, which I planted last year, has no leaves.
5. Relative Pronouns
4. Whoever
5. Relative Pronouns
4. Whoever is like Who
5. Relative Pronouns
4. Whoever is like Who, but…
5. Relative Pronouns
4. Whoever is like Who, but…
Whoever does NOT refer to a previous noun.
5. Relative Pronouns
4. Whoever is like Who, but…
Whoever does NOT refer to a previous noun.
Whoever washes the dishes gets ice cream.
5. Relative Pronouns
4. Whoever is like Who, but…
Whoever does NOT refer to a previous noun.
Whoever washes the dishes gets ice cream.
Whoever is always singular.
5. Relative Pronouns
4. Whoever is like Who, but…
Whoever does NOT refer to a previous noun.
Whoever washes the dishes gets ice cream.
Whoever is always singular.
5. Relative Pronouns
5. Whomever
5. Relative Pronouns
5. Whomever is like Whom
5. Relative Pronouns
5. Whomever is like Whom, but…
5. Relative Pronouns
5. Whomever is like Whom, but…
Whomever does NOT refer to a previous noun.
5. Relative Pronouns
5. Whomever is like Whom, but…
Whomever does NOT refer to a previous noun.
Whomever I told to wash dishes had better do it
soon.
5. Relative Pronouns
6. That
5. Relative Pronouns
6. That is like Who, Whom, and Which
5. Relative Pronouns
6. That is like Who, Whom, and Which, but…
5. Relative Pronouns
6. That is like Who, Whom, and Which, but…
That is “restrictive.”
5. Relative Pronouns
6. That is like Who, Whom, and Which, but…
The tree, which I planted last year, has no leaves.
The tree that I planted last year has no leaves.
5. Relative Pronouns
6. That is like Who, Whom, and Which, but…
The tree, which I planted last year, has no leaves.
This means there is only one tree.
The tree that I planted last year has no leaves.
5. Relative Pronouns
6. That is like Who, Whom, and Which, but…
The tree, which I planted last year, has no leaves.
This means there is only one tree.
The tree that I planted last year has no leaves.
This means there are several trees (but I’m
talking about a specific one).