TWO AMERICAS:
THE USA AND CANADA
COMPARED TO
LATIN AMERICA
1750 – 1914
REVOLUTIONARY IDEAS
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Revolution
A popular idea, means to an end
A way to restructure society
Popular sovereignty
Relocating sovereignty in the people
Traditional monarchs
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Claimed a "divine right" to rule
Derived from God, unquestionable
Monarch unanswerable to people
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Aristocracy, Enlightenment challenged king
Glorious Revolution of 1688
Constitutional Limitations
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Made the monarch responsible to the people
John Locke's theory of contractual government
Authority comes from the consent of the governed
Freedom and equality
Demands for freedom of worship
Freedom of expression, assembly
Demands for political and legal equality
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Condemned legal, social privileges of aristocrats
Jean-Jacques Rousseau, The Social Contract
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Women, Peasants, laborers, slaves, or people of color
Originally only extended to tax paying males with education
Equality not extended to all
Ideals of Enlightenment were significant global influence
TYPES OF REVOLUTIONS
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Aristocratic Revolution
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Aristocracy fights to preserve privileges
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Early revolt of creoles in Americas was an example
Bourgeois (liberal) Revolution
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Middle class seeks rights equal to nobility
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Often against royal absolutism
Rarely for other classes rights
Usually ends with constitution, limits on monarchy
Extension of franchise, ability to hold office
Issues of taxation often involved
Reforms limited and rarely radical, franchise limited
American (1776), French (1789)
Latin American Revolutions (1820s)
La Reforma in Mexico (1850s)
Mass revolutions
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Most of society effected and involved
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Nationalist Revolutions
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Often goals are quite radical
Methods to achieve are often quite violent
Haitian Revolution (1793)
The American Civil War (1860s)
Socialist Revolutions
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Worker-Oriented or Peasant-Oriented
Mexican Revolution (1910)
REFORM
• Often system allowed change without radical means, violence
• Reform was a theme of 1750 – 1914
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Bourbon reforms in Spanish colonies
Pombal’s reforms in Portugal, Brazil
Jacksonian Democracy 1820s
La Reforma of Benito Juarez 1850s
• Reform movements
– Increased, responsive democratic representation, institutions
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Expansion of male suffrage was the key issue
One of the hallmarks of a democratic society
Very successful in US, Canada
Less so in Latin America,
– White male suffrage expanded
– Mestizo, mulatto, Indian suffrage limited
– Abolition of slavery
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Abolition movement was very successful
Other forms of coercive labor replaced them
Racial, social equality did not follow
Brazil, Cuba, Puerto Rico were last to emancipate
– Women Rights
• One goal was full female franchise
• Not achieved until after 1914 but progress
• Latin American did not come until 1940s or later
THE POLITICAL SPECTRUM
EMERGENCE OF IDEOLOGIES
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Conservatism
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Resisted change, opposed revolutions
Importance of continuity, tradition, aristocracy
Edmund Burke
Viewed society as organism that changed slowly over time
American Revolution: natural, logical outcome of history
French Revolution: violent and irresponsible
In the US: Alexander Hamilton, some Federalists
In Latin America
Centralized Government was the issue
All power should exist in one person, one institution
Monarchy, church was at heart of conservatism
Liberalism
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Welcomed controlled change as an agent of progress
Strongly middle class, support economic reform, education to help industrialization
Wanted to reform political structure, increase electorate slightly
Championed freedom, equality, democracy, written constitutions
Limits on state power, interference in individual freedoms
In the US: US Constitution, Jeffersonian Democracy, Progressives
In Latin America
Often took the form of federalism – states, decentralized power
Wanted to expand white electorate
Positivist philosophy of controlled, scientific reform
Radicalism
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Accepted liberal ideas but wanted universal voting rights
Many wanted outright democracy, social reforms in interests of lower classes
A few were socialists, attacked all private property, class status
Saw radical solutions (revolution) as only way to status quo
In the US: The Republicans especially as abolitionists
In Latin America often took the form of rights for Indians, mestizos
ECONOMIC EXPANSION IN U.S.A. & CANADA
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The United States
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British craftsmen started cotton textile industry in New England, 1820s
Southern cotton was going to England, diverted to New England factories
New England most resembled Old England conditions
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Civil War led to explosion of steel, iron, armaments, clothing, food production
Developed electrical, transportation industries
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Integrated national economy by late 19th century
200,000 miles of railroad in US by 1900
Economic stimulus
US Railroads
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Capital
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Slow to start: few laborers, little capital
Cotton and Textiles began revolution
75 percent of steel went to railroads
Supported other industries especially retail, transport along lines
Encouraged immigrant labor, farmers to settle along tracks, in West
British capital
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Crucial for early development of U.S., Canadian industries
Foreign capital supported textile, iron and steel, railroads
40% of all ranches, beef exports owned by British
Helped create industrial rival (USA) that surpassed UK
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US and Americans owned 30 percent of Canadian industry by 1918
Much cooperation and interdependence especially along Great Lakes
Heavy U.S. investment in Canada
Dramatic economic growth between 1870 and 1900
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New inventions and technologies
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Thomas Edison was symbolic of the Age
Electric lights, telephones, and so on
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Labor conflicts over wages and working conditions
Big business won disputes as they controlled courts, government
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Wanted to attract migrants and British capital but to protect Canadian industries
Construction of Canadian Pacific Railroad opened the west to settlement
Boom in agricultural and industrial production late 19th, early 20th centuries
The Canadian National Policy: plan to develop national economy
LATIN AMERICAN DEPENDENCE
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Colonial legacy
Large landed elites, ranching
Peonage system, debt labor
Limited ability to trade except primary goods
Spain, Portugal never encouraged industries
Limited success at industrialization
1820 – 1850: Economic Stagnation
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Wars of independence had disrupted economy
Most wealth tied to land, agriculture
Export of primary, unfinished goods especially guano, coffee, hides
Too many unsolved social problems retarded industrialization
Economic growth part of 2nd Industrial Revolution
Change grew out of liberalizing effects, reforms in late century
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Entrepreneurs, intellectuals, landowners brought in foreign investments
Facilitated by new technologies (railroads, steamships)
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Demand for rubber, copper, tin, silver, beef, bananas, oil, coffee, cocoa
Capital intensive development of primary product exports
Trade increased by almost 50% from 1870 – 1880
British initially preeminent; Germany and US increasingly rivals for area
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Society, infrastructure transformed by this Great Boom
But wealth often in hands of foreigners, upper elite
Growth was often at the expense of local interests, poor, minorities
Liberal idealism often sold out to wealth of elite, profit
Great Boom driven by exports
Mexico, Brazil, Argentina, Chile, Peru
THE FIRST “WORLD” WARS
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1750 - 1765
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War of Austrian Succession
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Colonial Wars: French and Indian Wars
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France, Spain, England, Portugal, Dutch, Russia, Sweden in wars
Rise of Prussia as a great power, England as a super power
Showed balance of power doctrine at its fullest
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Battles fought around the world
– Colonies changed hands, colonials effected
– English, French contest for North America
– France lost influence in North America, Caribbean
England emerges as world’s super power
– British navy rules seas unopposed
– Acquires former French North American colonies
– Acquires preeminent influence in India
– Acquires right to supply slaves to Spanish Americas
– Spain, Portugal, Dutch no longer great powers
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American Revolution 1776 – 1783
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British colonists revolt, inspired by Enlightenment
American ships ranged seas attacking English
Dutch, French, Spanish support colonial efforts
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Russians, Prussian, Swedes pledge an armed neutrality against UK
Treaty of Ghent ends war, gives Americans independence
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Canada begins to rise as British loyalists immigrate to area
Led to bankruptcy of France and French Revolution
Great impact, influence on Latin Americans
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Dispatch aid, ships, troops to fight British in colonies, on seas
Spain invades English colonies to support colonists
The Impact on the Wider World
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Many Latin Americans fought next to Americans
Many admired Americans and sought American aid
THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION
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Tension between Britain, American colonies
Legacy of Seven Years' War
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British debt, North American tax burden
Colonists increasingly independent minded
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Over taxes, trade policies, Parliamentary rule
Colonial boycott of British goods
Attacks on British officials; Boston Tea Party, 1773
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Continental Congress, 1774
British troops, colonial militia skirmished at the village of Lexington, 1775
Colonial protest
Political protest over representation in Parliament
The Declaration of Independence, 4 July 1776
Thirteen united States of America severed ties with Britain
Declaration inspired by Enlightenment, Locke's theory of government
The American Revolution, 1775-1781
British advantages: strong government, navy, army, loyalists in colonies
American advantages: European allies, George Washington's leadership
Weary of a costly conflict, British forces surrendered in 1781
Building an independent state: Constitutional Convention, 1787
Constitution guaranteed freedom of press, of speech, and of religion
Republic based on principles of freedom, equality, popular sovereignty
Full legal and political rights were granted only to men of property
WAR OF
AMERICAN
INDEPENDENCE
HAITIAN REVOLUTION
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Saint-Domingue
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Rich French colony on western Hispaniola
Society dominated by small white planter class
90 percent of population were slaves
Horrendous working conditions
Large communities of escaped slaves (maroons)
Ideas of Enlightenment reached educated blacks
Free blacks fought in American war
Widespread discontent
White settlers sought self-governance
Gens de couleur sought political rights
Slaves wanted freedom
Slave revolt began in 1791
Factions of white settlers, gens de couleur, slaves battled each other
French troops arrived in 1792; British, Spanish intervened in 1793
Slaves conquer whole island including Spanish part
Whites driven into exile, executed
Toussaint Louverture (1744-1803)
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Son of slaves, literate, son of Enlightenment
Skilled organizer, built strong, disciplined army
Controlled most of Saint-Domingue by 1797
Created a constitution in 1801
Arrested by French troops; died in jail, 1803
Haiti
Yellow fever ravaged French troops; defeated, driven out by slave armies
Declared independence in 1803; republic established in 1804
Civil War followed until 1810; kingdom to 1820
Dominican Republic independent in 1844
INDEPENDENCE IN LATIN AMERICA
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Latin American colonial society rigidly hierarchical
Social classes: peninsulares, creoles, mestizos, slaves, indigenous peoples
Creoles sought to displace the peninsulares but retain their privileged position
Mestizos form the largest part of population, wanted rights
All other classes had no influence, few rights
Mexican independence
Napoleon's invasion of Spain in 1807 weakened royal control of colonies
1810: peasant revolt in Mexico led by Hidalgo, defeated by conservative creoles
1821: Mexico briefly a military dictatorship, then in 1822 a republic
Southern Viceroyalty of New Spain split into several independent states in 1830s
Simon Bolivar to 1822
Led independence movement in South America
Inspired by George Washington, took arms against Spanish rule in 1811
Creole forces overcame Spanish armies throughout South America, 1824
Bolivar's effort of creating the Gran Colombia failed in 1830s
Jose de San Martin to 1825
Led independence movements in Bolivia, Argentina, Chile
United efforts with Bolivar
Brazilian independence
Portuguese royal court fled to Rio de Janeiro, 1807
Brazil declared a separate kingdom during exilel
The king's son, Pedro, agreed to Brazilian independence, 1821
Became Emperor Pedro I in the independent Brazil (reigned 1822-1834)
Creole dominance in Latin America
Independence brought little social change in Latin America
Principal beneficiaries were creole elites
Creole elite merged with peninsulares to rule Latin America
Mestizos acquired some benefits, Indians/blacks marginalized
Caribbean remained largely under European control
THE NEW AMERICAN MAP
LATIN AMERICA
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Old Problems confront new realities
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Leaders came from Enlightenment: spoke of equality, freedom
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Political fragmentation
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Creole leaders ruled but had little experience with self-government
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Political instability aggravated by division among elites
Constant argument between centralizing and federalizing pressures
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Intense fighting in Argentina, Chile; modern weapons against native peoples
Colonists had pacified most productive land by 1870s
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Military leaders who held power after revolutionary era
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Ruled through the church and opposed an secularization, reform of society
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No allowance freedom of religion
Slavery ended but not exploitation of poor, Indians
Equality was too threatening to elite
Democracy uncommon, rich men voted
Old color distinctions did not disappear rapidly, easily, or at all
Political instability after independence
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White minority dominated politics
Peasant majority was without power
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Conflicts between farmers, ranchers, indigenous peoples common
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Caudillos, Caudillism, Politics and the Church
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Used military to seize power, stay in control; interested only in power for own sake
Opposed liberalizing effects; often made alliances with aristocratic elites, land owners
Mexico: war and reform from 1821-1911
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Shifted from monarchy to republic to caudillo rule
La Reforma: liberal movement in 1850s led by President Benito Juarez
Granted universal male suffrage; limited power of priests and military
Reforms strongly opposed by landowning elites
MEXICO: INSTABILITY & FOREIGN INTERVENTION
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Mexican Republic under Santa Anna
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Mexican American War 1846 – 1848
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The French Intervention
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Until his death dominated Mexico
Saw himself as a Latin Napoleon
Constantly in debt to foreigners
Revolt of Texas led to conflict with US
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Mexico lost 1/3 of its territory
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
US expanded to Pacific and annexed Texas
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Benito Juarez
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Conservatives turned to French for support
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Liberal Indian President of Mexico
He started a liberal revolt
La Reforma which was powerful
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French troops land
French install an Austrian emperor on throne
Backed emperor with French troops, French money
– US demanded French withdrawal in 1867
– Supply insurgents with arms; Juaristas win
Diaz Era Dictatorship to 1910
– Encouraged foreign investors
– Built rails, telegraphs; developed mines, plantations
– Country largely became property of American businesses
– Mexican oligarchy and foreign investors got wealthy
– Average Mexican standard of living declined; Indians exploited
THE UNITED STATES
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Jacksonian Democracy
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Rapid westward expansion after the revolution
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Expansion of electorate to include poorer, western Americans
By 1820s all adult white men could vote and hold office
Constant tension between states rights, federal powers
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Britain ceded lands east of Mississippi to US
1803, US purchased France's Louisiana Territory
By 1840s, coast-to-coast expansion was claimed as “manifest destiny”
The Mexican-American War, 1845-1848
Conflict with indigenous peoples followed
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1830, Indian Removal Act forced eastern Indians to move west of Mississippi
Thousands died on the "Trail of Tears" to Oklahoma
Stiff resistance to expansion: Battle of Little Big Horn, 1876, Sioux victory
U.S. massacre at Wounded Knee, 1890, ended Indian Wars
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An Era of Compromise Avoided Conflict 1820-1854
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Sectional conflict
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The U.S. Civil War, 1861-1865
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North had the population, dominated House of Representatives
South wanted to preserve slavery but would lose a vote in House
Missouri Compromise in 1820 admitted one slave, one free state
South able to block abolition of slavery in Senate
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19th century cotton cultivation in south was dependent on slave labor
Northern states did not want slavery expanded into new territories
Expansion, new states, fugitive slave law made compromise impossible
Abraham Lincoln elected president, 1860; publicly opposed to slavery
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With Lincoln's election, eleven southern states seceded from the Union
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Southerners believed their economy of cotton and slaves was self-sufficient
Northerners fought to preserve the Union as much as in opposition to slavery
In 1863, Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation made abolition goal of the war
By 1865, the industrial north defeated the agricultural south
The war ended slavery, enhanced authority of the federal government
AMERICAN CIVIL WAR
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War not just an American domestic conflict
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France, UK nearly intervened for South
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Austria, Prussia, Russia supported North
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Both dependent on Southern cotton
Both provided aid to Southern blockade runners
France and Mexico 1863 - 1867
– Revolution ousted Santa Anna; Juarez new leader
– Mexico owed Europeans money
– Europeans occupy Veracruz, ignored Monroe Doctrine
– France set up a puppet regime under Austrian emperor
Saw Southern secession as revolt against legitimacy
– Poland 1863: Three nations suppressed rebellion
– Three nations warned France, UK not to get involved
– Russian fleets anchored in Northern ports
– US bought Alaska in 1867 to repay Russia for support
Prussia observed Union military
– Learned from Northern art of war, rebuilt army
– Increased use of railroads as instrument of war
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Emancipation Proclamation, Gettysburg Address
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Union’s Industry and Agriculture productivity increased
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Had world impact
Reminded French, English that North not South represented democracy
Came at same time as the Russian emancipation of their serfs
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Northern industry boomed; after war turned to exporting finished goods
Northern agriculture mechanized to support war; increased productivity, exports
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Egypt and India developed
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Brazil became last slave holding regime in Americas after 1865
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Cotton production increased to offset loss of American cotton
UK and France increased interests in Egypt, India
U.S.A. IN MAPS
CANADIAN DOMINION
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Independence came without war
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Autonomy and division characterized Canadian history
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French Quebec taken by Britain after the Seven Years' War
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After 1781, many British loyalists fled United States to seek refuge in Canada
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Anti-U.S. sentiments due to US invasions, pillaging
Created sense of unity among French and British Canadians
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Increased Irish, English, Scottish, German immigration
Tensions between French, growing English population
Metis Rebellion: French Indians rebel in west
1840-1867, British granted home rule to Canadians
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Federal constitutional monarchy
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Britain retained jurisdiction over foreign affairs until 1931
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Persuaded western and maritime provinces to join the Dominion, 1860s
Transcontinental railroad completed, 1885
Settlement of Western plains by Scandinavian, German, Ukrainian immigrants
Development of Canada as major exporter of grain, dairy products
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Distance from England, isolation in north and interior led to self-government, autonomy
Always a contest between English speaking, French speaking groups
Immigrants and Amerindians dominated in the interior
Eastern Canada (Quebec, Ontario, Maritime Provinces) dominate Canada
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Quebec Act was a large cause of war with American colonies
British authorities made large concessions to French Canadians
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The War of 1812 unified Canada against U.S. invaders
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1830s
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Dominion of Canada created in 1867
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Government with a governor-general acting for British monarch
Canadian Parliament and Provincial governments share rule
Prime Minister John Macdonald strengthens Canadian independence
CANADA IN IMAGES
MEXICAN REVOLUTION 1911- 1920
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The Revolution (1910-1920)
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Middle class joins peasants, workers overthrow Diaz
Class Factions
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Regional Revolutions: North, South, Yucatan
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Liberal Middle Class Leaders
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Course of the Revolution
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1910-1914: all rebels vs. Diaz and Huerta
1914-20: Carranza, Obregon vs. Zapata, Villa
Francisco Madero rules at first
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Seeks middle class constitutional democracy
Opposes land reform; landless peasants attack large landowners
Peasant armies win pitched battles against government troops
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Organizes coalition with Villa, Zapata, Obregon
US troops sent by Wilson support Carranza, Huerta resigns
General Huerta, army side with landowners, kills Madero
Venustiano Carranza
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Peasant, Common Rebels
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US Intervenes in 1914 (Veracruz) and 1916 (Chasing Pancho Villa)
Civil War 1914 – 1917: Constitutionalists (Carranza) win, reestablish control
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Advanced nationalist, radical views
Universal male suffrage (hostile to women)
Power, property of Church restricted
Free, secular, obligatory primary education
Returned lands seized illegally; curbed foreign ownership
8 hour work day, Minimum wage, Strikes legal
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Pancho Villa led northern rebels, especially landless peasants
Emiliano Zapata initiates land reform in the Southern areas he controls
Women’s Roles: Soldaderas (camp followers), Soldiers, Political Activists
New Constitution of 1917 brought sweeping reform
IMPERIALISM
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Motives of imperialism
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Modern imperialism
Refers to domination of industrialized countries over subject lands
Domination achieved by trade, investment, business activities
Two types of modern colonialism
Colonies ruled and populated by migrants
Colonies controlled without significant settlement
Economic motives of imperialism
American, British Investors made personal fortunes
Expansion to obtain raw materials
Colonies were potential markets for products
Political motives
Strategic purpose: harbors, supply stations
Overseas expansion used to defuse internal tensions
Tools of empire
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Transportation technologies supported imperialism
Steam-powered gunboats reached inland waters of Africa and Asia
Railroads organized local economies to serve imperial power
Western military technologies increasingly powerful
Firearms: from muskets to rifles to machines guns
In Battle of Omdurman 1898, British troops killed eleven thousand Sudanese in five hours
Communication technologies linked imperial lands with colonies
Oceangoing steamships cut travel time from Britain to India to weeks
Telegraph invented in 1830s, global reach by 1900
Difference between colonialism and imperialism
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In Americas Age of Colonialism ended with 1776, 1792, 1810 Revolutions
Age of Imperialism had examples in Americas
USA expansion into West against Indians, Mexico, Spanish-American War
French attempt to establish empire in Mexico
Brazil, Argentina expanded into interior lands
U.S. IMPERIALISM
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Westward Expansion, Manifest Destiny precede overseas imperialism
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The Monroe Doctrine and Latin America
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The Mexican American War 1846 – 1848
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1867 – 1898
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The Spanish-American War (1898-99)
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Americans push west after American revolution
Drove Indians from land
US purchases Louisiana from France
Opened up West to settlement
Americans saw it as God-given right to occupy continent
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1823: proclamation by U.S. president James Monroe
Opposed European imperialism in the Americas
Justified American interventions in late 19th, 20th century
Used doctrine to tell France to withdraw from Mexico in 1867
United States purchased Alaska from Russia in 1867
Hawaii became a protectorate in 1875, formally annexed in 1898
Tended to leave area open only for American investments, loans
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US annexation of Texas set off conflict with Mexico
US defeats Mexico, annexed 1/3 of Mexican territory
Settlement of Far West, Pacific Coast, Great Basin follows
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Acquires small Pacific Islands, Alaska from Russia in 1867
Economic interests in Hawaii lead to revolution, annexation in 1898
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US defeated Spain and took over Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guam, and Philippines
US and Philippines
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Backed Filipino revolt against Spain, purchased and took over the colony
1902-1904, bitter civil war killed two hundred thousand Filipinos, ended in U.S. victory
The Panama Canal, 1903-1914
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Colombian government refused U.S. request to build canal at Panama isthmus
US helped rebels establish the state of Panama for the right to build a canal
Completed in 1914; gave United States access to Atlantic and Pacific
MANIFEST DESTINY
What one painting can tell us
MAP OF AMERICAN IMPERIALISM
EMPIRES IN THE PACIFIC
ABOLITION OF SLAVERY
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Process advocated with Enlightenment, Methodism
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Process expanded by Revolutions, Women’s Movements
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Process realized by the British and Americans
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Civil Wars, Emancipations and Manumissions
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Ideas of equality of men becomes widespread
Philosophes attacked slavery, slave trade
Methodism, spreading in 18th, 19th centuries condemned slavery
William Wilberforce campaigned to end slavery, slave trade all his life
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Many revolutionaries advocated ending slavery
Many revolutionary governments abolished slavery (France)
Haitian slave revolt scares American slave holders
Women advocated end to slavery as a corollary to gender equality
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British parliament outlawed slave trade
US ended slave trade in 1808 (had internal slave trade)
British, US navies enforce ban
British emancipate slaves in 1833 throughout their empire
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Latin American revolutions abolish slavery during revolutions
US abolished slavery through Force of Arms, Civil War
• Emancipation Proclamation 1863
• 14th, 15th, 16th Amendments of 1866
Brazil
• Continued slavery until 1889 and slave trade until 1840s
• Brazil emancipated and manumitted its slaves in 1888
• Brazil began process to end slavery in 1860s and 1870s
• Began by freeing children, young slaves
• Princess Regent of Brazil abolished slavery in political fight with land owners
• Brazilian elite abolish monarchy, paid slave holders for their lost slaves
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Aftermath of Slavery
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Contract labor, share cropping, indentured servitude, tenant farming remained
Racial equality not included as part of abolition
CHANGES IN WESTERN SOCIETY AFTER 1850
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The US and Canada
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Until Industrial Revolution, Americas similar
After Revolution, Canada and US differed
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Both tended to become more like European models
Class structure changed significantly
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Changes for workers
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Growth of white collar work force
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Growth of blue collar work force
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Decrease in ratio of farmers to whole society
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Increased roles for women due to industrialization, education
In Americas
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Better wages
Decrease of working hours
Rise of leisure time
Increased health, physical risks
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Managerial
Entrepreneurial
Bureaucratic workers of government
Secretarial, office workers
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Industrial
Technical
Miners
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Technology increased productivity
Increased productivity lower prices, reduced need for farmers
Farmers began to migrate to cities, industry; immigrate abroad
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Mexico: Some of these changes occurred under Diaz
In South America: World War I and trade produced some of these changes
AMERICAN MULTI-RACIAL SOCIETIES
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The United States
By late 19TH century
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United States was a multicultural society
Dominated by white elites
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Dawes Act, 1887: encouraged natives to farm marginal land
Slaughter of buffalo threatened plains Indians' survival
Children sent to boarding schools, lost native language, traditions
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Northern armies forced South to undergo Reconstruction
After Reconstruction, a violent backlash overturned reforms
South segregated; blacks denied opportunities, political rights
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"Declaration of Sentiments" issued by American feminists in 1848
Sought education, employment, and political rights
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25 million Europeans to America from 1840-1914
Hostile reaction to foreigners from "native-born" Americans
Newcomers concentrated in districts like Little Italy and Chinatown
Antagonism to Asians led to legal exclusion of Chinese and Japanese migrants
Native peoples had been pushed onto reservations
Freed slaves often denied civil rights
American women's movement had limited success
Migrants
Brazil and the United States had many similarities
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Key difference: Brazil had higher percentage of blacks, mixed population
Brazil avoided a civil war and emancipated peacefully
Brazilian blacks could rise in society to a degree not common to USA
Migrant Italian population made Brazil more white, European
Interior of Brazil remained unsettled, unexploited; Indians mistreated
NEO-EUROPEAN CONTRASTS
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Neo-Europes
Defined: Settler colonies which came to resemble European societies
In all practical purposes they were part of the Western World
Argentina, Chile, Uruguay
Indians were killed off or died off
European percentage of population above 90%
Many of the developments common to Italy occurred in these states
Canada
Ethnic diversity beyond dominant British and French populations
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Significant minority of indigenous people displaced by whites
Blacks
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Chinese migrants came to goldfields of British Columbia, worked on railroad
Late nineteenth and early twentieth century, waves of European migrants
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Free after 1833 but not equal
Former slaves, some escaped from United States
Northwest Rebellion
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Led by the métis, descendents of French traders and native women
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In 1885
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Conflict between natives, métis, and white settlers in west, 1870s and 1880s
Louis Riel, leader of western métis and indigenous peoples
Riel organized a government and army to protect land and trading rights
Canadian authorities outlawed his government and exiled him, 1870s
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Riel again led métis resistance against railroads and British settlements
Rebels were subdued and Riel was executed for treason
French Canadians suspicious of British elites after Northwest Rebellion
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French were Catholics and Catholics in UK had limited rights
Constant struggle for Quebecois rights
LATIN AMERICAN SOCIETY
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Latin American societies
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Organized by ethnicity and color, legacy of colonialism
European descendants dominate all aspects of state, economic, social life
Europeanization of all aspects, classes, activities of society
Bipolar society
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Male vs. Female
Elite vs. Masses
White vs. “Colored” (Mixed, Black, Indian)
Urban vs. rural
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Castes
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Large-scale migration in nineteenth century brought cultural diversity
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Male domination
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Women’s Rights
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Legally abolished by revolutions but de jure is not de facto
Stigma of color and former status prevented much change
Liberal reforms, Positivism sacrificed legal rights, color for economic wealth, profit
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Small number of Chinese in Cuba assimilated through intermarriage
East Indians in Trinidad, Tobago preserved cultural traditions
European migrants made Buenos Aires "the Paris of the Americas“
Most cultural diverse society was Brazil with Europeans, Blacks, Indians, mixed
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Central feature of Latin American society in nineteenth century
Machismo: culture of male strength, aggression
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Women barred legally from any influence; remained under nearest male’s influence
No significant women's movement
Aristocratic women more constrained than lower classes
Poor women worked, often controlled local markets
Efforts to improve education girls increased opportunities for women (as teachers)
WOMEN IN SOCIETY
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Active in Revolutions, Change but limited results 1750-1914
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Women served as auxiliaries to men, would not press changes
Women tended to lack mass support
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From legislators
From other women
Female revolutionaries
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Tended to put class interests above gender issues
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Favored social reform, economic relief
Initially very influential in French Revolution
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Women belief that their place was at home, with children
Restoration of Conservative elite often limited any gains by women
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Industrialization radically altered working women’s roles publicly and privately
Post-Revolutionary Era Women’s Rights
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Women moved into the work force in great numbers
Women began to earn some money, independence, began to organize
Women often still held responsible for home, children, family too
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Opposition to state supported prostitution
Aide to unwed mothers, orphans, widows with children
Temperance Leagues were largely dominated by women
Women became very active in abolitionism, peace movements
Political activism, issues resurrected by middle class, upper class women
Learned to publish and to organize; promoted education
Political activism tended towards
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Suffrage Movement
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Latin American Women
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Women demanded right to vote
Strongest in settler countries where women had major influence
Came slowly: 1 nation in 1900; 3 in 1910; 15 in 1920
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Latin American
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Elite became thoroughly westernized in its outlook
Women may have dressed, acted like their western sisters but far more restricted by tradition
Mexican Revolution saw increased roles, involvement of women in revolution, often as soldiers
Opportunities to attend schools, universities, become teachers was a major change
Indian and Black women had more influence in their societies but not visible to whites
CULT OF DOMESTICITY
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Gender and Social Changes produced Industrial, Agriculture Revolutions
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19TH Century Social Ideal
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Decreased death rate from child birth
Women tend to have fewer children as more survive
Death of women in child birth raises live span of women over that of men
First time in history women began to live longer than men
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Common to West, similar traditions in non-Western cultures
Women were expected to take care of family
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Public roles of women limited
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Women acquire a public role
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Reality Was
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Children, home were more important
Women expected to have children, look after the family
Industrial Revolution changes, threatens ideal
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Women admitted to work force in great numbers
Acquired purchasing power, influence
Acquired increased independence from husbands
Extra income helped family, increased family health
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Female workers not treated same as males
Women with families still had to take care of families
Child Rearing Changes
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Prior to 19th century: 1/3 children die in first year
Not much attachment until one year old
More interest in children as they survive
Fewer children in family; more quality time
Relationship between children, parents now much closer
Tendency to introduce earlier childhood education, compulsory primary education
WESTERN CONSUMERISM AND LEISURE
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Countries
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United States, Canada, Great Britain, Australia, New Zealand
France, Germany, Scandinavia, Netherlands, Belgium, Austria, Italy
In Americas
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Elite of Latin America tended to share western identity, pursuits
Elite culture confined to cities, larger countries
Did not apply to Indians, Blacks
Mestizos tended to copy if they had money
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Increased production created demand
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Increased advertisements by industry
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Popular consumption increases
What was once luxury is now necessity
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Increased demand
Increased expenditure on luxuries
Product crazes arise
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Bicycle
Sewing Machine
Mass produced clothing
Mass Leisure Culture
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Increased recreation time allows for rise of mass culture
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Newspapers become widely spread
Popular theatre started up; public music competitions
Rise of team sports
All classes shared many of the same pursuits, interests
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Shortened work weeks
Weekends now off
Yearly vacations become popular including popular recreation spots
All point to a growing secularization of society
DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION
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Malthusian Economics
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Key Characteristics
– Predicted human population always outpaced food, supplies
– Only natural disasters, wars, famine keep population low
– Did not figure in technology, inventions, science
– Population
• Increased from 900 million (1800) to 1.6 billion (1900)
• In Europe, Asia, North America, South America
• Scientific, medical advances
– Increase life span, infant survival rate
– Decrease death rate, death of mother during childbirth
– New hygiene
– Food supply increases
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Lightly, uninhabited areas brought under cultivation
World trade allows for foods to reach areas quicker
Staples in world trade due to refrigeration, canning, ships
Agronomy, animal husbandry increase yields, variety, quality
– Fruits of the Columbian Exchange
– Many nations begin to export quantities of wheat, meat
– Population Movements
• Internal Migration to unsettled lands, international Migrations
• Urbanization
• End of Slave Trade necessitated labor based migration
FROM PEASANTS TO FARMERS
• The process, while social, began with technology, science
– Agronomy and animal husbandry replaced herding
• Selective breeding, splicing, experimentation
• Crop varieties, fertilizers to enrich soil
– Farming machinery introduced
• Thrashers, reapers, seed drills, tractors
• Muscle , animal power replaced by machines
• Barbed wire was a revolution
– Transport, preservation made export possible
• Trains, ships with large holds
• Grain silos, refrigerator ships, canning, food processors
• Subsistence Agriculture becomes commercial farming
– Western Europe
– US, Canada, Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay
– Australia, New Zealand, parts of India, China, Japan
• On the other hand, in some countries
– Peasants went from masters of their own work
– To hands for someone else’s work, or someone else’s work hands
– Russia, Eastern Europe, Africa, parts of Latin America, SE Asia
COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE
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Commercial agriculture was a revolution 1750 – 1914
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Cash crops
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Often luxuries or non-necessities with high profit margins
Two bottlenecks (natural hindrance to profitable production)
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Commercial agriculture is heavily damaging to the environment, soil
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Caribbean, Brazilian, SE Asian plantations
Latin American haciendas, rancheros
First export crops: sugar, hides, wool, spices
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British North American colonies added tobacco, indigo, rice
Asia added tea, coffee, opium, cloves
Americas added cocoa, coffee
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Cotton (seeds); rubber, oil (synthesizing)
Beef, mutton, grains, dairy (long-term preservation, get to market on time)
Many areas of world taken from feeding people to exporting for profit
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Rubber
Guano (Bird Fertilizer)
Hemp (Henequen)
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Commercial crops grown for profitable export
Old American Crops: Coffee, Sugar, Cocoa, Cotton
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Many are labor intensive: solution – slavery, paid agricultural workers
Many require extensive processing, preservation to be useful: solution – technology
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First arose during 16th century colonialism
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Expanded in 18th century
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Industrial Revolution made additional possible more
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In Americas
DOMESTIC MIGRATION
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Industrialization
Drew migrants from countryside to urban centers
By 1900, In Europe and Anglo-North America
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50 percent of population of industrialized nations lived in towns
More than 150 cities with over 100,000 people
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Shoddy houses, fouled air, inadequate water
By late 19th century
Urban problems
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Governments passed legislation to clean up cities
Passed building codes, built sewer systems
Internal Migration
Settlement of Frontiers by population centers
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Existing populations expand into plains, prairies
Facilitated by railroads, technology
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Westward Movement in USA, Canada, Australia
Settlement of Siberia by Russia
Great Trek by Afrikaaners
Chinese settlement of Yangtze, west, Manchuria
Settlement of Brazilian, Argentine interior plains
Examples
TRANSCONTINENTAL IMMIGRATION
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Reasons for immigration
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Factors pushing people to immigrate
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Factors pulling people to immigrate
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Failed revolutions, nationalisms led losers, minorities to immigrate
Severe economic, social conditions, repressions in Italy, Slavic lands
Overpopulation drove many to immigrate
Contract labor immigration in India, China, Indonesia
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Better economic opportunities abroad
Gold Rushes, free land, recruitment by settler nations
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From Europe 1800-1920
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Asian Immigration
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60 million Europeans migrated
Canada, US: expanded populations, settled interiors
Germans brought sophisticated technology, culture to US
Jews, Catholics transformed US through migration
Eastern Europeans opened Canadian interior, made it a grain basket
Italians transformed Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay, Chile
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Chinese Immigration
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Indian Laborers
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Korean laborers, Japanese Laborers
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Businessmen allowed to settle in French, British port cities
Laborers exported across Pacific to do manual labor following abolition of slavery
Built American railroads in the West
Settled in port cities of the American Pacific
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Migrated to British, French, Dutch Caribbean
Used for heavy labor, household labor following abolition of slavery
Trinidad and Tabago, British and Dutch Guianas
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Settled heavily in Hawaii
Settled some areas of Pacific coast
MIGRATION TO THE AMERICAS
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Industrial migrants to United States and Canada
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In 1850s
2.3 million Europeans migrated to US, Canada
Mostly Irish, German, English
Number increased after from 1870s to 1920s
Immigrant labor replaced slave labor
Contributed to U.S. industrial expansion
Provided labor in factories, on railroads
Union soldiers were 1/5 immigrants
1852-1875
200,000 Chinese migrated to California
Worked in mines and building railroads
Provided domestic labor in West
1875 – 1920
S. European: Italians, Greeks to USA
E. European: Poles, Ukrainians, Czechs, Slovaks, Jews to US, Canada
N. European: Scandinavians to Canada
Latin American
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Migrants mostly worked on agricultural plantations
Italians migrated to South America
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Changed Chile, Uruguay, Argentina into Neo-Europes
Profoundly remade Brazil into a multi-racial society (was African)
Asians migrated to Cuba, Peru and the Caribbean sugar fields
Migration to the cities in Mexico, Argentina, Brazil
BRAZIL
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Interactions
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State Structure
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Ruling population thoroughly Europeanized; blacks retained many African traditions
Catholicism is the only unifying force and it is a syncretic blend; many traditional African beliefs
Technology
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1750: Plantation casted society with minority whites, majority black population: slaves, poor rural
Slave Trade, Slavery abolished in 1888 by decree of Princess Regent
1888: Society with whites, blacks, mixed populations; remained casted
Society dominated by the landed, generally white elite; poor rural blacks were landless proletariat
Middle class began to grow in cities with rise of industry, export; workers were Italian, immigrant
Cultural
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1750: Portuguese crown colony, governors appointed by Lisbon, landed elite ruled
1820-1888: Empire of Brazil, monarchy, social structure based on slavery, entrenched regional elites
Centralist vs. liberal argument dominated politics; many revolts by elites, poor in outlying regions
1888: Empire abolished over slavery issue, federal republic declared, repaid slaveholders for slaves
Heavy influence of military, regional elites, wealthy elite in government; rebellions, military coups
Social and Gender
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War: Home of Portuguese royal family during Napoleonic Wars, Uruguay independence
War: Triple Alliance war against Paraguay in 1870s
Diplomacy: Through negotiations extended borders against weaker states
Railroads, steamboats, paddlewheelers opened up interior, united Brazil
Development of some industries related to export, trade; Sao Paolo rises as the industrial center
Environment and Demography
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Sugar economy gave way to coffee, cocoa plantations
Mining increased, gold rush to Minas Gerais; rubber boom in Amazon led to mass immigration
Massive European immigration (laborers) especially Italians
BRAZIL: EMPIRE TO REPUBLIC
PERU
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Interactions
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Trade
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War
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After independence
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Modernized administration; suppressed worst of Indian tributes; foreign interests bought up by government
Expansion of educational opportunities
Social and Gender
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Indians and Africans
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Indian communal properties abolished, facilitating their despoilment by landlords
Indian tribute continued to be collected.
On the coast, mestizo peasants and wage laborers participated in the market economy
In the highlands, Indian communities, mestizo peasants subject to coercion by large landowners, state
1850s: Indian labor, slavery abolished, owners compensated
Conscript labor, immigrant labor in slave like conditions persisted in Amazon, out of sight of Lima
Technology
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Driven by conflict between rival military caudillos
Constant conflict between liberals (local autonomy, reforms), centralists (centralized state control)
1895: New era of democratically elected rulers
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Wars of Independence led by Jose de San Martin and Simon Bolivar
Peru one of last colonies to achieve independence
War of the Pacific with Chile, allied to Bolivia to control nitrate, copper rich area of Atacama Desert
Chileans victorious, occupy whole coast of Peru
During which Chinese rebel, Indians rebel in highland; military coup leads to civil war
State Structure
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Exploitation of export commodities stiffened competition among military strongmen
Expansion of silver production, wool production for export
1840s - 1880s: rise of export of guano (bird dung) as fertilizers for Europe; massive state revenues
Copper mines, rubber production begun with American finance capital
Railroads built, linking port to capital, interior to coast
Environment and Demography
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Chinese immigrants to work guano fields
MAP OF PERU