4
The Skeletal System
Lesson 1: Bone as a Living Tissue
Lesson 2: The Axial Skeleton
Lesson 3: The Appendicular Skeleton
Lesson 4: Joints
Lesson 5: Common Injuries and
Disorders of the Skeletal System
The Skeletal System
Lesson 4.1
Bone as a Living Tissue
Bone as a Living Tissue
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functions of the skeletal system
structures and classifications of bones
growth and development of bones
remodeling of bones
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Functions of the Skeletal System
• support
– body framework
• protection
– surround organs
• movement
– muscles pull bones
• storage
– minerals
• blood cell formation
– red bone marrow in medullary cavity
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Structures and Classifications of Bones
• composition of bones
– osteocytes–mature bone cells
• organization of bones
– cortical
– trabecular
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Shape Categories of Bones
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long
short
flat
irregular
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Anatomical Structure of Long Bones
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Anatomical Structure of Long Bones
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Growth and Development of Bones
• osteoblasts
– build bone tissue
• osteoclasts
– break down bone tissue
• bone formation
– ossification
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Growth and Development of Bones
• longitudinal growth
– epiphyseal plate
• circumferential growth
– change in diameter
• adult bone development
– aging causes loss of bone mass
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Remodeling of Bones
• hypertrophy of bones
– stronger bones
• atrophy of bones
– weaker bones
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Review and Assessment
Match these words with 1–4 below: flat, osteocytes,
osteoblasts, storage.
1. build bone tissue
2. one example of bone shape
3. a function of the skeletal system
4. mature bone cells
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Chapter 4: The Skeletal System
Lesson 4.2
The Axial Skeleton
The Axial Skeleton
• the skull
• the vertebral column
• the thoracic cage
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The Axial Skeleton
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The Skull
• the cranium
– surround the brain
• the facial bones
– protect the front of the head
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The Cranium
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frontal bone
parietal bones (2)
temporal bones (2)
occipital bones (2)
ethmoid bone
sphenoid bone
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The Facial Bones
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maxillary bones (2)
palatine bones (2)
zygomatic bones (2)
lacrimal bones (2)
nasal bones (2)
vomer
inferior concha bones (2)
mandible
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The Cranial and Facial Bones
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The Vertebral Column
• regions of the spine
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cervical
thoracic
lumbar
sacrum
coccyx
• curves of the spine
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cervical curve
thoracic curve
lumbar curve
sacral curve
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Structures of the Vertebrae
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the vertebral body
the vertebral arch
the transverse processes
the spinous process
the superior and inferior articular processes
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Structures of the Vertebrae
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Abnormal Spinal Curvatures
• lordosis
• kyphosis
• scoliosis
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The Intervertebral Discs
• located between vertebrae
• shock absorbers
• allow flexibility
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The Thoracic Cage
• sternum
– manubrium
– body of the sternum
– xiphoid process
• ribs
– true ribs
– false ribs
– floating ribs
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Review and Assessment
True or False?
1. All ribs are true ribs.
2. The facial bones surround the brain.
3. The sphenoid bone is part of the cranium.
4. There are 4 regions in the spine.
5. Intervertebral discs allow spinal flexibility.
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Chapter 4: The Skeletal System
Lesson 4.3
The Appendicular
Skeleton
The Upper Extremity
• the shoulder complex
– scapula
– clavicle
• the arm
– humerus
– radius
– ulna
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The Upper Extremity
• the wrist and hand
– carpals (8)
– metacarpals (5)
– phalanges (14)
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The Lower Extremity
• the pelvic girdle
– ilium
– ischium
– pubis
• the leg
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femur
tibia
fibula
patella
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The Lower Extremity
• the ankle and foot
– tarsals (7)
– metatarsals (5)
– phalanges (14)
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Review and Assessment
Fill in the blanks with: foot, shoulder complex,
humerus, or pelvic girdle.
1. The proximal bone of the arm is the
_______________.
2. The tarsals are found in the _______________.
3. The scapula and clavicle make up the
_______________.
4. The ilium is part of the _______________.
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Chapter 4: The Skeletal System
Lesson 4.4
Joints
Categories of Joints
• immovable joints–synarthroses
• slightly movable joints–amphiarthroses
• freely movable joints–diarthroses
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Immovable Joints
• sutures
– skull
• syndesmoses
– coracoacromial joint
– distal tibiofibular joint
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Slightly Movable Joints
• synchondroses
– sternocostal joint
– epiphyseal plates
• symphyses
– vertebral joints
– pubic symphysis
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Freely Movable Joints
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Freely Movable Joint Structures
• bursae
• tendon sheaths
• articular tissues
– articular fibrocartilage
– tendons
– ligaments
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Review and Assessment
Match these words with 1–4 below: skull, diarthroses,
amphiarthroses, synarthroses.
1. immovable joint
2. slightly movable joint
3. freely movable joint
4. sutures
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Chapter 4: The Skeletal System
Lesson 4.5
Common Injuries and
Disorders of the
Skeletal System
Common Injuries and Disorders of the
Skeletal System
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common bone injuries
osteoporosis
common joint injuries
arthritis
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Fractures
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greenstick
stress
comminuted
spiral
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Osteoporosis
• low strength bones easily break
• age-related osteoporosis
• the female athlete triad
– disordered eating
– amenorrhea
– osteoporosis
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Common Joint Injuries
• sprains
– torn ligament or tendon
• dislocations
– bone displaced from socket
• bursitis
– inflammation of bursae
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Arthritis
• rheumatoid arthritis
– immune system attacks joints
• osteoarthritis
– degeneration of articular cartilage
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Review and Assessment
True or False?
1. A torn ligament causes a sprain.
2. Low strength bones easily break.
3. Immune system attack causes amenorrhea.
4. Greenstick is a type of fracture.
5. Bursitis is an inflammation of bursae.
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