World War I
The Great European War
“The War to End All Wars”
1914-1918
Map Directions—see atlas p. 85
1.
Label the countries of Europe
2.
Label Africa and The Ottoman Empire (Turkey)
3.
Label the Atlantic Ocean, North Sea, Baltic Sea, Mediterranean Sea, Black
Sea
4.
Create a key for:
5.
Color the designated areas (stripe Italy in orange and purple since it
switched sides after the war started)
6.
Add a compass (N,S,E,W)
7.
Label the Western Front, The Eastern Front, and The Sinking of The Lusitania
Triple Entente/Allies (dark blue/purple)
Triple Alliance/Central Powers (orange)
Neutral Countries (green)
Water (gray/light blue)
APUSH:
• Label The Balkans—this was called “The
Powder Keg” because of the revolutionary
spirit of the area—they wanted selfdetermination for their people from the A-H
Empire. It was eventually given autonomy
under the name, “Yugoslavia” after the war.
In the 1990s, it was war-torn again and
divided into smaller nations of Serbia, BosniaHerzegovina, Montenegro, Slovenia,
Macedonia, Albania, Croatia, etc.
WW I
Films
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Paths of Glory
All Quiet on the Western Front
Fly Boys
Gallipoli
Nicholas and Alexandra
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War Horse
Joyeaux Noel
Background
• Recall the round table discussion and the
countries involved. How did imperialism lead
to World War I?
WWI Terms
1. alliances— “friendships” between countries
2. assassination—planned political murder
3. neutrality—not taking sides
4. trenches—burrowed areas for fighting
5. stalemate—no one advances
6. selective service—draft or conscription
7. contraband—smuggled goods
8. U-Boats—German submarines
9. unrestricted submarine warfare—violation of the freedom
of the seas
10. American Expeditionary Force (A.E.F.)—American army in
France led by General Pershing
11. propaganda—exaggerated or false information used to
persuade
12. bond— “loan” to U.S. to finance war
13. Meuse-Argonne—battle leading to allied success against
Germany in France (turning point)
14. abdicate—leave the monarchy
15. armistice—ceasefire (Nov. 11, 1918)
Causes
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Imperialism (acquiring colonies)
Nationalism (intense patriotism)
Militarism (new inventions)
Opposing Alliances—Triple Entente and Triple
Alliance (Allies vs. Centrals)
• Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand
(heir to the throne of A-H)--by a Serb in Bosnia
(‘’MANIA’’)
‘‘The spark that lit the powder keg ’’
“Sides”
• Triple Entente—France, England (Great
Britain/United Kingdom), Russia—called
ALLIES
• Triple Alliance—Germany, Austria-Hungary,
Italy (who quit and switched to allies and was
replaced by Turkey)—called CENTRALS
• U.S. did not believe in joining military alliances
1914—Eastern and Western Fronts
• Officially, President Wilson issued a
Proclamation of Neutrality
America Entered War (“to make the
world safe for democracy”)
Reasons:
• U.S. felt sympathy for Belgium, England and France—we
sent food and weapons to Europe in convoys—freedom of
the seas
• Germany’s policy of unrestricted submarine warfare
• Sinking of The Lusitania (British civilian ship--many
Americans lost)—1915
• The Zimmerman Note (Germany urged Mexico to invade
us!)--1917
American Pacifists
(did not support the war)
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William Jennings Bryan (secretary of state)
Jane Addams
Eugene Debs
Henry Ford
Andrew Carnegie
Note: Woodrow Wilson ran for re-election in
1916 with “He kept us out of war.”
Anti-War Movement:
Women’s Peace Party
America Mobilized for War
• “Food will win the war”
• Hooverizing
• Propaganda posters
and films
• Recruitment and
Selective Service
The Typical U.S. Soldier
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Uneducated
Inexperienced
Wanted adventure
Was in poor health
‘’Doughboy’’
Sang ‘’Over There’’
and other songs…
Home Front
• War Industries Board—government contracts
(women and minorities work in factories)
• Victory Gardens
• “Wheatless Tuesdays, Meatless Mondays…”,
“Serve just enough”, “Use all leftovers”
• Committee of Public Information—very antiGerman (“Huns”)
• “Loose lips sink ships!”
Anti-German Propaganda
Recruitment Posters
New words…
• Sauerkraut became
liberty cabbage
• German measles
became liberty
measles
• The German language
was outlawed
Victory Gardens
‘‘Food will win the war! ’’
U.S. Helps Allies Win the War
• AEF—American Expeditionary Force led by General Pershing
(“Lafayette, we are here!”)
• Doughboys—new weapons, gas masks, trench warfare, “no man’s
land”
• Songs: “Over There” and “Hinky Dinky Parlez-Vous” and “Pack Up
Your Troubles in Your Old Kit Bag and Smile, Smile, Smile”
• Battles—St. Mihiel, Argonne Forest, Meuse Valley, The Marne,
Chateau Thierry, Belleau Wood
• Stalemate
Finally…
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Armistice Signed—Nov. 11, 1918, 11AM
Kaisar Wilhelm (leader of Germany) abdicated
Russia was in Revolution
Czar Nicholas was forced to abdicate and was
later assassinated along with his family
• Communism established in Russia—led by
Lenin and his Red Army
Abdication and Assassination
of Czar Nicholas II
November 11, 1918, 11 am
Results
• Worst war in history up to that point
• Shell shock, trench foot, disillusionment
• Lives and expenses—37 million casualties—20 million
dead—U.S. spent $22 billion (116,000 Americans killed,
200,000 Americans wounded)
• Germany was “punished” and had to pay $ 33 billion to
allies
• There was no “reconstruction” of Germany
New Weapons and Technology
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Submarines (U- Boats)
Airplanes
Zeppelins
Machine guns
Poison gas
Gas masks
Dynamite
Grenades
“Propaganda”
Glenn Curtiss (1878-1930)
• Designed airplanes and built
the largest fleet used during
WWI
• First to design a seaplane
that can take off and land
on the deck of a ship (used
extensively during WWII)
• Curtiss-Wright Corporation
still known for aeronautical
advancements
German Resentments
America changed…
• Great Migration—many African-Americans
moved north
• African-Americans were treated as equals in
France but not in U.S.
• Wartime prohibition against alcohol became a
national law in 1920
• Anti-Communist attitudes led to a “Red Scare”
in U.S.
African Americans in France
American ‘‘Reds’’
Emma Goldman and John Reed
Film made in 1981
Treaty of Versailles
• Wilson’s Fourteen Points—new boundaries,
self-rule, no secret treaties, freedom of the
seas, arms limitations, League of Nations
• Wilson wanted “peace without victory”
• Big Four—Wilson (U.S.), Clemenceau (France),
Lloyd George (England), Orlando (Italy)
The Big Four—Wilson, Orlando,
Clemenceau, Lloyd George
Changes
• Establishment of the Weimar Republic in Germany with
reparations paid to Allies
• A new map of Europe dissolved A-H and created Poland,
Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, Austria and Hungary
• A new map of the Middle East dissolved the Ottoman
Empire and created Turkey, Iraq, Iran, and many other
nations—overseen by England and France
• A homeland for Jews was created in Palestine—overseen by
England and France
Efforts at Lasting Peace
• League of Nations (U.S. did not join!)—met in
Geneva, Switzerland
• Washington and London Conferences—
reduced navies
• Kellogg-Briand Pact—outlawed war !!
Aftermath
• The U.S. never signed the Treaty of Versailles—it was blocked in the
Senate by Henry Cabot Lodge
• The U.S. never joined the League of Nations
• President Wilson, during efforts to get U.S. approval for the treaty,
had a serious stroke
• Many believe that Wilson could not function as president during his
remaining time, and his wife made every major decision for him
• Spanish Influenza took its toll….
1920 Election of Isolationist Harding
Did you know…?
• Sergeant York was the most decorated soldier in the war—he was
an American Quaker
• The image of Uncle Sam was used for the U.S.
• A Peace Palace was built in The Hague, Netherlands
• The American Red Cross started during WWI
• Mrs. Edith Wilson was called the First Woman President
• The Armenian Massacre by Turkey brought many immigrants to the
U.S.
Sergeant York was a Quaker
And…
• Alfred Nobel, the inventor of dynamite, used his money to
establish a peace prize and other prizes to recognize
excellence
• An “espionage act” was passed to suspend the writ of
habeas corpus during WWI in U.S. (similar to the Patriot
Act)
• Chief Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes supported the
espionage act— “Red Scare”
• Palmer Raids followed…
The Nobel Peace Prize
From “Flanders Field”
If ye break faith
With those who died
We shall not sleep
Though poppies grow
On Flanders Field.
Questions
1. List 5 causes of the war.
2. Proclamation of Neutrality-3. List 3 quotes from the war.
4. List 3 reasons for U.S. involvement.
5. Identify: American Expeditionary Force
6. General John J. Pershing
7. Battle of Argonne Forest
8. Fourteen Points
9. League of Nations
10.Treaty of Versailles
11.Henry Cabot Lodge
12.How did World War I lead to World War II?