Defect testing

Testing programs to establish
the presence of system defects
©Ian Sommerville 2000
Software Engineering, 6th edition. Chapter 20
Slide 1
The testing process


Component testing
Integration testing
•

Includes integration of subsystems, of systems, acceptance
testing
In OO development, boundary is less clear
©Ian Sommerville 2000
Software Engineering, 6th edition. Chapter 20
Slide 4
20.1 Defect testing



The goal of defect testing is to discover defects in
programs
A successful defect test is a test which causes a
program to behave in an anomalous way
Tests show the presence not the absence of
defects
©Ian Sommerville 2000
Software Engineering, 6th edition. Chapter 20
Slide 6
The defect testing process
Test
cases
Design test
cases
©Ian Sommerville 2000
Test
data
Prepare test
data
Test
results
Run program
with test data
Software Engineering, 6th edition. Chapter 20
Test
reports
Compare results
to test cases
Slide 7
Black-box testing



An approach to testing where the program is
considered as a ‘black-box’
The program test cases are based on the system
specification
Test planning (developing test cases) can begin
early in the software process
©Ian Sommerville 2000
Software Engineering, 6th edition. Chapter 20
Slide 10
Equivalence partitioning



Input data and output results often fall into
different classes where all members of a class are
related
Each of these classes is an equivalence partition
where the program behaves in an equivalent way
for each class member
Test cases should be chosen from each partition
©Ian Sommerville 2000
Software Engineering, 6th edition. Chapter 20
Slide 12
E.g. Equivalence partitioning

Partition system inputs and outputs into
‘equivalence sets’
•

If input is a 5-digit integer between 10,000 and 99,999,
equivalence partitions are <10,000, 10,000-99, 999 and >
100, 000
Choose test cases around the midpoint of
partitions and at the boundary of these
sets
•
•
5000,50000,150000
00000, 09999, 10000, 99999, 100000
©Ian Sommerville 2000
Software Engineering, 6th edition. Chapter 20
Slide 14
Equivalence partitions
3
4
Less than 4
7
11
10
Between 4 and 10
More than 10
Number of input values
9999
10000
Less than 10000
50000
100000
99999
Between 10000 and 99999
More than 99999
Input values
©Ian Sommerville 2000
Software Engineering, 6th edition. Chapter 20
Slide 15
Search routine - input partitions




Inputs which conform to the pre-conditions
Inputs where a pre-condition does not hold
Inputs where the key element is a member of
the array
Inputs where the key element is not a member
of the array
©Ian Sommerville 2000
Software Engineering, 6th edition. Chapter 20
Slide 17
Other Testing guidelines
(sequences)




Test software with sequences which have only a
single value
Use sequences of different sizes in different tests
Derive tests so that the first, middle and last
elements of the sequence are accessed
Spec doesn’t say that the sequence is ordered, so
don’t assume that it is
©Ian Sommerville 2000
Software Engineering, 6th edition. Chapter 20
Slide 18
Search routine - input partitions
Array
Single value
Single value
More than 1 value
More than 1 value
More than 1 value
More than 1 value
Eleme nt
In sequence
Not in sequence
First element in sequence
Last element in sequence
Middle eleme nt in sequence
Not in sequence
Inp ut sequence (T)
17
17
17, 29, 21, 23
41, 18, 9, 31, 30, 16, 45
17, 18, 21, 23, 29, 41, 38
21, 23, 29, 33, 38
©Ian Sommerville 2000
Key (Key)
17
0
17
45
23
25
Output (Found, L)
true, 1
false, ??
true, 1
true, 7
true, 4
false, ??
Software Engineering, 6th edition. Chapter 20
Slide 19
Structural testing



Sometime called white-box testing
Derivation of test cases according to program
structure. Knowledge of the program is used to
identify additional test cases
Objective is to exercise all program statements
(not all path combinations)
©Ian Sommerville 2000
Software Engineering, 6th edition. Chapter 20
Slide 20
class BinSearch {
// This is an encapsulation of a binary s earch function that takes an array of
// ordered objects and a key a nd returns an object with 2 attributes namely
// index - the value of the array index
// found - a boolean indicating whether or not the key is in the array
// An object is returned because it is not possible in Java to pass basic types by
// reference to a function and so return two values
// the key is -1 if the element is not found
public static void search ( int key, i nt [] elemArray, Result r )
{
int bottom = 0 ;
int top = elemArray.length - 1 ;
int mid ;
r.found = false ; r.index = -1 ;
while ( bottom <= top )
{
mid = (top + bottom) / 2 ;
if (elemArray [mid] == key)
{
r.index = mid ;
r.found = true ;
return ;
} // if part
else
{
if (elemArray [mid] < key)
bottom = mid + 1 ;
else
top = mid - 1 ;
}
} //while loop
} // search
} //BinSearch
Binary search (Java)
Binary search equiv. partitions
Equivalence class boundaries
Elements < Mid
Elements > Mid
Mid-point
©Ian Sommerville 2000
Software Engineering, 6th edition. Chapter 20
Slide 23
Binary search - equiv. partitions








Pre-conditions satisfied, key element in array
Pre-conditions satisfied, key element not in
array
Pre-conditions unsatisfied, key element in array
Pre-conditions unsatisfied, key element not in
array
Key found in center, top, or bottom
Input array has a single value
Input array has an even number of values
Input array has an odd number of values
©Ian Sommerville 2000
Software Engineering, 6th edition. Chapter 20
Slide 24
Binary search - test cases
Inp ut array (T)
17
17
17, 21, 23, 29
9, 16, 18, 30, 31, 41, 45
17, 18, 21, 23, 29, 38, 41
17, 18, 21, 23, 29, 33, 38
12, 18, 21, 23, 32
21, 23, 29, 33, 38
©Ian Sommerville 2000
Key (Key)
17
0
17
45
23
21
23
25
Output (Found, L)
true, 1
false, ??
true, 1
true, 7
true, 4
true, 3
true, 4
false, ??
Software Engineering, 6th edition. Chapter 20
Slide 25
Path testing



The objective of path testing is to ensure that the
set of test cases is such that each path through
the program is executed at least once
The starting point for path testing is a program
flow graph that shows nodes representing
program decisions and arcs representing the flow
of control
Statements with conditions are therefore nodes in
the flow graph
©Ian Sommerville 2000
Software Engineering, 6th edition. Chapter 20
Slide 26
1
bottom > top
while bottom <= top
2
3
if (elemArray [mid] == key
4
8
5
(if (elemArray [mid]< key
6
9
7
Binary search flow graph
Cyclomatic complexity




The number of tests to test all control
statements equals the cyclomatic complexity
Cyclomatic complexity equals number of
conditions in a program + 1
Useful if used with care. Does not imply
adequacy of testing.
Although all paths are executed, all combinations
of paths are not executed
©Ian Sommerville 2000
Software Engineering, 6th edition. Chapter 20
Slide 29
Independent paths





Test cases should be derived so that all of these
paths are executed
1, 2, 3, 8, 9
1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 2, 8, 9
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 2, 8, 9
A dynamic program analyser may be used to
check that paths have been executed
©Ian Sommerville 2000
Software Engineering, 6th edition. Chapter 20
Slide 30
Integration testing




Tests complete systems or subsystems composed
of integrated components
Integration testing should be black-box testing
with tests derived from the specification
Main difficulty is localizing errors
Incremental integration testing reduces this
problem
©Ian Sommerville 2000
Software Engineering, 6th edition. Chapter 20
Slide 31
Incremental integration testing
T1
A
T1
A
T2
T1
A
T2
T2
B
T3
B
T3
B
C
T4
T3
C
T4
T5
D
Test sequence
1
©Ian Sommerville 2000
Test sequence
2
Software Engineering, 6th edition. Chapter 20
Test sequence
3
Slide 32
Approaches to integration testing



Top-down testing
Bottom-up testing
In practice, most integration involves a
combination of these strategies
©Ian Sommerville 2000
Software Engineering, 6th edition. Chapter 20
Slide 33
Top-down testing
Level 1
Testing
sequence
Level 2
Level 1
Level 2
Le vel 2
. ..
Level 2
Le vel 2
stubs
Le vel 3
stubs
©Ian Sommerville 2000
Software Engineering, 6th edition. Chapter 20
Slide 34
Bottom-up testing
Test
drivers
Level N
Test
drivers
Level N
Level N–1
©Ian Sommerville 2000
Le vel N
Level N–1
Level N
Level N
Testing
sequence
Level N–1
Software Engineering, 6th edition. Chapter 20
Slide 35
Comparing Testing approaches

Architectural validation
•

System demonstration
•

Top-down integration testing allows a limited demonstration at
an early stage in the development
Test implementation
•

Top-down integration testing is better at discovering errors in the
system architecture
Often easier with bottom-up integration testing
Test observation
•
Problems with both approaches. Extra code may be required to
observe tests
©Ian Sommerville 2000
Software Engineering, 6th edition. Chapter 20
Slide 36
Interface testing



Takes place when modules or sub-systems are
integrated to create larger systems
Objectives are to detect faults due to interface
errors or invalid assumptions about interfaces
Particularly important for object-oriented
development as objects are defined by their
interfaces
©Ian Sommerville 2000
Software Engineering, 6th edition. Chapter 20
Slide 37
Interface testing
Test
cases
B
A
C
©Ian Sommerville 2000
Software Engineering, 6th edition. Chapter 20
Slide 38
Common Interface errors



Interface misuse
Interface misunderstanding
Timing errors
©Ian Sommerville 2000
Software Engineering, 6th edition. Chapter 20
Slide 40
Stress testing




Exercises the system up to and beyond its maximum
design load.
Stressing the system often causes defects to come to
light
Stressing the system test failure behaviour. Systems
should not fail catastrophically. Stress testing checks
for unacceptable loss of service or data
Particularly relevant to distributed systems
which can exhibit severe degradation as a
network becomes overloaded
©Ian Sommerville 2000
Software Engineering, 6th edition. Chapter 20
Slide 42
20.3 Object-oriented testing



The components to be tested are object classes
that are instantiated as objects
Larger grain than individual functions
No obvious ‘top’ to the system for top-down
integration and testing
©Ian Sommerville 2000
Software Engineering, 6th edition. Chapter 20
Slide 43
Testing levels




Testing operations associated with objects
Testing object classes
Testing clusters of cooperating objects
Testing the complete OO system
©Ian Sommerville 2000
Software Engineering, 6th edition. Chapter 20
Slide 44
Object class testing

Complete test coverage of a class involves
•
•
•

Testing all operations associated with an object
Setting and interrogating all object attributes
Exercising the object in all possible states
Inheritance makes it more difficult to design
object class tests as the information to be tested
is not localized
©Ian Sommerville 2000
Software Engineering, 6th edition. Chapter 20
Slide 45
Weather station object interface
WeatherStation

identifier
reportWeather ()
calibrate (instruments)
test ()
startup (instruments)
shutdown (instruments)
©Ian Sommerville 2000


Test cases are needed for all
operations
Use a state model to identify
state transitions for testing
Examples of testing
sequences
•
Shutdown  Waiting  Shutdown
•
Waiting  Calibrating  Testing 
Transmitting  Waiting
•
Waiting  Collecting  Waiting 
Summarising  Transmitting  Waiting
Software Engineering, 6th edition. Chapter 20
Slide 46
Weather station state diagram
Operation
calibrate ()
Calibrating
calibration OK
Shutdown
startup ()
test ()
Waiting
Testing
transmission done
shutdown ()
test complete
Transmitting
clock
collection
done
reportWeather ()
Summarising
weather summary
complete
Collecting
©Ian Sommerville 2000
Software Engineering, 6th edition. Chapter 20
Slide 47
Object integration



Levels of integration are less distinct in objectoriented systems
Cluster testing is concerned with integrating and
testing clusters of cooperating objects
Identify clusters using knowledge of the operation
of objects and the system features that are
implemented by these clusters
©Ian Sommerville 2000
Software Engineering, 6th edition. Chapter 20
Slide 48
Approaches to cluster testing



Use-case or scenario testing
Thread testing
Object interaction testing
©Ian Sommerville 2000
Software Engineering, 6th edition. Chapter 20
Slide 49
Scenario-based testing


Identify scenarios from use-cases and supplement
these with interaction (sequence) diagrams that
show the objects involved in the scenario
Consider the scenario in the weather station
system where a report is generated …
©Ian Sommerville 2000
Software Engineering, 6th edition. Chapter 20
Slide 50
Collect weather data
©Ian Sommerville 2000
Software Engineering, 6th edition. Chapter 20
Slide 51
20.4 Testing workbenches



Testing is an expensive process phase. Testing
workbenches provide a range of tools to reduce
the time required and total testing costs
Most testing workbenches are open systems
because testing needs are organization-specific –
need tools to be adaptable to your organization
and project
Difficult to integrate your project with closed
design and analysis workbenches
©Ian Sommerville 2000
Software Engineering, 6th edition. Chapter 20
Slide 53
A testing workbench
Test data
generator
Specification
Source
code
Test
manager
Test data
Oracle
Dynamic
analyser
Program
being tested
Test
results
Test
predictions
Execution
report
Simulator
File
comparator
Report
generator
©Ian Sommerville 2000
Software Engineering, 6th edition. Chapter 20
Test results
report
Slide 54