Kingdom Animalia (non-chordates) What is a non-chordate? Lacks a notochord

Kingdom Animalia (non-chordates) • What is a non-chordate? • Lacks a notochord • In LARGE part this is synonymous with invertebrate • ALL non-chordates are invertebrates • BUT not all invertebrates are nonchordates Phylum Placozoa • Trichoplax adhaerens looks a bit like a flattened blastula • Now generally considered in the Eumetazoa • 3 layers (?) – Dorsal epithelioid layer – Syncytial layer (loose, much fluid) – Ventral epithelioid layer • Originally thought to be a larval stage of an animal Trichoplax adhaerens Phylum Porifera (?) • Two Phyla of sponges (?) (Calcarea & Silicea) • Suspension (filter) feeders (porocytes) • Very loose organization of cells • Choanocytes and Amoebocytes • Spicules • Sexual and asexual reproduction • Hermaphroditic (= monoecious = bisexual) A “Typical” Sponge Fig. 33-4 Choanocyte Osculum Flagellum Collar Food particles in mucus Choanocyte Azure vase sponge (Callyspongia plicifera) Spongocoel Phagocytosis of food particles Pore Epidermis Spicules Water flow Amoebocytes Mesohyl Amoebocyte Phylum Cnidaria Table 33-1 Phylum Cnidaria • • • • • Tissues Muscles in their simplest form Simple nerve net Cnidocytes Two body plans – Polyp – Medusa • Dioecious (= unisexual) • Gastrovascular Cavity (only one opening) Phylum Cnidaria (Body Plans) Fig. 33-5 Mouth/anus Polyp Tentacle Medusa Gastrovascular cavity Gastrodermis Body stalk Mesoglea Epidermis Tentacle Mouth/anus Hydra sp. Phylum Cnidaria Fig. 33-6 Tentacle Cuticle of prey Thread Nematocyst “Trigger” Thread discharges Cnidocyte Thread (coiled) Phylum Ctenophora • • • • The Comb Jellies Somewhat medusa-like Monoecious One species has cnidocytes Phylum Platyhelminthes • • • • Bilateria Triploblastic Acoelomate Protostomes Phylum Platyhelminthes Table 33-2 Class Turbellaria • • • • • • • • Flatworms Free living Carnivores How do they move? Feed? Rudimentary brain Two ventrolateral nerve cords Hermaphroditic (but cross fertilizing) Can reproduce asexually Class Turbellaria Planaria sp. Fig. 33-10 Pharynx Gastrovascular cavity Mouth Eyespots Ganglia Ventral nerve cords Class Trematoda • • • • Flukes Dioecious Parasitic Life cycles often complex – May alternate between asexual & sexual cycles – Alternate between two or more hosts Class Trematoda Blood Fluke (Schistosoma mansoni) Fig. 33.11 Male Female Human host 1 mm Motile larva Ciliated larva Snail host Class Cestoidea • • • • Tapeworms Parasites No digestive tract Monoecious but usually cross fertilize Class Cestoidea Fig. 33-12 200 µm Proglottids with reproductive structures Hooks Sucker Scolex Taenia solium Life Cycle Phylum Nemertea • Ribbon or proboscis worms • Simple circulatory system with RBCs • Complete digestive system (2 openings) • Protostomes • Acoelomate ? • Usually dioecious Phylum Nemertea Phylum Rotifera • • • • • • Rotifers (sometimes called “wheel” animals) Protostomes Dioecious Often PARTHENOGENETIC Sometimes have “degenerate” males NO regeneration capabilities (fixed number of cells; fate maps) Phylum Rotifera Phylum Mollusca Table 33-3 Phylum Mollusca • • • • • • • Eucolomate Protostomes Most dioecious & most reproduce sexually Open circulatory system except cephalopods Body: foot, visceral mass, mantle Cephalization variable Varied feeding modes Circulatory Systems Molluscan Evolution Class Polyplacophora • 8 covering plates • Radula Fig. 33-16 Class Gastropoda (Snails & Slugs) • • • • • Most have a radula One-piece shell or shell absent Cephalization variable Muscular foot for locomotion Torsion Typical Snail Fig. 33-18 Mantle cavity Anus Mouth Stomach Intestine Class Bivalvia (= Pelycopoda) • • • • All the two-shelled forms Shells (valves) are RIGHT & LEFT Economically important group Filter feeders Clam Fig. 33-20 Mantle Hinge area Coelom Gut Heart Adductor muscle Digestive gland Anus Mouth Excurrent siphon Shell Palp Foot Mantle cavity Gonad Gill Water flow Incurrent siphon Class Cephalopoda • Ammonite – one extant species (chambered nautilus) --- shell present • Squid --- shell greatly reduced and internal • Octopus --- shell absent • Closed circulatory system • Well developed brain and sense organs • Agile carnivores Class Cephalopoda Fig. 33-21 Octopus Squid Chambered nautilus Phylum Annelida Table 33-4 Phylum Annelida • • • • • • • • Eucoelomates Protostomes Closed Circulatory system Segmented body Coelom partitioned by septa (sing. septum) Monoecious but cross fertilizing Rudimentary brain; fused ventral nerve cords Hydrostatic skeleton (read about movement) Class Oligochaeta Fig. 33-22 Epidermis Cuticle Coelom Circular muscle Septum (partition between segments) Metanephridium Longitudinal muscle Anus Dorsal vessel Chaetae Intestine Fused nerve cords Ventral vessel Nephrostome Metanephridium Clitellum Esophagus Crop Pharynx Giant Australian earthworm Intestine Gizzard Cerebral ganglia Mouth Subpharyngeal ganglion Blood vessels Ventral nerve cord with segmental ganglia Class Polychaeta Class Hirudinea Fig. 33-24 Phylum Nematoda • • • • • • Roundworms Pseudocoelomates Protostomes Only longitudinal muscles Dioecious Like rotifers they have a fixed number of cells Phylum Nematoda • Some are important plant or animal parasites or experimental organisms • Chaenorabditis elegans • Trichinella spiralis (poorly cooked pork) • Important decomposers and nutrient recyclers Phylum Nematoda Phylum Arthropoda Table 33-5 CHARACTERISTICS • • • • • • • Jointed appendages Exoskeleton of chitin Molting Extensive cephalization Open circulatory system Diverse respiratory structures Diverse feeding methods WHY SO SUCCESSFUL ? • • • • Have an important PREADAPTATION Segmented body and jointed appendages Generally have smaller size Generally have a shorter life cycle WHY SO IMPORTANT ? • • • • • • • Foods Disease spread Pollination Poisonous and/or irritating Crop and building destruction Scary ??? Other ??? Phylum Arthropoda Subphylum Cheliceriformes • Possess chelicerae • No antennae • Body usually of two parts – Cephalothorax – Abdomen • Spiders have 8 legs Subphylum Myriapoda • Many segmented bodies • Have antennae • Class Chilopoda – Centipedes – carnivores (venomous) • Class Diplopoda – Millipedes – usually debris feeders (2 pairs of legs per apparent body segment) Subphylum Crustacea • • • • Body of two or three parts Two pair of antennae Mostly marine Important foods Subphylum Hexapoda • Formerly Class Insecta • 3 body areas – Head – Thorax --- with 3 pairs of legs and often with two pairs of wings – Abdomen • One pair of antennae • Compound eyes usually present • Importance of Insects Grasshopper –Typical Insect Insect Evolution Insect Metamorphosis PHYLUM ECHINODERMATA Echinoderm Traits • • • • • • • Radially symmetrical as adults These are in the bilateria. WHY??? BILATERALLY symmetrical as larvae Most closely related phylum to the Chordata Some have regeneration ability Exoskeleton Or Endoskeleton ??? Water vascular system (complete or incomplete) • Importance Water Vascular System Echinoderms

Kingdom Animalia (non-chordates) What is a non-chordate? Lacks a notochord

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