Operating Systems I
History of Operating Systems
MCT261-Operating Systems I
Primary Learning Objective
Understand the functions, terminology, and
evolution of operating systems
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Specific Learning Objectives
• Describe the evolution of operating
systems used in microcomputers
• Understand the continued importance
of the Command Line Interface (CLI).
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Lesson Overview
• How did operating systems and computers
evolve?
• Why have DOS?
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Early History
• Computers prior to 1900 were predominantly
mechanical machines (gears and levers)
– In 1830 the Difference Engine was developed in
England by Charles Babbage
– In 1890 Herman Hollerith developed a
computer that was used to tabulate the US
Census
• In the 1930s & 1940s computers went from
electromechanical to vacuum tubes
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World War II Era
• Mark I, an electromagnetic device built by IBM
for the Navy
• Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC) built at Iowa
State. (the first electronic digital computer)
• ENIAC, contained 18,000 vacuum tubes and was
one of the most famous of the early computers
• Manchester Mark I, the first stored program was
adapted by USN for solving fire control problem
(big guns)
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1945 - EDVAC
• John von Neumann wrote "First Draft of a
Report on the EDVAC" in which he
outlined the architecture of a storedprogram computer.
• This architecture contained 4 main
components. What were they?
• Input, CPU, memory, and output
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Computer Generations
• First – 1951 to 1958: Vacuum tubes, punch
cards, & the UNIVAC computer
• What are machine, assembly, and high level
programming languages?
• http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/m/mach
ine_language.html
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Computer Generations
• Second – 1959 to 1964: Transistors &
higher order languages
• Third – 1965 to 1970: integrated circuits,
the IBM 360, & minicomputers
• Four – 1971 to Present: Microprocessors
and personal computers
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1969 - UNIX Operating System
• AT&T Bell Laboratories programmers
Kenneth Thompson and Dennis Ritchie
developed the UNIX operating system
• First widely used operating system
• Still commonly used by business and the
government
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1976 - CP/M Operating System
• Gary Kildall developed CP/M, an operating
system for personal computers
• Widely adopted, CP/M made it possible for
one version of a program to run on a variety
of computers built around eight-bit
microprocessors
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1981 - IBM PC
• IBM introduced its PC, igniting a fast
growth of the personal computer market
• The first PC ran on a 4.77 MHz Intel 8088
microprocessor and used Microsoft's MSDOS operating system.
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1981 - MS-DOS 1.0
• Microsoft Disk Operating System (MSDOS) was the basic software for the newly
released IBM PC
• Established a long partnership between IBM
and Microsoft, which Bill Gates and Paul
Allen had founded only six years earlier.
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DOS – Disk Operating System
• Many of its features were adopted from
UNIX
• Generic name for three related disk
operating systems: PC-DOS, MS-DOS, &
IBM-DOS
• They all manage software &hardware in
similar ways
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1984 - McIntosh
• Apple Computer launched the Macintosh,
the first successful mouse-driven computer
with a graphic user interface
• A single $1.5 million commercial during the
1984 Super Bowl launched its success
• $2,500
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Windows Operating Environment
• Introduced by Microsoft in 1985
• A software product that performs the same
function as an operating system except for
booting the system and handling the storage
and retrieval of data in files on the disk.
• Was dependent on DOS to handle basic file
functions in the background
• Used for Windows 3.0, 3.1, and 3.11 WFW
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1987 - IBM PS/2
• IBM introduced its PS/2 machines, which
made the 3 1/2-inch floppy disk drive and
video graphics array standard for IBM
computers
• First IBMs to include Intel's 80386 chip
• IBM released a new operating system,
OS/2, at the same time, allowing the use of
a mouse with IBMs for the first time.
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1989 - WWW Created
• Tim Berners-Lee created WWW in
Switzerland
• Graphical browsers soon followed
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1990 - Windows 3.0
• 16 bit and was still dependent on DOS
• The first successful version of Windows finally
offered good enough performance to satisfy
PC users
• Microsoft revamped the interface and created a
design that allowed PCs to support large
graphical applications for the first time
• Allowed multiple programs to run on its Intel
80386 microprocessor.
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1991 – Linux
• Created by Linus Torvalds of Finland
• A kernel or core operating system that works
like UNIX
• Freely distributed under the GNU public
License (GPL)
• Source code is made public unlike Microsoft’s
and IBM’s code that is proprietary.
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1993 Windows NT
• Windows NT (New Technology), a network
operating system that didn’t require DOS to
run
• Early versions used only on servers
• Had NTFS and FAT 16 file systems
• Primarily used in corporate and industrial
programs
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1995 - Windows 95
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Windows 95 (Chicago) released in July
16 and 32 bit
Faster than Windows 3x
Multitasking
MS-DOS 7.0 embedded
Network protocols (peer-to-peer)
Plug & Play
Start Menu & Taskbar
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1996 – Windows NT 4.0
• Introduced a network operating system that
worked on desktop computers
• Didn’t support Plug and Play
• Its stability and advanced networking
features made it a favorite of business
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1998 - Windows 98
•
•
•
•
•
Windows 98 (Memphis) released
True 32 bit
RAM more manageable
Multithreading
Windows Driver Model (WDM), Better Plug &
Play
• Web Integration (choice of a web style
interface)
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1999 - Windows 2000 Pro
• Incorporated Win 9X features into the Win
NT product line
• Heavy integration with business
applications and Internet
• Expensive but supports FAT 16, FAT 32,
and NTFS
• Suited more for businesses than home use
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2001 – Windows XP
• More reliable (based on stable Window
NT/2000 OS’s that don’t crash or lock up as
much)
• Less rebooting when making changes to the
system
• Different interface, personalized menus,
better file and folder management
• Much higher system requirements
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Summary of Operating Systems
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
UNIX (1969)
CP/M (1975)
MS-DOS (1980)
PC DOS (1981)
Mac OS (1984)
IBM PS/2 (1987)
Windows 3.0 (1990)
Linux (1991)
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• Windows for Workgroups
3.11 (1993)
• Windows NT (1993)
• Windows 95 (1995)
• Windows NT 4.0 (1996)
• Windows 98 (1998)
• Windows 2000 (1999)
• Windows XP (2001)
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Major Differences Between
Windows and MS-DOS
• Interface is the biggest difference
– Command Line Interface (CLI)
– Graphical User Interface (GUI)
• Processing power
• Graphics
• Multitasking
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Similarities
• All versions of DOS and Windows rely on a
feature called full path
• What is full path?
• The full path identifies the exact location
of a file and includes the name of the
drive, and the sequence of directories
(folders) to locate and open that file.
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MS-DOS Upgrades
• 1982 - Version 1.1
– Upgrade allowed use of dual sided floppy disk
• 1983 - Version 2.0
– Upgrade allowed use of hard disk drives and
device drivers
• 1984 - Version 3.0
– Supported 80286 microprocessor & networks
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MS-DOS Upgrades Continued
• 1988 - Version 4.0
– Allowed 512 MB disk partitions
• 1991 - Version 5.0
– Improved memory management
• 1993 - Version 6.0
– Numerous utilities added & virus protection
• 1994 - Version 6.22
– Last standalone version of MS-DOS
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MS-DOS Upgrades Continued
• 1995 - Version 7.0
– embedded within Windows 95
– no longer a stand alone version
• 1998 - Version 7.1
– embedded within Windows 98
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Is CLI Relevant Today?
• System crashes (You can always boot your PC with
DOS on a floppy)
• Removing computer viruses
• Troubleshooting system, software, and hardware
problems
• Configuring legacy devices
• Network administration, setup, installation,
configuration, and troubleshooting
• Commands are used to create scripts or batch files
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Homework Assignment
• Reading
– Windows XP Textbook – Chapter One
– CLI Textbook - pp. 21-26, 39-43
– Handout
• Lab Exercise
– OS Types
• Homework
– Glossary 2
• Due Date: Next Week
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Reference
• Windows 98 Textbook
• DOS Textbook
• Internet
– http://www.cciw.com/content/neumann.html
• Metro Lab
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