Diseases
Chapter 24-26
Myth or Fact
 A person can get an STD only through
sexual activity with many people
 Abstinence from sexual activity is 100%
effective in preventing STD’s and the
sexual transmission of HIV or Hepatitis B
 All STD’s can be cured with antibiotics
 Anyone with an STD will have symptoms
 Many cases of HIV/AIDS go unreported
Myth or Fact
 A person can have only one type of STD at a
time.
 After a person can have only one type of STD
at a time
 After a person has been treated for an STD, he
or she can’t get it again
 Untreated STDs including HIV/AIDs can be
fatal
 Nationwide, STDs are on the rise among teen.
Disease by type of Pathogen
Viruses
Bacteria
Fungi
-Common cold
-Influenza (Flu)
-Viral Hepatitis
-AIDS
-Viral Meningitis
-Chicken Pox
-Bacteria foodborne
illness
-strep throat
-Lyme disease
-Bacteria Meningitis
-Athletes Foot
-Ringworm
-Yeast Infection
How Communicable Diseases are
Transmitted
 Direct contact-With a infected person or animal or with
something in the environment.
 includes: touching, biting, kissing, and sexual contact.
 Sneezing and coughing can spray infections droplets if saliva or music
onto a nearby person’s eyes, nose, or mouth.
 Indirect contact- some communicable diseases can be
transmitted indirectly, with out being close to an infected
person.
 Includes: Contaminated Objects, can become contaminated with
infectious discharges or secretions (ex: person with a cold sneezes on
the table, you touch the table then touch your nose or eyes. Vectors, an
organism, usually a tick, that carries and transmits pathogen to humans
or other animals. Water and Food, contamination of the food
(salmonella)
 Airborne Transmission- Pathogens from a sneeze or a cough
may float in the air for a long time and travel long distances.
Common Communicable Disease
 Respiratory Inflections
 The most common communicable disease. These infections can occur
anywhere from the nose to the lungs. Could be a viruses or bacterial.
 Could reduce risk by avoiding close contact with people who are
infected, washing your hands often, keeping your hands away from your
eyes and nose. Smoking can contribute to illness by damaging cilia and
irritating respiratory passages.
 Common Cold
 A viral inflection that cause inflammation of the mucoud membranes that
line the nose and throat
 No cure for the common cold. Treatment is for relief of symptoms, most
colds clear up in a week or so.
 Influenza
 Or the flu, is a viral infections of the respiratory tract. It is most often
spread through airborne transmission but also may spread through direct
or indirect contact. Flu can lead to pneumonia.
Common Communicable Disease
 Pneumoniaan infection of the lungs in which the air sacs fill
with pus and other liquids.
Pneumonia is one of the top ten deaths in the Us.
Viral pneumonia is relatively short lived and
produces symptoms similar to those in influenza.
Antiviral drugs are used in some case.
Bacterial pneumonia can be treated with antibiotics
if diagnosed early.
 When body defenses are weakened in some way,
the bacterial can get into the lungs and multiply.
Common Communicable Disease
 Strep Throat
is a bacterial infection spread by direct contact,
often through droplets that are coughed or sneezed
into the air.
 Symptoms of step throat include a sore throat,
fever, and enlarged lymph nodes in the neck.
 Untreated, strep throat conlead to serious
complications, including inflammation of the kidneys
and rheumatic fever, which can cause permanent
heart damage.
 Strep throat can be treated with antibiotics.
Common Communicable Disease
 Tuberculosis
 or TB is a bacterial disease that usually attacks the
lungs.
 TB is spread through the air when a person with
the disease coughs or sneezes.
 Most people who are infected carry the bacteria in
their lungs but never develop the disease because
the body’s defenses prevent the bacteria from
multiplying and spreading to others.
 People with weakened immune systems are more
likely to develop the active disease with symptoms
that include fatigue, coughing, fever, night sweats,
and weight loss.
 People with the active disease can spread TB.
Common Communicable Disease
 Hepatitis is inflammation of the lover and can
be cause by chemicals, including ATOD’s. or by
different pathogens.
The hepatitis A,B, and C viruses are some of
the most common causes of this type of liver
damage, and there is no cure for them .
However, vaccines for hepatitis A and B are
available
Hepatitis A
 Is another of the top 10 communicable diseased in
the US.
About 1.5 million people worldwide are newly infected
each year.
 The hepatitis A virus is most commonly spread
through contact with feces of an infected person.
 Infected people who do not wash their hands properly
may contaminate objects or food or spread the virus
through direct contact.
 Symptoms include:
Fever
Nausea
Vomiting
Fatigue
Abdominal pain
Jaundice
Hepatitis B
 Is a more serious disease than hepatitis A.
 The hepatitis B virus (HBV) is found in most bodily fluids of an
infected person, especially blood.
 It is most often transmitted through sexual contact.
 It also can be transmitted through needles shared by infected
drug users.
 Though most people who are infected NEVER experience
symptoms, the hepatitis B frequently cause severe liver
damage, including liver failure and cirrhosis, or scarring of the
liver.
 More then 2 billion people worldwide have been infected with
HBV. About 1.25 million people in the US have chronic HBV
infection.
 Reduce the risk of Hepatitis B by
 Practicing abstinence from sexual contact and from illegal drug use.
 Do not share personal items, such as toothbrushes, razors, which could
have trace amounts of saliva or blood.
Hepatitis C
 Is the most common chronic blood borne infection in
the US. About 4 million Americans are infected.
 It is most often transmitted by direct contact with
infected blood through contaminated needles shared
by drug users.
 Hepatitis C can lead to chronic liver disease, liver
cancer, or liver failure.
 It is the leading reason for liver transplantrs in the US.
Up to 90% of those infected with the hepatitis C virus
(HCV) don’t realize they have the disease until years
later when routine test show liver damage.
Reduce the risk of Hepatitis C by
 Practicing abstinence from illegal drug use.
 Do not share personal items, such as toothbrushes, razors,
which could have trace amounts of saliva or blood.
Sexually Transmitted diseases
 Sexually transmitted diseases or Sexually transmitted
infections are infections diseases spread from person
to person through sexual contact.
 A person can have an infection, and pass the infection
to others, without necessarily having the disease
 Many cases of STD go undiagnosed and untreated.
Why???
Many people with the STDs are Asymptomatic (without
symptoms). They do not seek treatment because they don’t
know they are infected. They don’t get treated therefore
continue to transmit STDs.
 Even when STDs are diagnosed, they may not be reported
to health departments so that contacts can be notified and
treats.
STDs
 High Risk Behavior and STDs
15 million new cases of STDs each year that’s
more then 10,000 young people infected
everyday.
 Teens who are sexually active are likely to
engage in one or more of the following high risk
behaviors.
 Being sexually active
 Engaging in unprotected sex
 Selecting high—risk partners
 Using ATOD’s
The Consequence STDs
 Some STD’s are incurable
 The pathogens that cause these STDs cannot be eliminated from the
body by medical treatment, such as antibiotics. The virus that cause
gential herpes, HIV, AIDs, for example, remain in the body for life.
 Some STDs cause cancer
 The hepatitis B virus can cause cancer of the liver.
 The human papillomavirus (HPV) can cause cancer of the cervix.
 These STDs also cannot be cured and may last for a life time.
 Some STDs can cause complications that affect the ability to
reproduce
 Females can develop pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) which damages
reproductive organs and cause sterility
 Some STDs can be passed from an infected female to her
child before, during, or after birth
 STDs can damage the bones, nervous system, and brain of a fetus.
Premature births can result, infants infected with STDs at delivery may
become blind or develop pneumonia and some may die.
Preventing STDs
 Abstinence is the only way to prevent 100% of
all STDs
 Abstinence is the deliberate decision to avoid
harmful behaviors, including sexual activity
before marriage and the use of ATOD.
 Use refusal skills to avoid situations in which
you may be at risk.
Human Papillomavirus
(HPV)
 Is the most common sexually transmitted infection (STI).
 The virus infects the skin and mucous membranes.
 There are more than 40 HPV types that can infect the genital
areas of men and women, including the skin of the penis, vulva
(area outside the vagina), and anus, and the linings of the
vagina, cervix, and rectum.
 You cannot see HPV. Most people who become infected with
HPV do not even know they have it.
 Most people with HPV do not develop symptoms or health
problems.
 But sometimes, certain types of HPV can cause genital warts in
men and women.
 Other HPV types can cause cervical cancer and other less
common cancers, such as cancers of the vulva, vagina, anus,
and penis. The types of HPV that can cause genital warts are
not the same as the types that can cause cancer.
Human Papillomavirus
(HPV)
HPV types are often referred to as “low-risk”
(wart-causing) or “high-risk” (cancer-causing),
based on whether they put a person at risk for
cancer.
In 90% of cases, the body’s immune system
clears the HPV infection naturally within two
years. This is true of both high-risk and low-risk
types.
Genital Warts
 Genital warts happen months after infection from HPV
 Genital warts may be small, flat, flesh-colored bumps
or tiny, cauliflower-like bumps.
 In men, genital warts can grow on the penis, near the
anus, or between the penis and the scrotum.
 In women, genital warts may grow on the vulva in the
vagina and on the cervix. Genital warts vary in size
and may even be so small that you can't see them.
 They can lead to cancer of the cervix in women or
cancer of the penis in men.
 Infants born to females infected with HPV may
develop warts in their throats, obstructing the
breathing passages, which can be life threatening.
Chlamydia
 Chlamydia is a bacterial infection that affects the reproductive
organs of both males and females.
 Chlamydia is asymptomatic, meaning there are no visible
symptoms. It often goes undetected until seriuos complications
occur.
 In females who re untreated, the infection can caise pelvic inflammatory
disease (PID) and leas to chronic pelvic pain or infertility
 In males is can also lead to infertility
 When symptoms are presents males experience discharge
from the penis and burning upon urination.
 Females may have vaginal discharge, burning upon urination,
or abdominal pain.
 Chlamydia is diagnosed by laboratories examination of
secretions from the cervix in females or from the urethra in
males.
 Chlamydia can be treated with antibiotics, but no immunity
develops, so a person can become infected again.
Genital Herpes

Genital herpes is an STD caused by the herpes simplex virus (HSV).
There are two types of HSV.


Type 1 usually causes cold sores
Type 2 usually causes genital sores
 Most individuals have no or only minimal signs or symptoms.
 When signs do occur, they typically appear as one or more blisters on
or around the genitals or rectum.
 The blisters break, leaving tender ulcers (sores) that may take two to
four weeks to heal the first time they occur. Typically, another
outbreak can appear weeks or months after the first, but it almost
always is less severe and shorter than the first outbreak. Although
the infection can stay in the body indefinitely, the number of
outbreaks tends to decrease over a period of years.
 Medication can relieve the symptoms, but cannot cure herpes
infection one contracted, the virus remains in the body for LIFE.
 The herpes virus is potentially fatal for infants who contract the virus
from their mothers ar the time of delivery. The virus may also play a
major role in the spread of HIV by making people who are infected
with herpes more capable of transmitting or acquiring HIV
Gonorrhea
 Gonorrhea is a bacterial STD that usually affects
mucous membranes. The highest rates of gonorrhea
infection are found in females from 15 to 19 years old
and in males 20 to 24 years old.
 Symptoms in males include a discharge from the
penis and painful urination. Diagnosis in males is
made by staining and examining the discharge under
a microscope.
 50% of females with gonorrhea have no symptoms.
Whose woman with symptoms have vaginal
discharge and pain or burning upon urination.
 Gonorrhea can be treated with antibiotics.
 If not treated it can lead to infertility for men or
women.
Trichomoniasis
 is a STD causes by a microscopic protozoan that
results in infections of the vagina, urethra and bladder.
 Females may have no symptoms, however the
disease may result is vaginitis.
 Vaginitis is an inflammation of the vagina
characterized by discharge, odor, irritation, and
itching.
 The organism can sometimes be seen in a Pap test.
 Males usually have no symptom, when symptoms
occur, they include mild urethral itching or discharge
and burning after urination.
 Usually men don’t find out until their partners are
infected.
Syphilis
 Syphilis is an STD that attacks many parts of the
body and is caused by a small bacterium call a
spirochete.
 The first sign of infection is a painless reddish sore,
call a chancre.
 The sore will heal on it own, but if the infection is not
treated, it speads through the blood to other parts of
the body.
 Eventually, the disease can damage organs, including
the heart, liver, nervous system, and kidneys.
 If untreated the person is at risk of paralysis,
convulsions, blindness, and heart disease.
 Syphilis can be transmitted from pregnant female to
her fetus. An infant infected with syphilis may have a
damaged nervous system and can die from the
effects.
Pubic lice
 Small insects that attach themselves onto your
pubic hair.
 Symptom include itching, presence of lice and
eggs in pubic hair
 Treatments include medicated soap, washing
all bedding, towel and clothes.
 There are no lasting effects
Human immunodeficiency Virus
HIV
 HIV is a virus that attacks the immune system.
 The Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is the virus that
leads to AIDS. HIV belongs to a subset of retroviruses called
lentiviruses (or slow viruses), which means that there is an
years between the initial infection and the onset of symptoms.
 Upon entering the bloodstream through mucous membranes
or blood to blood contact HIV infects the T cells and begins to
replicate rapidly.
 Scientists believe that when the virus enters the body, HIV
begins to disable the body's immune system by using the
body's aggressive immune responses to the virus to infect,
replicate and kill immune system cells.
 Gradual deterioration of immune function and eventual
destruction of lymphoid and immunologic organs is central to
triggering the immunosuppression that leads to AIDS
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
AIDS
 Acquired means you can get infected with it;
 Immune Deficiency means a weakness in the body's system
that fights diseases.
 Syndrome means a group of health problems that make up a
disease.
 AIDS is caused by a virus called HIV, the Human
Immunodeficiency Virus. If you get infected with HIV, your body
will try to fight the infection. It will make "antibodies," special
molecules to fight HIV.
 A blood test for HIV looks for these antibodies. If you have them
in your blood, it means that you have HIV infection. People who
have the HIV antibodies are called "HIV-Positive."
 Being HIV-positive, or having HIV disease, is not the same as
having AIDS. Many people are HIV-positive but don't get sick
for many years. As HIV disease continues, it slowly wears down
the immune system. Viruses, parasites, fungi and bacteria that
usually don't cause any problems can make you very sick if
your immune system is damaged.
AIDS
 You don't actually "get" AIDS. You might get infected with HIV,
and later you might develop AIDS. You can get infected with
HIV from anyone who's infected, even if they don't look sick and
even if they haven't tested HIV-positive yet. The blood, vaginal
fluid, semen, and breast milk of people infected with HIV has
enough of the virus in it to infect other people. Most people get
the HIV virus by:
 having sex with an infected person
 sharing a needle (shooting drugs) with someone who's infected
 being born when their mother is infected, or drinking the breast milk of an
infected woman
 Getting a transfusion of infected blood used to be a way people got
AIDS, but now the blood supply is screened very carefully and the risk is
extremely low.
 There are no documented cases of HIV being transmitted by
tears or saliva, but it is possible to be infected with HIV through
oral sex or in rare cases through deep kissing, especially if you
have open sores in your mouth or bleeding gums.
Detecting HIV
 EIA test a test that screens for the presence of
HIV antibodies in the blood. The EIA reacts to
even small numbers of HIV antibodies.
However the EIA may give inaccurate results
such as:
Developing antibodies takes time- weeks or even
moths after initial infection.
 Certain health condition- such as hemophilia,
hepatitis and pregnancy can cause the EIA to give a
false positive, reading.
 Western Blot Test- the most common
confirmation test for HIV in the US. When done
properly, this test is 100 % accurate.
Cardiovascular Disease
 Noncommunicable Diseases- is a disease that is not
transmitted by another person, a vector, or the
environment.
 Cardiovascular Disease is a disease that affects the
heart or blood vessels.
61% million Americans have some form of the disease.
 Heredity-Children whose parents have CVD are more likely
to develop CVD themsevles
 Gender- Men have a greater risk of developing CVD earlier
in life and a greater risk of having a heart attack then woman
do.
 Age- 80% of people who die from CVD are 65 or older
Types of Cardiovascular Disease
 Hypertension- is high blood pressure, pressure that is continually about the
normal range for a particular person. High blood pressure, is dangerous
because it makes the heart work harder to pump blood to the body and it
contributes to hardening of the arteries or atherosclerosis and the
development of heart failure.
 Blood pressure is the force of blood pushing against blood vessel walls. The
heart pumps blood into the arteries (blood vessels), which carry the blood
throughout the body.
 The exact causes of hypertension are not known. Several factors and
conditions may play a role in its development, including:
 The exact causes of hypertension are not known. Several factors and
conditions may play a role in its development, including:




Normal: Less than 120/80
Prehypertension: 120-139/80-89
Stage 1 hypertension: 140-159/90-99
Stage 2 hypertension: 160 and above/100 and above
 The exact causes of hypertension are not known. Several factors and
conditions may play a role in its development, including:
 Smoking, Being overweight, Lack of physical activity, Too much salt in the
diet , Too much alcohol consumption (no more than 1 to 2 drinks per day) ,
Stress , Older age, Genetics, Family history of high blood pressure,
Chronic kidney disease, Adrenal and thyroid disorders.
Types of Cardiovascular Disease
 Atherosclerosis
The process in which plaque accumulate on artery walls.
 It's the name of the process in which deposits of fatty
substances, cholesterol, cellular waste products, calcium
and other substances build up in the inner lining of an artery.
This buildup is called plaque. It usually affects large and
medium-sized arteries. Some hardening of arteries often
occurs when people grow older.
Plaques can grow large enough to significantly reduce the
blood's flow through an artery. But most of the damage
occurs when they become fragile and rupture.
Plaques that rupture cause blood clots to form that can block
blood flow or break off and travel to another part of the body.
If either happens and blocks a blood vessel that feeds the
heart, it causes a heart attack. If it blocks a blood vessel that
feeds the brain, it causes a stroke. And if blood supply to the
arms or legs is reduced, it can cause difficulty walking and
eventually lead to gangrene.
Types of Cardiovascular Disease
 Diseases of the Heart
 Angina Pectoris- is a chest pain that results when the heart does not get
enough oxygen.
 Arrhythmias- are problems that affect the electrical system of the heart
muscle, producing abnormal heart rhythms. They can cause the heart to
pump less effectively.
 Heart Attack-A heart attack occurs when blood flow to a section of heart
muscle becomes blocked. If the flow of blood isn’t restored quickly, the
section of heart muscle becomes damaged from lack of oxygen and
begins to die.
 Congestive Heart Failure- Congestive heart failure (CHF), or heart
failure, is a condition in which the heart can't pump enough blood to the
body's other organs.
 narrowed arteries that supply blood to the heart muscle (coronary artery
disease )
 past heart attack, or myocardial infarction, with scar tissue that interferes with
the heart muscle's normal work
 high blood pressure
 heart defects present at birth — congenital heart defects.
 Stroke- arterial blockage interupts the flow of blood to the brain a stoke
may occur. Stoke can af
Cancer
 Cancer is the general name for a group of more than 100
diseases in which cells in a part of the body begin to grow out
of control.
 Although there are many kinds of cancer, they all start because
abnormal cells grow out of control. Untreated cancers can
cause serious illness and even death.
 Normal body cells grow, divide, and die in an orderly fashion.
During the early years of a person's life, normal cells divide
more quickly until the person becomes an adult. After that, cells
in most parts of the body divide only to replace worn-out or
dying cells and to repair injuries.
 Cancer cells develop because of damage to DNA. Most of the
time when DNA becomes damaged, either the cell dies or is
able to repair the DNA. In cancer cells, the damaged DNA is not
repaired. People can inherit damaged DNA, which accounts for
inherited cancers.
 Many times though, a person’s DNA gets damaged by things in
the environment, like, chemicals, viruses, tobacco smoke or too
much sunlight.
Tumor
 Tumor is an abnormal mass of tissue that has
no natural role in the body.
 Some tumors are benign- noncancerous
 Some tumors are malignant- cancerous,
spread though neighboring tissues and through
the blood or lymph to other parts of the body.
 Metastasis- the spread of cancer from the point
where it originated to other parts of the body.
Type of Cancer
 Lymphomas are cancers of the immune
system
 Leukemias are cancers of the blood forming
organs
 Carcinomas are cancers of the glands and
body linings, including the skin and the linings
of the digestive tract and lungs.
 Sarcomas are cancers of connective tissue,
including bones ligaments and muscle
Treating Cancer
 Surgery removes some or all of the cancerous
masses from the body.
 Radiation therapy aims rays from radioactive
substances at cancerous cells. The radiation kills the
cells and shrinks the cancerous mass.
 Chemotherapy uses chemicals to destroy cancer cells
 Immunotherapy activates a person immune system to
recognize specific cancers and destroy them.
 Hormone therapy involves using medicines that
interfere with the production of hormones. These
treatments kill cancer cells or slow their growth
 Remission a period of time when symptoms
disappear
Communicable Diseases
 Allergies-is a specific reaction of the immune
system to a foreign and frequently harmless
substance.
 Asthma-an inflammatory condition in which the
small airways in the lungs become narrowed
causing difficulty in breathing.
Monitor the condition
Manage the environment
Manage stress
 Take medication
Diabetes
Diabetes is a disease in which your blood glucose, or
sugar, levels are too high. Glucose comes from the
foods you eat. Insulin is a hormone that helps the
glucose get into your cells to give them energy.
Type 1, your body does not make insulin. The cause
of also unclear. Treatment includes taking a daily
dose of insulin, either through injections or through a
special pump that is attached to the body.
Type 2 diabetes, the more common type, your body
does not make or use insulin well. Without enough
insulin, the glucose stays in your blood. Treatment of
type 2 includes weight management, and regular
physical activity.
Arthritis
 Arthritis- is a group of more than 100 different
diseases that cause pain and loss of movement in the
joints.
 Osteoarthritis is a disease of the joints in which
cartilage breaks down.
Several strategies reduce the risk of osteoarthritis
 Controlling weight
 Preventing sports injures
 Protecting against Lyme disease- which is spread by the bite of
infected deer ticks

 Rheumatoid Arthritis-is a disease characterized by the
debilitating destruction of the joints due to
inflammation.
The END!!!