Life in the Industrial Age
Chapter 22
Arianna Guiseppone
F period
The Industrial Revolution Spreads
• At the beginning of the Industrial Revolution
Britain was at the top of industry.
• By the mid 1800s other nations had joined them,
and did so quickly because nations such as
Germany, France and the United States had a
more abundant supply of coal iron and other
resources.
• It was also easier for the other countries because
all they had to do was follow Britain’s lead.
• Germany and the United States especially took their spot at
the head of industry.
• Other nations, especially in eastern and southern Europe,
like Russia, didn’t progress as quickly. Russia for instance
didn’t have any useful resources
• The new industrial nations underwent social changes such
as rapid urbanization.
• The factory system produced their products at low prices so
now the common people could afford things they once
could not.
• The demand for goods created jobs along with the building
of city railroads and factories.
• This changed politics because leaders had to now meet the
demands of an industrial society.
• Western powers came to dominate the world more than
ever
New methods of production:
• Interchangeable parts-identical components
that could be used in the place of one another
• -these improved the efficiency of the growing
factory systems
• Assembly line- production method that breaks
down a complex job into series of smaller
tasks
• Technology and Industry:
• In the late 1800s many companies were hiring
professional chemists, biologists, and engineers
to develop new products.
• This sped up the pace of technological change
• Henry Bessemer developed steel. With
adjustments by other engineers to make it
cheaper, steel became the major material used in
tools, bridges and railroads.
• As steel production soared , industrialized
countries measured their success in steel output
• Chemists developed things like aspirin,
perfume, and the first artificial food products.
• Alfred Nobel invented dynamite, which was
much safer than current explosives.
• In the late 1800s Alessandro Volta developed
the first battery and later experiments created
dynamo, which generated electricity. Then
Thomas Edison made the first electric light
bulb.
• By 1890 electricity replaced steam as the
dominant source of industrial power
• Inventions and Improvements:
• Gasoline powered internal combustion engine was
invented and from that Gottlieb Daimler used it to
power the first automobile. France and Germany were
early automakers
• Then Henry Ford made cars that went up to 25 mph
and then he began to use the assembly line
• In 1903 the Write brothers invented the first airplane,
but passenger travel didn’t begin until the 1920s
• Samuel F.B. Morse developed the telegraph. This
inevitably made the world smaller and communication
became even faster
• In 1876 Alexander Gram Bell patented the telephone
and by the 1890s Marconi invented the radio, then
used Morse code to send messages on it
• Corporations- businesses that are owned by
many investors who buy shares of stock.
• They come to dominate industry
• Powerful business leaders created monopolies
and destroyed competing companies.
• Cartel-an association to fix prices, set
production quotas, or divide up markets.
• Reformers called for laws to prevent
monopolies and in the early 1900s same
governments moved for this law
The World of Cities
• Between 1800 and 1900 the population of
Europe more than doubled. This happened
because the death rate fell.
• People were taking better care of themselves and
there were medical advancements and
improvements in public sanitation.
• In 1870 Louis Pasteur clearly proved the link
between germs and disease
• Then he developed pasteurization and a vaccine
for rabies
• Anesthetics came into the world in 1846
• Hospitals were for the most part still unsafe and
unhygienic.
• Joseph Lister- the English surgeon who
discovered how antiseptics prevented infection
and insisted surgeons wash their hands.
• Eventually the use of antiseptics drastically
reduced deaths from infection
• City life came to dominate the West and
changed drastically
• Wide boulevards were built in Paris, which
made it harder for rebels to put up barricades
and easier for troops to reach any part of the
city
• As the century progressed rich people moved
further from cities and the poor people lived
inside cities in slums.
• Improvements in cities: paved streets, sewage
systems, cleaner water, and the usage of steel
• Workers tried to improve the harsh conditions
of industrial life.
• They slowly gained progress and gained:
• -mutual-aid societies to help sick or injured
workers
• -women and men joined social parties or
organized unions
• -governments could no longer ignore them
• Workers won the right to organize unions to
bargain on their behalf
• Unions grew rapidly.
• Governments passed laws and regulations for
the conditions in factories and mines.
• Starting in Germany, western governments set
up programs for old-age pensions and
disability insurance
• Overall the standard of living for workers
improved
Changing Attitudes and Values
• The Industrial Revolution change the old social order in
the western world. With the spread of Industry, a more
complex social structure emerged.
• By the late 1800s Western Europe’s new upper class
included superrich industrial and business families as
well as the old nobility. By tradition, the upper class
held the top jobs in government and military
• The growing middle class was pushing its way up the
social ladder.
• At the base of the social ladder were workers and
peasants
• A strict code of etiquette governed social
behavior.
• Within the family circle, the division of labor
between wife and husband changed. Most
middle class husbands worked in and office
while the wife would raise their children,
direct servants, and possibly doing religious or
charitable work.
• This rarely applied to the lower class women
worked for low wages in factories, along with
taking care of her home and children.
• Across Europe and the United States,
politically active women campaigned for
fairness and marriage, divorce and property
laws
• By the late 1800s married women in same
countries had won the right to control their
own property
• Women’s suffrage-votes for women
• In general suffragists faced intense opposition.
• This lasted in Europe and the United States
until after WWI, although on the edges of the
western world, women made faster strides
• The growth of schools:
• By the late 1800s reformers convinced
governments to set up public school systems
and mandatory education for all children
• More and more children were in school and
education quality improved.
• High schools were also being expanded.
• In general only middle class families could
afford high school for their sons
• Universities also expanded in this period, too
• By the 1400s a few small colleges for women
opened
• The Challenge of Science:
• In the early 1800s John Dalton developed the
atomic theory.
• He showed how different kinds of atoms
combine to make all chemical substances.
• Charles Lyell offered evidence to show that
the earth had formed over millions of years.
• This didn’t agree with biblical accounts of
creation
• Then workers in Germany accidently
uncovered fossilized bones of prehistoric
people, further proving Lyell’s theory
• The Darwin Furor:
• Charles Darwin argued that all forms of life had evolved into
their present state over millions of years
• To explain this he put forward his theory of natural selection,
which was that Natural forces “selected” those with physical
traits best adapted to their environment
• He said over time natural selection would give rise to an entirely
new species.
• This ignited a furious debate between theologians and scientists
• Social Darwinism-The application of Darwinism to the study of
human society, specifically a theory in sociology that individuals
or groups achieve advantage over others as the result of genetic
or biological superiority.
• Racism-the belief that one racial group is superior to another.
This was encouraged by Social Darwinism
• Despite the challenge of new ideas, Christianity
continued to be a major force in western society.
Churches remained at the center of communities
and church leaders influenced political, social,
and educational developments
• Social gospel-a movement that urged Christians
to social service
• By 1878 William and Catherine Boot had set up
the Salvation Army in London. It spread Christian
teachings along with providing social services.
Their daughter helped bring the Salvation Army
to the U.S. and Canada
A New Culture
• Romanticism- nineteenth-century artistic
movement that appealed to emotion rather
than reason
• Realism-artistic movement whose aim was to
represent the world as it is
• Impressionism- school of painting of the late
1800s and early 1900s that tried to capture
fleeting visual impressions
Questions
• Which condition is most necessary to the process of
industrialization in a society?
1. dependence on subsistence agriculture
2. creation of a one-crop economy
3. availability of investment capital
4. capture of foreign lands
Answer
•
3. availability of investment capital
-Europeans sought new markets for their goods.
-Many Europeans migrated to the cities in search of jobs.
-European middle class gained political power.
What was the major cause of these changes in Europe?
1. Industrial Revolution
2. rise of feudalism
3. Congress of Vienna
4. French Revolution
Answer
•
1. Industrial Revolution
• A major result of the Industrial Revolution was the
1. concentration of workers in urban areas
2. increased desire of the wealthy class to share its
power
3. formation of powerful craft guilds
4. control of agricultural production by governments
Answer
1. concentration of workers in urban areas
• As a society becomes more urbanized and
industrialized, it tends to
• (1)develop a more ridged class system
• (2)modify traditional beliefs and customs
• (3)resist cultural diffusion
• (4)depend more on the extended family
structure
Answer
• (2)modify traditional beliefs and customs
• The success of women’s suffrage movement
in the 20th-century Europe resulted in part from
women
• (1) holding high political office
• (2) working in factories during WWI
• (3) being encouraged to have large families
• (4) serving in combat positions during WWI
Answer
(2)
working in factories during WWI