Three Hundred Essential Questions
Global History and Geography
1. On what continent did the first humans appear?
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2. Who was Mary Leakey and what did she believe?
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3. Define the following terms: Archaeologist, Artifact, and Anthropologist.
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4. State two facts about a traditional economy.
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5. Define nomad. Why were early humans nomadic?
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6. Define culture and identify specific characteristics of culture.
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7. What was the Neolithic Revolution?
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8. What were the effects of the Neolithic Revolution?
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9. Define civilization and identify specific characteristics of civilization.
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10. Identify the four early river valley civilizations.
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11. What was Mesopotamia?
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12. List two significant facts about the Sumerians.
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13. Define cuneiform and define ziggurat.
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14. What was the Code of Hammurabi? Prove the following statement: The Code of
Hammurabi was harsh and had class divisions.
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15. Think Ancient Egypt and define pharaoh and hieroglyphics.
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16. Describe urban planning in the cities of Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro of the Indus
River Valley Civilization (Harappan civilization).
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17. Where did China’s earliest civilization develop?
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18. Who invaded the Indian subcontinent around 1500 B.C.E.?
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19. Where did the Persian Empire stretch at its height?
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20. State three significant facts about Athens.
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21. State three significant facts about Sparta.
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22. Describe Athenian democracy (Who voted and who could not vote).
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23. List three accomplishments of the ancient Greek Golden Age (Include one
architectural accomplishment and one philosophical accomplishment).
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24. Who was Alexander the Great and what did he spread?
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25. Describe the Roman republic.
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26. Identify the Twelve Tables of Roman law.
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27. How did Rome change as it became an empire?
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28. What was the Pax Romana?
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29. Who was Emperor Constantine and why was he significant?
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30. State two causes of the fall of Rome.
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31. State three facts about the Mauryan king Asoka.
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32. What were the Pillars of Asoka?
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33. What happened during the Gupta Empire (Include specific accomplishments)?
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34. What was the Mandate of Heaven?
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35. State facts about the Qin dynasty of China.
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36. List the similarities of the Han dynasty of China and the Roman Empire.
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37. What was the Silk Road and provide examples of cultural diffusion on the Silk
Road?
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38. List three Chinese inventions.
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39. Define animism.
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40. Explain the following terms associated with Judaism: Monotheism and the Torah.
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41. Explain the following terms associated with Hinduism: Caste System,
Reincarnation, Karma, Dharma, Brahma, and Moksha.
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42. Explain the following terms associated with Buddhism: The Four Noble Truths, the
Eightfold Path, and Nirvana.
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43. Explain the following terms associated with Confucianism: The Five Relationships,
Inferiors and Superiors, Filial Piety, and the Examination System.
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44. Explain one belief of Daoism.
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45. Explain two Christian beliefs regarding Jesus Christ.
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46. Identify and describe three significant facts about the Mayas, a pre-Columbian
group that flourished in the Americas before the arrival of the Europeans.
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47. What happened to the Eastern Roman Empire after the collapse of the western half
of the Roman Empire in the 5th century?
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48. What was the Code of Justinian?
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49. What form of Christianity was practiced in the Byzantine Empire?
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50. What was the capital of the Byzantine Empire and why did it have a great location
for trade?
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51. List two accomplishments of the Byzantine Empire.
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52. How did the Byzantines influence Russia (Consider cultural diffusion)?
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53. Who was Muhammad and how did he change world history?
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54. What happened to Muhammad in 622? What is the name of this event?
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55. List the Five Pillars of Faith that Muslims follow.
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56. What is the Qu’ran (Koran)?
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57. Why did Islam quickly spread?
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58. List two accomplishments of the Islamic Golden Age.
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59. Describe life in the early Middle Ages or Medieval period.
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60. Define feudalism and explain why feudalism existed in the European Middle Ages.
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61. Define the following terms associated with the European Medieval Period: Manor,
Serf, and Lord.
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62. Why is the Middle Ages often referred to as the Age of Faith?
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63. What did the Roman Catholic Church provide during the Middle Ages?
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64. What were the Crusades?
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65. The Crusades are sometimes referred to as “Successful Failures” for the Europeans.
Why?
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66. List several accomplishments from China’s Golden Age (the T’ang and Song
Dynasties).
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67. Explain to beliefs associated with the Shinto religion of Japan (Include a belief
associated with the emperor).
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68. Describe the Trans-Saharan trade.
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69. Identify the three West African Kingdoms that controlled the Trans-Saharan trade.
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70. Who was Mansa Musa and why did he take a famous pilgrimage to Mecca?
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71. What was Timbuktu and why was it significant?
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72. Identify and describe three significant facts about the Aztecs, a pre-Columbian
group that flourished before the arrival of the Europeans.
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73. Identify and describe three significant facts about the Incas, a pre-Columbian group
that flourished before the arrival of the Europeans.
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74. Who was Chinggis (Genghis) Khan and how did he change world history?
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75. State two facts about Kublai Khan and the Yuan Dynasty of China.
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76. Who was Marco Polo and what did he do?
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77. Describe the extent of the Mongol Empire (What lands did the Mongols conquer?).
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78. Explain the following terms associated with feudalism in Japan: Shogun, Daimyo,
Samurai, and Bushido.
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79. Describe the role of the Japanese emperor during the Japanese feudal period.
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80. How did the Bubonic Plague (Black Death) enter Western Europe?
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81. What were the effects of the Bubonic Plague on Western Europe (Consider direct
and indirect effects)?
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82. What was the Renaissance?
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83. Identify several artists, one philosopher, and one scientist of the Renaissance.
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84. Define secularism.
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85. Define humanism.
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86. Who was Copernicus and what was the heliocentric model of the universe?
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87. What happened in 1453 (Consider Constantinople)?
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88. What was an indulgence?
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89. Who was Martin Luther and why did he challenge the Roman Catholic Church?
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90. What were the Ninety-Five Theses?
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91. Why did some German princes protect Martin Luther?
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92. Who was John Calvin?
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93. What did Johann Gutenberg invent and how and why did his invention help spread
ideas?
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94. What was the Counter-Reformation?
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95. What happened at the Council of Trent?
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96. What was the Inquisition?
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97. Who were the Jesuits?
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98. Provide one fact about each of the following explorers of the European Age of
Exploration: Christopher Columbus, Vasco Da Gama, and Ferdinand Magellan.
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99. What was the Columbian Exchange and how did it change world history?
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100.
Why was Hernán Cortés able to conquer the Aztecs?
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101.
Why was Francisco Pizarro able to conquer the Incas?
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102.
Explain the impact of European diseases on the Native American Indians,
the indigenous peoples of the Americas.
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103.
Describe the class hierarchy or ranking system in colonial Latin America.
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104.
Define the following terms associated with the class hierarchy of Latin
America: Peninsulares, Creoles, and Mestizos.
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105.
How did a dying Native American Indian population impact Africans?
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106.
Explain three facts about the tragic Atlantic Slave Trade.
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107.
Define mercantilism.
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108.
Define capitalism.
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109.
What was the Commercial Revolution?
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110.
Explain Divine Right Theory.
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111.
Who was Thomas Hobbes and what did he believe regarding absolutism?
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112.
Why was Louis XIV of France a model of an absolute ruler?
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113.
Define tsar.
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114.
How did Peter the Great change Russia?
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115.
How did Catherine the Great change Russia?
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116.
What was the Magna Carta and how did it limit the power of the king?
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117.
State the most significant effects of the Puritan Revolution and the Glorious
Revolution.
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118.
Who was John Locke and what did he believe?
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119.
Describe the scientific method.
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120.
What did Sir Isaac Newton discover?
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121.
How did the Scientific Revolution change world history?
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122.
What was the European Enlightenment?
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123.
The Enlightenment is also known as the Age of Reason. Why?
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124.
Identify and explain one belief of each of the following Enlightenment
philosophers: Voltaire, Rousseau, Montesquieu, and Adam Smith.
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125.
Identify and explain three facts about the Ottoman Empire (Include a
statement on cultural diversity).
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126.
Where did the Safavids establish an empire (Include the land’s ancient name
and its present name)?
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127.
How did the Mughal rulers of the Indian subcontinent differ from the
majority of their subjects?
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128.
Who was Akbar the Great and why was he significant?
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129.
What is the Taj Mahal and why was it built?
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130.
What was the British East India Company and how did it change India?
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131.
What dynasty ruled after the Yuan Dynasty in China?
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132.
Identify the last Chinese dynasty.
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133.
Identify and explain two causes of the French Revolution.
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134.
Why did the Third Estate declare a National Assembly?
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135.
What was the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen?
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136.
What was the purpose of the Committee of Public Safety and who was its
leaders?
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137.
What happened during the Reign of Terror?
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138.
Why did Napoleon Bonaparte seize power in France?
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139.
What was the Napoleonic Code?
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140.
Why did the invasion of Russia lead to the downfall of Napoleon?
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141.
What did the Congress of Vienna want to restore?
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142.
Who was the most significant leader of the Congress of Vienna?
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143.
Explain the “balance of power.”
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144.
Define nationalism and explain how the French Revolution encouraged
nationalism but the Congress of Vienna discouraged nationalism.
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145.
Who was Toussaint L’Ouverture and how did he change the history of his
nation and the world?
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146.
State two reasons why Latin Americans wanted independence?
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147.
Which social class generally led Latin American independence movements?
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148.
Simón Bolívar is often called the “Great Liberator”. Why?
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149.
What conflicts existed in Latin America after the success of the independence
movements?
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150.
How did the Industrial Revolution change production?
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151.
In what nation did the Industrial Revolution begin?
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152.
What factors encouraged industrialization (Consider energy sources and
resources)?
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153.
Why did industrialization encourage urbanization?
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154.
Define Laissez-faire capitalism.
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155.
What was the Irish Potato Famine?
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156.
Describe working conditions in factories at the start of the Industrial
Revolution.
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157.
What did Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels write?
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158.
What group in society did Karl Marx believe would lead a revolution and
why did he believe this group would lead a revolution?
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159.
According to Marx, who are the proletariat and who are the bourgeoisie?
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160.
Compare and contrast Capitalism and Communism.
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161.
Compare and contrast the Free Market and a Command or Centrally
Planned Economy.
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162.
What do the following individuals have in common: Count Cavour and
Giuseppe Garibaldi?
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163.
Explain Otto Von Bismarck’s policy of “blood and iron”.
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164.
When did Italy and when did Germany achieve independence?
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165.
Who did Tsar Alexander II emancipate in 1861?
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166.
Explain the policy of Russification in Russia.
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167.
What were pogroms?
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168.
State two reasons for the decline of the Ottoman Empire.
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169.
Define imperialism.
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170.
Define Social Darwinism.
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171.
What was the Sepoy Mutiny?
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172.
What was the “Scramble for Africa”?
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173.
List two causes of imperialism.
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174.
What was the impact of European “spheres of influence” in China?
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175.
Explain the causes and effects of the Opium War in China.
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176.
What happened during the Taiping Rebellion?
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177.
What happened during the Boxer Rebellion?
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178.
Why had the Tokugawa Shogunate isolated Japan?
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179.
Who was Commodore Matthew Perry and why did he travel to Japan?
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180.
State three significant facts about the Meiji Restoration.
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181.
What event triggered the alliance system which led to the First World War?
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182.
Identify and explain four causes of the First World War (Consider MAIN).
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183.
Identify the members of the two opposing alliances in the First World War.
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184.
Describe trench warfare.
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185.
What nation withdrew from the First World War in 1917 and what nation
entered the First World War in 1917?
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186.
Why did this nation withdraw from fighting in the First World War in 1917?
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187.
Why did the other nation enter the First World War in 1917?
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188.
Explain two facts about U.S. President Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
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189.
What was the Treaty of Versailles and why was it harsher than the Germans
had expected?
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190.
How did the Treaty of Versailles affect the German people?
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191.
What was the League of Nations?
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192.
Identify and explain two causes of the Russian Revolution of 1917?
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193.
Who were the Bolsheviks and who was Vladimir Lenin?
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194.
What did the Bolsheviks promise the Russian people?
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195.
What happened in Russia after the Bolshevik Revolution?
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196.
What did the Bolsheviks rename Russia after they won the civil war?
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197.
What was Vladimir Lenin’s New Economic Policy?
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198.
Who succeeded Lenin in the Soviet Union?
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199.
Why was the Soviet Union a totalitarian state under Joseph Stalin?
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200.
Where were dissidents and opponents to Stalin’s regime sent?
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201.
Stalin ordered the creation of collective farms. What is a collective farm?
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202.
Why did many peasants oppose collectivization?
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203.
State two facts about Stalin’s Five Year Plans.
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204.
What was the Great Depression?
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205.
Define Fascism.
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206.
Who was Benito Mussolini and how did he change Italy?
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207.
Who was Adolf Hitler and how did he change Germany?
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208.
Define anti-Semitism.
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209.
What was the “Rape of Nanjing”?
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210.
How did the League of Nations fail to prevent the Second World War?
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211.
Define appeasement and explain how it led to the Second World War.
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212.
What event marked the beginning of the Second World War (Consider a
nation that was invaded)?
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213.
What nation launched a surprise attack on Pearl Harbor in December 1941?
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214.
Identify the members of the two opposing alliances in the Second World
War.
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215.
Define genocide and discuss the tragedy of the Holocaust.
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216.
What happened in August in 1945 in Japan?
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217.
What were the Nuremberg Trials and what is a “crime against humanity”?
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218.
What nation occupied Japan after the Second World War and how did this
nation change Japan?
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219.
What was the United Nations and when was it formed?
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220.
Define collective security.
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221.
Why did independence movements and decolonization in Africa and Asia
increase after the Second World War?
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222.
Who was Mohandas Gandhi and what did he believe?
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223.
Provide several facts about Gandhi’s boycott of British Cloth and the “Salt
March”.
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224.
Define civil disobedience.
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225.
Who was Kwame Nkrumah and what nation did he lead to independence?
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226.
Who was Jomo Kenyatta and what nation did he lead to independence?
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227.
Who was Julius Nyerere and what nation did he lead to independence?
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228.
List three significant facts about the Cold War.
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229.
Explain the following terms: Soviet satellites and “Iron Curtain”.
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230.
What was the Truman Doctrine?
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231.
Define containment.
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232.
What was the Marshall Plan and what was its purpose?
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233.
Compare and contrast NATO and Warsaw Pact.
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234.
Who was Mao Zedong and how did he change China?
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235.
What happened to Chiang Kai-shek?
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236.
What were the causes of the Korean War?
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237.
What were the effects of the Korean War?
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238.
State two facts about the Great Leap Forward.
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239.
Why did the Great Leap Forward fail?
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240.
State two facts about the Cultural Revolution.
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241.
Who were the Red Guards and what did they do?
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242.
What happened when Hungarian leaders threatened to leave the Warsaw
Pact in 1956?
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243.
Who was Nikita Khrushchev?
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244.
Why was the Berlin Wall built?
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245.
Who was Fidel Castro and how did he change Cuba?
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246.
What happened at the Bay of Pigs?
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247.
State two facts about the Cuban Missile Crisis.
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248.
Who was Ho Chi Minh and what did he do?
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249.
State two causes of the Vietnam War.
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250.
State two effects of the Vietnam War.
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251.
Define apartheid.
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252.
Describe life in South Africa during apartheid.
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253.
State three significant facts about Nelson Mandela.
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254.
Define Zionism.
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255.
When and why was the country of Israel created?
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256.
How did the Arab nations respond to the creation of Israel?
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257.
Who was Anwar el-Sadat and what did he do?
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258.
State two facts about the Palestinian Liberation Organization.
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259.
What is OPEC?
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260.
State two causes of the Iranian Revolution.
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261.
Who was Ayatollah Khomeini?
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262.
State two effects of the Iranian Revolution.
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263.
Define “Green Revolution”.
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264.
Identify two problems affecting Africa today.
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265.
Identify two problems affecting Latin America today.
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266.
Identify two problems affecting India today.
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267.
State one cause and one effect of overpopulation.
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268.
State one cause and one effect of pollution.
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269.
What is nuclear proliferation?
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270.
When was the nation of Bangladesh formed? Why?
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271.
Who was Mikhail Gorbachev and how did he change the Soviet Union?
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272.
What was Glasnost?
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273.
What was Perestroika?
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274.
Who was Boris Yeltsin and what did he do?
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275.
What happened in the nations of Eastern Europe in the late 1980s and early
1990s?
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276.
What happened to the Berlin Wall in 1989?
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277.
Who was Deng Xiaoping and how did he change China?
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278.
What happened at Tiananmen Square?
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279.
How did apartheid end?
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280.
Who was F.W. De Klerk and what did he do?
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281.
Who was elected President in 1994 in an historic election in South Africa?
Why was the election historic?
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282.
State two facts about the Irish Republican Army (I.R.A.).
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283.
State one cause and one effect of the Rwandan Genocide.
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284.
State one cause and one effect of genocide in the former Yugoslavia.
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285.
What was “ethnic cleansing”?
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286.
Who was Saddam Hussein and why did invade Kuwait?
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287.
How did the United State respond to Hussein’s invasion of Iraq?
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288.
Why did the United States invade Iraq again after the first Persian Gulf
War?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
289.
What happened to Saddam Hussein in 2006?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
290.
State two facts about the Taliban.
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
291.
State two facts about Al-Qaeda and two Osama bin Laden.
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
292.
Why did the United States invade Afghanistan?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
293.
What factors led to the Japanese “economic miracle” in the 1970s?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
294.
What is the European Union?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
295.
What is the Euro?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
296.
Define famine.
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
297.
Who were the Sandinistas?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
298.
Define terrorism.
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
299.
State one cause and one effect of Global Warming.
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
300.
How has the Computer Revolution changed human life?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
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Practice!