1.What circumstances led to the
Industrial Revolution?
2.What role did technology play?
3.What economic & social
conditions arose?
4.What political reforms emerged?
Began in 1750’s in Britain
Time period where:
•Means of production shifted
from hand tools to complex
machines
•Human/animal power to steam
power
•Domestic System (Cottage
Industries) to factory system
1.Agrarian /Agricultural
Revolution- Changes in
Methods of Farming
• Technology- Seed Drill,
Dikes, Fertilizer
• Enclosure- Fencing off large
tracts of land making farming
more efficient
Improves food production
2. Population Explosion- 1700’s
European pop.reaches 190 million
•People eat better, healthier
babies,better medical care
More Demand for goods
3. Energy Revolution•Water wheels power
new machines
•Coal used to fuel steam
engine
Faster production of
goods
1.Land
2.Labor
3.Capital
Natural Resources
Rivers
Harbors
Population Explosion
Unemployed Farmers
Strong Economy
Overseas empire
Willing investors
Political/financial stability
Business friendly government
Flying Shuttle
Spinning Jenny
Waterframe
Spinning Mule
PowerLoom
Cotton Gin
Steam Engine
Steamboat-Robert Fulton
Macadam Roads-Turnpikes
Railroads- Promoted other industries
Factors of Production- Land,
Labor, & Capital
1.Geography
2.Population growth & change
3.Capital for investment
4.Role of Government
Large amount of Natural
Resources
•Coal & Iron Ore
Rivers
•Transportation & power
Island Nation
•Many natural Harbors for
trade
High availability of
Labor
•Growth in
population
•Fewer farm
laborers needed
•Overseas empire made economy
strong (Natural Resources &
Markets)
•Middle class willing to invest in
mines, railroads & factories
•Stable government
•Good banking system
•Promoted experimentation
•Passed laws to protect
business
Rural Society
Based on
Agriculture
Urban Society
based on
manufacturing
Shift from rural to city life
Growth of factories bring job
seekers
•Domestic System
Factory System
Cities grow near sources of energy
•Cities double/triple in size
•Manchester, Liverpool,
•Change from Cottage Industries to
Factory System
•Unsafe Conditions/dangerous
machinery
•Long Hours/six days a week
•Little ventilation
•Child Labor
•Low Wages
•Harsh punishment
Lacked adequate housing
•Dirty one room tenements & row
houses
•No running water
No police force
Unsanitary conditions
•Unpaved streets/pollution
•No sewage or sanitation systems
Disease spread rapidly
Industrial Revolution brought
new wealth
•Rich middle class emerged
•Wealthy Merchants & Factory
owners grew wealthier than
landowners & aristocrats
•Upper Middle Class
•Government employees,
doctors, lawyers, managers
•Lower middle class
•Factory overseers, toolmakers,
printers
Wealth did not trickle down
Lower class workers remained
poverty stricken
Resentful mobs rioted
Luddites-Groups of resentful
workers who smashed machines
that put them out of work,
Progress increased gap between
rich & poor
•Some felt government should
stay out of business & economic
affairs
•Others felt government should
play an active role
•“Wealth of Nations” (1776)
•Promoted Laissez Faire
capitalism economics
(Let do)
•Capitalism- money is invested in
business to make a profit
•Business should operate w/ little or
no govt. interference
•An Essay on the
Principle of population
(1798)
•Population will
increase more rapidly
than food supply
•W/out wars or
epidemics most would
become poor &
miserable
•Principles of Political Economy &
Taxation (1817)
•Permanent underclass would be poor
•Wages would be forced down as
population increased
Smith, Ricardo & Malthus
were all against government
involvement
•Free market capitalism created social
inequality
•Government must take action to
improve people’s lives
•Concentrated on the interests of
society rather than the individual
•Farms & businesses should belong to
all the people not individuals
Government actions are
only useful if they promote
the greatest good for the
greatest amount of people
Promoted by Jeremy
Bentham & John Stuart
Mill
•Sought to create selfsufficient communities
•All property & work
would be shared
•Since all wealth would
be equal- fighting would
end
Robert Owen
•“The Communist
Manifesto” (1848) by Karl
Marx & Friedrich Engels
•Scientific Socialism
•Ideas would inspire
communist revolutions in
China, Russia, & Cuba
History was a struggle between
wealthy capitalist & working class
•The Haves Vs. The Have Nots
• Capitalist (Bourgeoisie) took
advantage of the Proletariat
(Working Class)
•Proletariat would eventually rise up
& overthrow capitalist society
•A “dictatorship of the Proletariat”
would rule
•Means of production would be
owned by the people
•Wealth would be shared equally
•Eventually government would
wither away & a classless society
would emerge
Marxism lost its appeal in 1800’s
as working conditions improved
•Voluntary associations known as
unions pushed for labor reforms in
the 1800’s
•Spoke for all workers in a
particular trade
•Engaged in collective bargaining
•Negotiations between labor &
management
•If negotiations broke down
members would strike
•First Unions were skilled
workers & benefited the middle class
•At first Unions were outlawed
•Combinations Act of 1799 & 1800
•Viewed as a threat to social order
•After 1825 Unions were tolerated
•Factory Act of 1833Minimum age &
maximum hours for
children
•Mines Act of 1842Women & children could
not work underground
•Ten Hours Act- limited
the workday for women
& children
•Abolishment of Slavery- 1833
(Britain)
•Morally wrong
•Economic threat
•Women’s rights movements grew
•Free public schooling became
available
•The Industrial Revolution
brought about many Economic,
Social, & Political Changes
•Increased Production leads
to higher demand for raw
materials & markets
(Imperialism)
•Rise of big business
•Laissez-Faire Economics
replaces mercantilism
•Advances in transportation,
agriculture, &
communications
Urbanization
•New Jobs
Harsh Labor & working conditions
New Class structure
•Loss of Family stability
•Expansion of middle class
•Improved standard of living for
some
•Reform laws passed
•Labor laws, Slavery, public
schooling
•Trade Unions Grow
•Social reform Movements appear
•Utilitarianism, Utopianism,
Socialism, & Marxism
•Upset Balance of Power
•Imperialism,Militarism
•Began in England in 1750’s
•Parliament passes laws to
prevent spread of industrial
knowledge
•By mid 1800’s moves beyond
Britain
•New powers emerge & compete
for wealth
•Markets & resources
Similar to British Industrialization
•Rivers, Ports, Coal & iron,
immigrant laborers
Gain knowledge of British industry
through espionage
•Samuel Slater builds spinning
machine from memory
•First factory Pawtucket, Rhode
Island
•Textile factories emerge in the
Northeast
•Railroads expand industry
•Industrialization
corporations
•Business owned by stockholders
with limited personal responsibility
•The Age of Big business
•The rich get rich & the poor
remain poor
•Yearned to experience the British
Miracle
•Factors impeding industrialization
•French Revolution & Napoleonic
Wars
•Political divisions
•Social divisions
•Geographic shortcomings
•Belgium leads the way
(1799)
•Textile industry
emerges
•Rich in iron &coal,
plentiful waterways
•France’s industrial
growth emerges after
expansion of railroads
(1850)
•Economically & politically divided
•Pockets of industry sprout up
•Coal rich Ruhr Valley
• Railroads link industrial centers
•Industrialism fuels militarism
•Policy of Blood & Iron
•Emerges as an industrial giant
•Upset balance of power
•Widens economic gap between
Industrialized & non-industrialized
nations
•Europeans economically
superior to Asia & Africa
•Leads to the rise of imperialism
•Search for raw materials &
markets
Conditions
in Industrial Europe
Urbanization
Factory System
Long Hours – 14-16 per day
Dangerous Conditions
Harsh and severe discipline.
Overworked and underpaid!
• Emerging Class System
–Growing middle class of factory
owners, shippers, and merchants
–Lower middle class of factory overseers
and skilled workers.
–Unskilled positions lowest class {left
out of the rise of Standard of Living!}
Reform Movements
Workers fight for their rights!
What is a union?
Methods Used by Unions?
At first unions were made
illegal by the Combination
Acts of 1799/1800. {these
are later repealed in 1824}
Abolition Occurs
In Europe
• Abolition – the end of
slavery
• William Wilberforce
• When did the slave trade
begin?
• Morality VS Economy
Government Regulation
• Factory Act of 1833
• Mines Act of 1842
• Ten Hours Act 1847
Impact Of Industrialization
• New Economic Theories
• {Capitalism VS Socialism}
• Shift in the Balance of Power
{competition between the newly
industrialized nations and the lessdeveloped nations}
• Global Inequality
• IMPERIALISM
Colonial Empires by 1914