Chapter 34 Power Point
Project
By: Kamalpreet Singh
Words to Know for Chapter 34
• Gross domestic Product - the total value of all goods and
services produced by a nation.
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Commune - included several villages, thousands of acres
of land and up to 25,000 people.
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Zaibatsu – powerful banking and industrial families in
Japan in the late 1800’s.
Japan Becomes Economic
Superpower
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In 1945, Japan had suffered the most devastating property damage
of any involved in WWII.
Under General Douglas MacArthur, the American military had two
goals for the occupation of Japan: to destroy militarism and to
ensure democratic government. Japan’s army was disbanded.
Japan would never maintain military forces except for its own
defense.
In 1946, a new constitution was made that stripped the emperor of
its power. Power was vested to the people, who elected
representatives to the diet, or parliament.
The constitution protected basic rights such as freedom of thought,
press, and assembly.
American occupying forces reformed Japan’s education system to
open it to al people.. They emphasized legal equality for all people.
The Americans introduced economic reforms designed to promote
democracy. A sweeping land-reforms program divided u large estates
among tenant farmers. The former owners received payments ,
while peasants owned land for the first time. This change erased
lingering traces of feudalism in Japan.
The American tried to disband the zaibatsu, but the Japanese
resisted., The felt that large firms were needed to compete
internationally.
The Cold War
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By 1950, Japan was on the way to road to recovery. Around the same
time, the cold war was making the United States eager to end the
occupation and turn its WWII enemy into an ally.
As the Cold War erupted in to n armed conflict in nearby Korea , the
united States signed a peace treaty. In 1952, the occupation ended.
Japan and the United States preserved close ties during the Cold
War. The American military operated out of bases that they set up in
Japan.
Japan & its neighbors
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Japan's dependence on the world’s market was due to oil.
Japan’s industries had fed on cheap imported oil.
Japan had to deal with many of its neighbor in the economy world..
Many of theses nations still held bitter memories of World War II.
Especially Southeast Asia who had suffered terribly under Japanese
occupation and many other countries such as China, and Korea.
Japan was slow to apologize for its wartime actions, but it worked
hard to regain their trust.
By 1980’s , Japan was a major investor in China and the emerging
nation of Southeast Asia. 10 years later Japan made a public regret
of the deaths and destruction of the war years.
Japanese Successes
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Japan started to produce its own economic miracle. It produced many
gross domestic products (GDP).
By the 1970’s Japanese cars, cameras, and television sets were sold on
the world market. In later years, Japanese's electronic goods – from
computers and robots were also competing on the world market.
Especially against the western and American products. Many American
automakers felt a threat to their decades of dominance due to many
Americans started to buy Japanese cars.
Japan depended on a small island nation with a few resources on Trade.
It imported oil and other raw materials like iron ore. The reasons of
theses successes were that they built brand new, efficient, modern
factories that out produced the older ones that were used in the west.
Japan also benefited from a well educated and skilled force. Thanks to
the post war education war reforms almost all of Japanese's population
went to high school.
Japanese's workers also saved their pay which gave banks the capital to
invest in industrial growth. Japan also benefited from the restrictions
military. This gave Japan to spend little money on Japan and therefore
invested in the economy
And most of all, Japan’s high tariffs and many regulations kept foreign
imports very low, which gave them a boost from home!
Changing Patterns
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In the past 50 years, Japan enjoyed many economic success. In 1990’s Japan
faced its worst depression since the 1930’s.
Companies had to make cut-backs. Many workers lost the security of
guaranteed lifetime employment.
Japan’s democracy has survived many crisis. The Liberal Democratic party
(LDP) has dominated the government for many years.
The LDP is a coalitions of conservative factions that compete behind the
scenes for top government positions.
In the 1990’s, charges of corruption greatly weakened the LDP.
In Japan today, 80% of Japan’s population live in the cities. The cities are now
getting hugely overcrowded.
Housing in the cities became very expensive, and the space became very
scarce..
Most people in Japan live in a tiny, cramped apartments. Many Japanese
moved to the suburbs but had to travel very far to work.
In 1995, a severe earthquake damaged the city of Kobe. This shook the
Japanese faith in modern “quake-proof” technology. This led to many
questions because the highways and other structures were made by this
technology.
Women of Japan had had legal equality and often controlled the family
finances.
About half the women work outside the home, but most are in low paying jobs
or in family-run businesses.
Fewer women then men get a university education.
Only a handful have moved into higher-level positions in businesses and
government.
From Revolution to Reform in
China
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After WWII, Mao Zedong’s communist forces and Jiang Jieshi’s
Nationalists had bitter struggle for power that had begun in 1940’s. Civil
War had begun until Mao’s forces swept to victory an set up the People’s
Republic of China (PRC).
Reasons of Success:
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Mao won the support of China’s huge peasant population. Peasants had
suffered brutal landlords and crushing taxes. The Communist pledged to
distribute land to poor peasants and end oppression by landlords
Women also supported Mao. The Nationalists had done little to improve
their harsh lives. Women were still seen inferior to men.
The communists rejected the inequalities of the old Confucian society
such as “ Women hold up half the sky”.
Mao’s army was superior to Jiang’s. With the Guerilla tactics they had
perfected against the Japanese in WWII, they out fought Jiang’s armies.
Many educated Chinese saw Jiang’s government as morally and politically
bankrupt.
Many Chinese people were drawn to communism for a new China an end
to domination by foreigners who had humiliated their country for so long.
Remaking Chinese life
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Once Mao was in charge, he was determined to turn things
around. The government drew up five year plans to designed
to increase coal and steel output and develop heavy industry.
• To boost agriculture , Mao distributed land to peasants. He
encouraged them to “speak bitterness” against landlords.
• Mao also built a one-party totalitarian state like Lenin. The
Communist ideology replaced the Confucian beliefs an
traditional religions.
• To increase literacy, reformers simplified Chinese
characters, making it easier to learn to read and write.
Schools were opened for young and the old.
• Under China’s new constitution women won equality under
the law. They were expected to work alongside men in fields
and factories. Although they made progress, they did not get
the same pay as the men, and only a few got promoted.
• In 1958, Mao launched the “Great leap Forward”. He urged
people to make an effort to increase the farm and industrial
output. That lead him to make communes..
China and the Cold War
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The rift between the USA and China deepened when they
supported opposing side. For many years, USA tried to
isolate China because they felt that they were spreading
communism to Asia, but however in 1958 they finally got
admission to the United Nations.
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A year later, President Nixon met with Mao in Beijing and
tried to open the doors to improved relations.
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China and the Soviet Union and very good friendships but
also had many differences. Mao and Stalin disagreed in
many things, especially ideology. Mao had adapted
Marxism.
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Marx had predicted that industrial working class would
cause a revolution, since China had very little industry,
so Mao relied on his peasant workers then factory worker
to make an revolution. Stalin rejected theses views
despite theier very good friendship.
China after Mao
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Mao Zedong died in 1976. Despite his disastrous mistakes, he remained
the revolutionary hero who had restored order, ended foreign reign, and
made China a world power again.
After Mao, more moderate leaders controlled China, therefore setting
China on a new path.
BY 1981, Den Xiaoping, a practical reformer was more interested in
raising output than in political purity.
Deng backed a program called the four modernization. It emphasized
agriculture, industry, science, and defense,
As, part of the four modernization, Deng introduced economic reforms,
including some private ownerships of property and free market policies.
In agriculture, peasant families were allotted plots of farmland that
replace communes.
By the late 1980’s, Chinese people were demanding more political
freedom. IN May 1989, demonstarters occupied Tiananmen Square and
built a statue called the Goddess of Liberty., and waved banners saying,
“Give us freedom or give us death”. When they refused to disperse, the
government sent in troops and tanks, and killed thousand of
demonstraters and some were tortured to death.
This showed that China’s Communist leaders were determined to
maintain control and for them order was more important then political
freedom.
Greater China: Taiwan
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Taiwan fell to Japan in 1985 during the age of imperialism. Then in 1945
Taiwan reverted to China.
Taiwan’s economy grew at a phenomenal rate. First Taiwan set up a light
industries such as textiles but later, it developed a heavy industries as well.
As trade boomed, industrial cities emerged and the island’s standard of living
rose to Asia’s highest. Encouraged by success the government allowed the
people more freedom.
Business from Taiwan took advantage of Deng Xiaoping’s economy reforms to
invest in the mainland. Many projects in China ‘s coastal enterprises zones
were financed by Taiwan.
Greater China: Hong Kong
•Britain gained Hong Kong during the Opium War, in 1852.Under British rule,
Hong Kong and near by territories grew into center of trades
•In 1949, refugees from Mao’s Communist revolution jammed into Hong Kong .
They provided labor and capital that helped territory boom.
•Today, Hong Kong’s economy is based on trade and light industry such as
electronics and textiles. With many foreign banks and a busy stock market , led
Hong Kong to be a financial center. That wealth helped it to modernize.
•Hong Kong’s amazing growth was due to its location. It was right on China’s
doorstep. Hong Kong Chinese built commercial ties at a time when the People's
Republic was isolated by the world community.
•On July 1, 1997, Britain must return Hong Kong.. The People’s Republic agreed
not to alter Hong Kong’s social or economic system for 50 years and allow it to
be self-government.
Singapore
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The smallest Asian tiger is the city-state of Singapore. It sit on a tiny
island at the tip of the Malay Peninsula in Southeast Asia. This
location gives Singapore a busy shipping route.
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In the 1800’s, the British built a navel base at Singapore which grew
into a center of commerce. Many Chinese, under British rule
brought in to process tin and rubber from Malaya.
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After independence, Lee Kwan Yew ran a highly authoritarian
government based on Confucian traditions. To achieve order, he put
many restrictions on citizens, for example: gum chewing is
prohibited. He also used strict censorship.
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Lee also launched programs for economic growth and social welfare.
BY keeping labor costs low, he attracted foreign capital that helped
Singapore’s economy boom, and boosted its standard of living.
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By 1980’s, Singapore became the worlds busiest harbor from
manufacturing, finance, and trade.
The Two Koreas
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In 1910, Japan annexed Korea and imposed a brutal regime on
the peninsula. After the allied victory of WWII, the USSR and
USA agreed to a temporary division of Korea. North Korea
became a communist ally of USSR and in South Korea, USA
backed an authoritarian but non-communist leader Sybgaman
Rhee.
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In 1950, North Korea invades South, determined to unify the
country under one rule. Backed by the UN, United States
organized a force to help South Korea. The UN forces were
commanded by US general Douglas MacArthur. After landing
troops behind enemy line he drove the invaders back to the 38th
parallel He continued to push towards thee Yalu river on the
border of China.
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Macarthur's success moved China into action. Mao feared an
American invasion. He sent Chinese troops to help North
Koreans and together they p[ushed the UN forces back to the
38th parallel.
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Fighting continued till 1953, when they signed a armistice. That
cease-fire has held more then 40 years. More then a million
North and South Korean troops dug in along the truce line.
American forces also stayed in South Korea to insure peace.
Differences of North and South
Korea
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After the war, the two Korea slowly rebuilt economies destroyed by the
fighting and by years of Japanese occupations. The United States gave
aid to South Korea , while the Soviets helped the North.
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South Korea was ahead of North Korea economically wise. At first, it
exported textiles and inexpensive goods. Then is started to export higher
priced exports such as automobiles.
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Its strong growth was due in part to low wages paid to workers. By the
1990’s, South Korea a economic powerhouse. Workers started to demand
a better pay and the standard of living rose remarkably.
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Under Kim Sung, North Korea recovered form the war. State-owned
industries and collective farms increased output.
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In the late 1960’s , however growth sowed, .Kim’s emphasis on self
reliance kept North America isolated from the world. But its friends like
the Soviets and China , tried out economic reforms in the 1980’s.
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North Korea started to set up nuclear power plants and nuclear weapons,
but under intense pressure from the United States, they agreed to
dismantle them. In exchange North Korea wanted the Unied States to
supply them with oil and begin the process of diplomatic recognition.
Decades of War in Vietnam
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In Southeast Asia, an intense liberation struggle tore apart the region once
known as French Indochina.. It affected nations such as Vietnam, Cambodia,
and Laos. The 30 year conflict had two phases: the battle against the French
and the Cold War conflict.
The first phase of the struggle lasted from 1946 to 1954. In 1946, the French
set out to regain Indochina. Ho Chi Minh, the Vietnamese communist had
peasant support.. With peasant support Ho’s guerrilla fighters slowly wore
down the French and forced them to leave..
By this time, the struggle in Vietnam had become part of the cold war . At a
1954 conference in Geneva, Switzerland, western and communist powers
agreed to a temporary divisions of Vietnam
Ho and the communist ruled the North Vietnam and the United Sates and
leader Ngo Dinh Diem ruled South Vietnam. Cambodia and Laos became
independent nations
The agreement called for elections to reunite Vietnam . The election never
took place because the Americans and Diem feared that the communists
might win.
The second phase of the Vietnam war was from 1956 to 1975. Ho Chi Minh
wanted to unite Vietnam under Northern rule. He supported the Viet Cong,
communist rebels trying to overthrow Diem in South Vietnam.
In 964, USA began bombing targets in North Vietnam. When air raids failed to
force Ho to abandon the war, the United States committed more troops. Even
with massive American help, South Vietnam could not defeat the communist
guerillas and their North Vietnamese allies.
At the same time, American casualties began to grow, President Nixon finally
arranged a cease-fire and began with drawling of American forces in 1973.
Two years later, North Vietnamese captures Saigon, capitol of the south, and
reunited the country.
Tragedy in Cambodia
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During the Vietnam War, fighting went over into neighboring Cambodia. The
North Vietnamese sent supplies through Cambodia to guerrilla forces in South
Vietnam.
In 1969, the United States bombed that route and then invaded Cambodia.
After the Americans left, Cambodian communist guerrillas, the Khmer Rouge,
overthrew the government.
Led by Pol Pot, the Khmer Rouge unleashed a reign of terror. To destroy all
western influences, they drove people from the cities to the people. They
slaughtered more then a million Cambodians. In 1979 Vietnam invaded and
occupied Cambodia. Pol Pot and his followers retreated.. 1993, UN
peacekeepers, supervised elections.
Independence for the Philippines
•In 1946, the island nation gained independence peacefully after five decades of
American rule. The United States, however, exerted a strong influence on the
country through military and economic aid.
•Although the Filipinos constitution set up a democratic government, a wealthy
elite controlled politics and economy.
•Many peasants threw their support behind the Huks, or local communists who
promised land reform. In 1965, Ferdinand Marcos was elected president. Marco
had promised reforms but instead he made himself a dictator.
•Under heavy pressure, Marcos finally held elections in 1986. At the polls,
Corazon Aquino, widow of the slain Benigno, defeated Marcos. When Marcos
tried to overturn the results, people of manila forced him to leave. Under Aquino
and her successors the fragile Filipino democracy survived.
Quiz: Part 1
1)The Great Leap Forward in China and the five-year plans in the Soviet
Union were attempts to increase
A)
B)
C)
D)
Private Capital Investment
Religious Tolerance
Individual Ownerships
Industrial Productivity
2) The main reason the Chinese Communists gained control of mainland
China in1949 was that
A)
B)
II
C)
D)
they were supported by many warlords and upper class Chinese
the United States had supported the Chinese Communist Party during World War
the dynamic leadership of Mao Zedong had the support of the peasant class
they had superior financial resources and were supported by Japan
3) During the 1980’s, the Chinese government adopted policies designed to
A)
B)
C)
D)
Increase industrial productivity
Reestablish Confucian traditions and values
Gain colonies throughout east Asia
maintain its isolation from world events
Quiz: Part 2
1)After World War II, the Chinese Communists were successful
in their revolution mainly because the
A)
B)
C)
D)
United States refused to support the Nationalists
Communists had the support of the peasants
Communist had more technologically advanced weapons
Nationalists had been defeated by Japan
2) A major reason of the success of the Communist revolution
in China was that the Communist
A)
B)
C)
D)
Stressed Buddhism
in their Military training
Included important businessmen in their ranks
Promised land and power to the peasants
Fought successfully against the United States in WWII
Answers to Quizzes
QUIZ # 1
1)
2)
3)
D: Increase productivity
C: The dynamic leadership of Mao Zedong had the support of
the peasant class
A: Increase industrial productivity
QUIZ # 2
1)
2)
B: Communist had the support of the peasants
C:Promised land and power to the peasant class
THE END!!