The Industrial Revolution
Begins
1750-1850
By: Ricardo Guevara
Section 1: Dawn of the Industrial
Revolution
 Industrial Revolution began in Britain and
soon spread across the world.
 It was viewed as a turning point in history
changing the way people lived, worked, and
thought of life.
 An “energy revolution” triggered the
beginning of the Industrial Revolution.
Why a turning point in history?
 During the 1700s, people worked on land,
lived in cottages, and had no electricity.
 With the growing number of people, the rural
way of life disappeared.
 New jobs were offered because factories
were built and people traveled by train or
steamship.
 New advances in technology, science,
medicine, and agriculture arose.
The Agricultural Revolution
 The Dutch led the Agricultural Revolution.
 They began using fertilizers and built earthen walls.
 British then began experimenting and came up with new
easier farming techniques.
 Landowners took part in the technique enclosure, which
they fenced off land previously owned by peasants.
 With enclosure, profits rose and more crops were grown.
 Small farmers were forced to move into cities to find new
jobs.
Rise in Population
 The Agricultural Revolution caused the
population to rise.
 The population of Europe rose from 120
million to 190 million in just 70 years.
 This growth was due to the fact that less
people were starving because they had
more crops.
 People ate healthier, hygiene was improved,
and medical care improved.
Another Trigger
 A third trigger of the Industrial Revolution
was the “energy revolution.”
 Water mills and windmills were invented.
 People also found ways to use coal as a
source of energy.
Section 2: Britain Leads the Way
 Britain began the industrial revolution because
they had natural resources, human resources,
political and social conditions, and economic
conditions.
 New technologies in the iron industry were key to
the Industrial Revolution.
 Textiles were improved, more factories were built,
and new inventions were made.
 Transportation was improved both on land and
sea.
Why did it begin in Britain?
 Britain had a large amount of coal to power
steam engines and iron.
 With the many people fleeing from their
farmlands and moving into the cities,
Britain’s factories had a large amount of
people that could work.
 Britain was a very wealthy nation.
 Britain had a stable government who
supported economic growth.
The Need for Iron and Coal
 Iron was needed for machines and steam
engines.
 The Darby family developed Britain’s iron
industry and also produced better quality
and cheaper iron.
The Growth in Factories
 More factories were built.
 John Kay invented a machine that could
weave cotton quicker.
 James Hargreaves invented a machine
called the spinning jenny that would weave
the cotton into thread.
 These machines were placed into factories
and made working easier.
The Revolution of Transportation
 There were major transportation changes on both
sea and land.
 Turnpikes, or privately built roads that charged a
fee to travelers who used them, were built.
 The steam locomotive was a very important
invention in that it could transport a large amount
of goods and people from one place to another.
 Others applied steam power to improve ships.
Sections 3: Hardships of
Early Industrial Life
 The Industrial Revolution brought new changes
to lifestyles for the people of the age.
Urbanization occurred and new problems arose.
 Massive work was completed in a new system of
factories causing the need for several thousands
of workers.
 Along with men, women and children were
forced to manage machinery. Long hours, short
breaks, poor ventilation, and no chance of
worker protest was an all too ordinary day for a
worker during the beginning of this era.
The Factory System
 Massive needs of factories forced the creation of
cities housing workers, exploding almost overnight
 Women and children were forced to work to
support their families. They were smaller than men
and could be paid lower amounts than the men.
 Work hours were long usually ranging from 12 to
16 hours. This caused horrid conditions.
 Reforms were hard to accomplish during the era,
slowly, however, Parliament introduced reforms.
Working Class
 Former farmers became the new workers in
factories. They were forced to horrid conditions.
 When machines started being used, artisans and
skilled workers began using jobs. This caused
riots, with people destroying machines and laying
holocaust to factories. Labor unions were
eventually forbidden and outlawed for several
years.
 John Wesley set up the Methodist Church in the
mid-1700s. Methodism preached of forgiveness
and comfort, this being opportune for the new
group of seriously mistreated workers.
Middle Class
 This class arose from entrepreneurs,
artisans who figured how to accomplish
things faster, and some who rose from
nothing.
 These families dressed in the styles of the
day and ladies conformed to the ideas of the
day.
 The middle class worked hard, and valued
getting ahead.
Benefits and Problems
 Urbanization caused new cities to form almost
over night, causing influxes of people in small
areas.
 Low pay, bad working conditions, long hours, and
most of the family working were characteristic to
most workers of the age.
 The Industrial Revolution allowed for extra money
however, and allowed for slight enjoyment by
allowing poorer people to afford newspapers, or
train rides.
Section 4:New Ways of Thinking
 Laissez-Faire, the belief that governments should
not interfere with the economy, was embraced by
business people of the time.
 Utilitarianism, the belief that the goal of society is
to bring the greatest amount of happiness to the
greatest number of people.
 Socialism, Marxism, and Communism ideas were
considered during the time, due to the fluctuation
in the amount of workers.
Laissez-Faire
 The belief that governments should not interfere with the
economy was preached by the likes of Adam Smith,
Thomas Malthus, and David Ricardo.
 Adam Smith wrote The Wealth of Nations, and theorized
that free market, would eventually help everyone.
 Thomas Malthus believed that to deal with future food
shortages, population would have to be controlled.
 David Ricardo believed that more children led to lower
wages, theorizing that the poor could never escape
poverty. Higher wages = more children = more labor and
less jobs = less money.
Utilitarianism and Socialism
 Jeremy Bentham preached Utilitarianism, the belief that the
goal of society is to bring the greatest amount of happiness
to the greatest number of people.
 His followers, such as John Stuart Mill, believed actions
were right if they caused happiness and wrong if they
caused pain.
 Socialism, the concept of everyone being equal, with no
property ownership, with the community owning everything
jointly, arose.
 Utopian societies, where socialism was practiced arose,
like Robert Owen’s New Lanark.
Karl Marx
 Karl Marx, a German philosopher, and Friedrich Engels,
published The Communist Manifesto. Communism is a
form of socialism which sees the eventual clash of
employees and employers.
 Marx divided people into different groups, the working
class was called the proletariats or have-nots, and the
wealthy groups were called the haves, who possessed
most of the power and luxuries. The two have clashed over
the centuries.
 Marx hoped for a world revolution, calling all proletariats to
rise up against the have-nots. People however, had more
connections and loyalty to their connections then to a world
revolution.
Regents Questions
1.
Which condition is most necessary to the process of industrialization in a society?
1. dependence on subsistence agriculture
2. creation of a one-crop economy
3. availability of investment capital
4. capture of foreign lands
2.
According to Karl Marx, history is the record of the
1. granting of more political liberties to all people
2. struggle between classes in society
3. wars and conflicts between national leaders
4. increasing prosperity brought about by industrialization
Regents Questions
3.
A main idea of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engles’ Communist Manifesto is that the proletariat
1. would need foreign help to achieve its revolutionary ends
2. had to cooperate with the capitalists to gain economic rewards
3. should allow the capitalists to control the means of production
4. must unite to overthrow the capitalist class
4.
“Revolution will occur more and more frequently in the industrialized nations as the proletariat
struggles to overcome the abuses of the capitalist system.”
This quotation reflects the ideas of
1. Charles Darwin
2. Karl Marx
3. Niccolo Machiavelli
4. John Locke
Regents Questions
5.
“The proletarians have nothing to lose but their
chains…Workers of the world, unite!”
This statement was made in response to conditions
resulting from the
1. Protestant Reformation
2. Counter-Reformation
3. Commercial Revolution
4. Industrial Revolution
Answers
1.
Which condition is most necessary to the process of industrialization in a society?
Answer: 3 (availability of investment capital)
2.
According to Karl Marx, history is the record of the
Answer: 2 (struggle between classes in society)
3.
A main idea of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engles’ Communist Manifesto is that the
proletariat
Answer: 4 (must unite to overthrow the capitalist class)
4.
“Revolution will occur more and more frequently in the industrialized nations as the
proletariat struggles to overcome the abuses of the capitalist system.”
Answer: 2 (Karl Marx)
5.
“The proletarians have nothing to lose but their chains…Workers of the world, unite!”
Answer: 4 (Industrial Revolution)