Chapter 1
 Do
you believe more in freedom,
order, or equality? Write a paragraph
(at least 5 sentences) explaining your
answer. Write this question along with
the answer.
 You need to do this in your portfolio
(notebook). You will have at least 2
scenarios per chapter. Put the
scenarios on the same page in that
chapter of your portfolio.
2
 Graded

on:
 Scenario paragraphs (minimum 5 sentences
each)
 Chapter Assignment
 Notes – you must take at least some notes
each day of lecture. Write down the most
important things you need to remember/study
 3 current events relating to chapter paragraphs
Turn in on test day
3
Chapter 1
Scenario 2:
Read Page 3-4. Is
income inequality a
proper issue for
government to
address, or should
government not be
concerned with the
gap between the rich
and the poor?
Answer in a
paragraph.
4
 To explain the workings of government
 To enable students to evaluate policy
decisions and relationships
 Politics at home and abroad
 Individual freedoms vs. personal security
 Individual freedom vs. social equality
5
 Do
you like being told what to do?
 Do you like being coerced into acting
a certain way?
 Billions of people accept power of
government…what side of road to
drive, what constitutes a contract,
how to dispose of waste, taxes, etc.
 Why???
6
 Organization
using legitimate use of
force (including firearms, imprisonment, and
execution) within specified geographical
boundaries to control human
behavior. Organization/agency
authorized to exercise that force
7
 Concept of government has evolved
 Initially territorial in nature
 Idea of national sovereignty
 Is U.S. sovereignty threatened by
globalization (interdependence of
nations across the world)?
 International Criminal Court
 (soldiers/death penalty)
Should the U.S. be above international law if
sovereignty compromised (9/11)
8
 To
live under a government that
fiercely protects individual freedom
OR one protecting against
physical/economic threats?
 To let all citizens keep same share of
income or to tax wealthier people
more to fund programs for the poor?
 (Discuss with your __ partner)
9
 Citizens
and nations differ in degree
of globalization
 KOF study places U.S. at 27 of 181
 The U.S. closely tied to both friends
and former enemies in worldwide
economic, social, and political
network (China, Russia, OIL)
10







Income Equality in
Global Politics
Income Ratios
See page 6
Compared with 33
other democracies,
the U.S. ranks near
the bottom in the ratio
of income received
by the top 10% vs.
the other 90%
Top 10% takes in 5.9
times as much as all
the rest of society.
Only 4 other countries
had a more unequal
income distribution.
What are some
explanations for this?
11
 Citizens must surrender some freedoms
to be provided services by a government
 Governmental control vs. personal
freedoms
 Most willing to give up some freedoms
for governmental benefits
12
Rosa Parks 1955. Is this equality? Is equality a purpose of government?
13
1. To maintain order
 Hobbes – focused on peoples’ safety/survival
 Locke – wanted life, liberty, and property
 Marx – ownership of land and production to the
people/government (Communism)
2. To provide public goods
 Usually for things not likely to be provided by
individuals
 Controversial as to what goods or services
appropriate (Is bailout public good?)
3. More recently in the U.S., to promote equality - $$?
 Controversial: policies promoting equality by redistributing
income (taking from wealthy, giving to poor)
14
 “From
each according to his ability, to
each according to his needs” – Karl
Marx
 Minimum Wage increase 2007
 $5.15 – $7.25
 Is this redistribution?
 Social
rights
Equality – same sex marriage
15
16
17
18
This engraving is from the 1651 edition of Leviathan, by Thomas Hobbes. It
shows a sovereign holding a sword and a scepter of justice. He watches over
an orderly town, made peaceful by his absolute authority. But note that the
sovereign’s body is composed of tiny images of his subjects. He exists only
through them. Hobbes explains that such government power can be created
only if people “confer all their power and strength upon one man, or upon one
assembly of men, that may reduce all their wills, by plurality of voices, unto 19
one will.”
 Most
governmental decisions based
on a tradeoff in values
 What values a government decides to
pursue grouped in three categories:
 Freedom
 Order
 Equality
20
 Two categories for models of democratic
government:
 Majoritarian democracy
 Pluralist democracy
More in Chapter 2
21
 Freedom,
order, equality….what do
these words mean to you?
 Do they have positive/negative
connotations?
22
 Two basic types of freedom:
 Freedom of, or freedom to do things
without constraints (absence of constraints)
 Freedom from oppression or exploitation
 These concepts also described as liberty
and equality
Freedom of = freedom
Freedom from = equality
23
Norman Rockwell paintings – became famous posters during WWII.
Reminder of what they were fighting for.
Which of these four freedoms would resonate best today in America?
Which the least? Why?
FDR before
WWII..see
page 12-13
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 Can be viewed narrowly as preservation
of life and protection of property or
broadly as preserving social order
 Social order generally held to be the
traditional or accepted way of doing things
 Protections via police powers
 Balance between protections and civil
liberties sometimes difficult to achieve
Is preserving social order a function of government?
25
1980s – banning smoking in public places
 1990s – porn on the Internet
 After 9/11/01 – deterring terrorism
 2009 – Christmas Day bomber – full body
scanners
 2013 – NSA – surveillance on Americans
 What other recent examples can you think
of?

26
 According
to your text:
 Preserving life
 Protecting property
 Maintaining traditional social
relationships
27
Compared
with other
nations,
Americans do
not value
order very
much, but do
favor
protecting
freedom of
speech.
28
 Used in many different senses
 Basic definition of political equality is
one person, one vote
 Do some people have “more” than one vote?
 Some expand definition to include social
equality, or equality in wealth,
education, and status
 Equality of opportunity vs. equality of
outcome
29

Equality of Opportunity: Each person is
guaranteed the same chance to succeed
in life
 A right/Theory

Equality of Outcome: Society must ensure
that people are equal, and governments
must design policies to redistribute wealth
and status so that economic and social
equality is actually achieved.
 Results
30
 Constitution
prohibits titles of nobility
 And does not make owning property a
requirement for voting or holding office
 Public
schools and libraries open to
all
 Equal opportunities for advancement
 Other examples?
31
Does this clash
with the concept
of freedom?
Redistribution?
Comparable funding for men’s and
women’s college sports.
 Affirmative action programs to increase
minority hiring
 Federal laws requiring employers to pay
men and women equally for equal work
 Affirmative action in preferential treatment
of minorities in college admissions

32
While they still have a long way to go, women are being treated more
equally in the military. Although not allowed in units engaged in direct
combat, they often find themselves in battle and even killed. As of
February 2009, 102 female soldiers had been killed by hostile fire in
Iraq, more than 2x as many women killed in the military from the end
of WWII to the start of the Iraq War.
33
 Date
this ___ and put in your portfolio.
 I will put you in 4 groups. Each group
needs to come up with 3 arguments
related to equality in the military.




Group 1: Why women should participate in combat
Group 2: Why women should NOT participate in combat
Group 3: Why homosexual men/women should be allowed to
openly serve
Group 4: Why homosexual men/women should NOT be
allowed to openly serve
List your arguments in your portfolio under ___.
34


Order and equality valuable, but require
limitations in individual freedoms
Original dilemma was freedom vs. order;
has evolved to encompass more issues
 Personal safety, whether from attack or diseases
like AIDS
 Other issues such as capital punishment and
access to controversial videos on YouTube

Strengthening one value takes away from
the other
See 2013 survey
results on page 16
35
 Modern dilemma is freedom vs. equality
 Values clash when government makes
policies to enforce equality
 Equal pay for women and men
 School busing
 Discrimination based on many things,
including DNA
 Americans more likely to choose
freedom over equality
36
Opinions about the merits of various
public policies differ greatly
 Some persons have values and beliefs
that produce contradictory opinions
(based on self - interests)
 Other persons have a consistent political
ideology (a consistent set of values and beliefs about the proper

purpose and scope of government)

Different political ideologies form a
continuum (see next slide)
37
38
 Totalitarianism – unlimited power;
controls everything; “Big Brother”;
Hitler; Stalin
 Socialism – Government controls basic
industries. Allows more room for private
ownership than communism
 Strong gov role in economy
 Democratic socialism – gives civil liberties
(Western Europe)
 Communism – usually totalitarian
39
 Capitalism – free enterprise
 railroads, airlines, tv stations owned privately
 Libertarianism – Very limited government
(only protecting life/property)
 Gov should not promote order or equality
 Traffic laws = yes; helmets/seat belts = no
 Laissez faire – let people do as they please
40
 Anarchism – opposes all government
 Pure anarchy objects to even traffic laws
 Government an unnecessary evil used by
wealthy to exploit everyone else
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42
 Which
of the previous ideologies on
page 23-25 do you align with?
Explain why giving examples of things
you agree on.
43
Practical politics in the U.S. ranges over
the center of the ideological continuum
 The extremes of political thought rarely
argued in public debates
 Most Americans either liberals or
conservatives

 Differences center on role of government
44
 Historical differences were government’s
role in delivering public goods
 Today, differences focus on the purpose
of government
 Conservatives support maintenance of
social order
 Liberals want government to promote
equality
45
 Government
spending on public goods
 Conservatives – less
 Liberals – more
 Conservatives
– swifter punishment
 Also preserving traditional social patterns
– more tolerant of alternative
lifestyles (homosexuals)
 Liberals
46
 Conservatives
may not oppose
equality – just don’t value it.
 They don’t think it’s a government role
 Liberals think government sponsored
equality is valid and necessary
47
Gives a good synopsis of what conservatives value
(Democrats probably disagree with this picture)
48
Republicans probably don’t like the tone of this sign.
49

Accurate classifications require looking at
values of freedom, order, and equality
 Libertarians value freedom more than order or
equality
 Liberals value freedom more than order, but not
more than equality
 Conservatives value freedom more than equality,
but are willing to restrict it to preserve social order
 Communitarians favor programs that support both
order and equality
50
How much freedom
should be sacrificed in
pursuit of order and
equality?
Libertarians and
Communitarians are
consistent in their attitude
toward scope of
government activity.
Liberals & conservatives
favor or oppose
government activity
depending on its purpose.
51
 Which
of the values (Libertarian,
Liberal, Conservative,
Communitarian) do you consider
yourself? Give examples to explain.
52