The Americans
Chapter 25
Section-1
I. Mobilizing for Defense
A. Americans Join the War Effort
1. Selective Service and the GI
a. After Pearl Harbor, 5 million men volunteer for military service
b. 10 million more drafted to meet needs of two-front war
2. Expanding the Military
a. General George Marshall—Army Chief of Staff—calls for women’s corps
b. Women’s Auxiliary Army Corps (WAAC)—women in noncombat positions
c. Thousands enlist; “auxiliary” dropped, get full U. S. army benefits
Continued…
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Chapter 25
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3. Recruiting and Discrimination
a. Minority groups are denied basic citizenship rights
b. Question whether they should fight for democracy in other countries
4. Dramatic Contributions
a. 300,000 Mexican Americans join armed forces
b. 1 million African Americans serve; live, work in segregated units
c. 13,000 Chinese Americans and 33,000 Japanese Americans serve
d. 25,000 Native Americans enlist
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Chapter 25
Section-1
B. A Production Miracle
1. The Industrial Response
a. Factories convert from civilian to war production
b. Shipyards, defense plants expand, new ones built
c. Produce ships, arms rapidly
— use prefabricated parts
— people work at record speeds
Continued…
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Chapter 25
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2. Labor’s Contribution
a. Nearly 18 million workers in war industries;
6 million are women
b. Over 2 million minorities hired; face strong discrimination at first
c. A. Philip Randolph, head of Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters
d. Organizes march on D.C.; FDR executive order forbids discrimination
3. Mobilization of Scientists
a. Office of Scientific Research and Development— technology, medicine
b. Manhattan Project develops atomic bomb
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Chapter 25
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C. The Federal Government Takes Control
1. Economic Controls
a. Office of Price Administration (OPA) freezes prices, fights inflation
b. Higher taxes, purchase of war bonds lower demand for scarce goods
c. War Production Board (WPB) says which companies convert production
— allocates raw materials
— organizes collection of recyclable materials
2. Rationing
a. Rationing—fixed allotments of goods needed by military
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Chapter 25
Section-2
II. The War for Europe and North Africa
A. The United States and Britain Join Forces
1. War Plans
a. Churchill convinces FDR to strike first against Hitler
2. The Battle of the Atlantic
a.Hitler orders submarine attacks against supply ships to Britain
— wolf packs destroy hundreds of ships in 1942
b. Allies organize convoys of cargo ships with escort:
— destroyers with sonar; planes with radar
c. Construction of Liberty ships (cargo carriers) speeds up
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Chapter 25
Section-2
B. The Eastern Front and the Mediterranean
1. The Battle of Stalingrad
a. Hitler wants to capture Caucasus oil fields and destroy Stalingrad
b. Soviets defeat Germans in bitter winter campaign
— Over 230,000 Germans, 1,100,000 Soviets die
c. Battle a turning point: Soviet army begins to move towards Germany
2. The North African Front
a. General Dwight D. Eisenhower commands invasion of North Africa
b. Afrika Korps, led by General Erwin Rommel, surrenders May 1943
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3. The Italian Campaign
a. Allies decide will accept only unconditional surrender from Axis
b. Summer 1943, capture Sicily; Mussolini forced to resign
c. 1944 Allies win “Bloody Anzio”; Germans continue strong resistance
4. Heroes in Combat
a. African Americans —Tuskegee Airmen, Buffaloes—highly decorated
b. Mexican-American soldiers win many awards
c. Japanese-American unit most decorated unit in U.S. history
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Chapter 25
Section-2
C. The Allies Liberate Europe
1. D-Day
a. Allies set up phantom army, send fake radio messages to fool Germans
b. Eisenhower directs Allied invasion of Normandy on D-Day June 6, 1944
2. The Allies Gain Ground
a. General Omar Bradley bombs to create gap in enemy defense line
b. General George Patton leads Third Army, reach Paris in August
c. FDR reelected for 4th term with running mate Harry S. Truman
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Chapter 25
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3. The Battle of the Bulge
a. October 1944, Allies capture first German town, Aachen
b. December German tank divisions drive 60 miles into Allied area
c. Battle of the Bulge—Germans push back but have irreplaceable losses
4. Liberation of the Death Camps
a. Allies in Germany, Soviets in Poland liberate concentration camps
— find starving prisoners, corpses, evidence of killing
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5. Unconditional Surrender
a. April 1945, Soviet army storms Berlin; Hitler commits suicide
b. Eisenhower accepts unconditional surrender of German Reich
c. May 8, 1945, V-E Day: Victory in Europe Day
6. Roosevelt’s Death
a. FDR dies April 12; Vice President Harry S. Truman becomes president
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III. The War in the Pacific
A. The Allies Stem the Japanese Tide
1. Japanese Advances
a. In first 6 months after Pearl Harbor, Japan conquers empire
b. Gen. Douglas MacArthur leads Allied forces
in Philippines
c. March 1942 U.S., Filipino troops trapped on Bataan Peninsula
d. FDR orders MacArthur to leave; thousands of troops remain
2. Doolittle’s Raid
a. April 1942, Lt. Col. James Doolittle leads raid on Tokyo
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3. Battle of the Coral Sea
a. May 1942, U.S., Australian soldiers stop Japanese drive to Australia
b. For first time since Pearl Harbor, Japanese invasion turned back
4. The Battle of Midway
a. Admiral Chester Nimitz commands U.S. naval forces in Pacific
b. Allies break Japanese code, win Battle of Midway, stop Japan again
c. Allies advance island by island to Japan
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Chapter 25
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B. The Allies Go on the Offensive
1. The Allied Offensive
a. Allied offensive begins August 1942 in Guadalcanal
b. October 1944, Allies converge on Leyte Island in Philippines
— return of MacArthur
2. The Japanese Defense
a. Japan uses kamikaze attack—pilots crash bomb-laden planes into ships
b. Battle of Leyte Gulf is a disaster for Japan
— Imperial Navy severely damaged; plays minor role after
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Chapter 25
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3. Iwo Jima
a. Iwo Jima critical as base from which planes can reach Japan
b. 6,000 marines die taking island; of 20,700 Japanese, 200 survive
3. The Battle for Okinawa
a. April 1945 U.S. Marines invade Okinawa
b. April–June: 7,600 U.S. troops, 110,000 Japanese die
c. Allies fear invasion of Japan may mean 1.5 million Allied casualties
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C. The Atomic Bomb Ends the War
1. The Manhattan Project
a. J. Robert Oppenheimer is research director of Manhattan Project
b. July 1945, atomic bomb tested in New Mexico desert
c. President Truman orders military to drop 2 atomic bombs on Japan
2. Hiroshima and Nagasaki
a. August 6, Hiroshima, major military center, destroyed by bomb
b. 3 days later, bomb dropped on city of Nagasaki
c. September 2, 1945 Japan surrenders
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D. Rebuilding Begins
1. The Yalta Conference
a. February 1945, FDR, Churchill, Stalin meet in Yalta
— discuss post-war world
b. FDR, Churchill concession: temporarily divide Germany into 4 parts
c. Stalin promises free elections in Eastern Europe; will fight Japan
d. FDR gets support for conference to establish United Nations
2. Human Costs of the War
a. WW II most destructive war in human history
Continued…
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Chapter 25
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3. The Nuremberg War Trials
a. Nuremberg trials—24 Nazi leaders tried, sentenced
— charged with crimes against humanity, against the peace, war crimes
b. Establish principle that people responsible for own actions in war
4. The Occupation of Japan
a. MacArthur commands U.S. occupation forces in Japan
b. Over 1,100 Japanese tried, sentenced
c. MacArthur reshapes Japan’s economy, government
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Chapter 25
Section-4
IV. The Home Front
A.Opportunity and Adjustment
1. Economic Gains
a. Defense industries boom, unemployment falls to 1.2% in 1944
— average pay rises 10% during war
b. Farmers prosper from rising crop prices, increase in production
— many pay off mortgages
c. Percentage of women in work force rises to 35%
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Chapter 25
Section-4
2. Population Shifts
a. War triggers mass migrations to towns with defense industries
3. Social Adjustments
a. Families adjust to fathers in military; mothers rear children alone
b. Families must get to know each other again after fathers return
c. Many couples rush to marry before husband goes overseas
d. 1944 GI Bill of Rights or Servicemen’s Readjustment Act:
— pays education; loan guarantees for homes, new businesses
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Chapter 25
Section-4
B. Discrimination and Reaction
1. Civil Rights Protests
a. Racial tensions rise in overcrowded Northern cities
b. James Farmer founds Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)
— works on racial segregation in North
c. 1943 racial violence sweeps across country; Detroit riots worst case
Tension in Los Angeles
• Anti-Mexican zoot suit riots involve thousands servicemen, civilians
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Chapter 25
Section-4
C. Internment of Japanese Americans
1. Japanese Americans Placed in Internment Camps
a. Hawaii governor forced to order internment (confinement) of Japanese
b. 1942 FDR signs removal of Japanese Americans in four states
c. U.S. Army forces 110,000 Japanese Americans into prison camps
d. 1944 Korematsu v. United States—Court rules in favor of internment
e. After war, Japanese American Citizens League pushes for compensation
f. 1988, Congress grants $20,000 to everyone sent to relocation camp
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