401290876
Preliminary:
Not To Be Quoted
Appendix to
The American Invasion of Europe:
The Long Term Rise in Overseas Travel, 1820-2000
Brandon Dupont
Western Washington University
Alka Gandhi
University of Maryland
And
Thomas Weiss
University of Kansas
and
National Bureau of Economic Research
1
401290876
Year
Appendix Table 1
Numbers of Americans Traveling Overseas and Foreign Visitors to the United States, 1820-2000
Combined
OceanArrivals of
U.S
US
Combined
Series on
bound U.S.
US
Travelers Departures Travelers to
Series on
American
Tourists,
Citizens,
Overseas,
of US
All
Foreign
Travelers
1820-1900
1900-70
1919-2000
Citizens,
Destinations
Overseas
Overseas
1908-70
, 1985-2000
Travelers to the
U.S., 1820-2000
(1,000s)
1820
1821
1822
1823
1824
1825
1826
1827
1828
1829
1830
1831
1832
1833
1834
1835
1836
1837
1838
1839
1840
1841
1842
1843
1844
1845
1846
1847
1848
1849
1850
1851
1852
1853
1854
1855
1856
1857
1858
1859
1860
1861
1862
1863
1864
1865
2.0
2.6
1.7
2.0
1.8
2.7
3.2
3.0
2.9
2.1
1.6
1.3
1.2
1.3
2.7
3.4
4.9
5.8
6.4
6.8
8.4
7.7
6.6
4.2
6.3
5.7
4.4
4.6
3.0
2.7
11.3
30.2
26.5
33.3
33.6
30.5
24.8
21.3
22.4
35.3
26.8
24.1
22.3
23.7
26.6
34.7
(1,000s)
2.0
2.6
1.7
2.0
1.8
2.7
3.2
3.0
2.9
2.1
1.6
1.3
1.2
1.3
2.7
3.4
4.9
5.8
6.4
6.8
8.4
7.7
6.6
4.2
6.3
5.7
4.4
4.6
3.0
2.7
11.3
30.2
26.5
33.3
33.6
30.5
24.8
21.3
22.4
35.3
26.8
24.1
22.3
23.7
26.6
34.7
(1,000s)
(1,000s)
1.9
2.5
1.6
1.9
1.7
2.7
3.1
2.9
2.8
2.0
1.5
1.2
1.2
1.3
2.6
3.3
4.7
5.6
6.2
6.6
8.1
7.5
6.4
4.0
6.1
5.5
4.2
4.5
3.0
2.7
10.9
29.4
25.7
32.3
32.6
29.6
24.1
20.7
21.8
34.2
26.1
20.8
22.5
23.5
28.1
39.3
(1,000s)
(1,000s)
(1,000s)
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.4
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
1.2
1.2
1.3
0.9
1.5
1.6
0.8
1.4
0.8
0.8
1.0
0.5
0.8
1.1
1.5
2.4
2.3
3.0
3.7
3.8
3.7
3.7
4.3
2.0
2.1
2.0
1.7
1.2
1.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.2
0.1
2
401290876
1866
1867
1868
1869
1870
1871
1872
1873
1874
1875
1876
1877
1878
1879
1880
1881
1882
1883
1884
1885
1886
1887
1888
1889
1890
1891
1892
1893
1894
1895
1896
1897
1898
1899
1900
1901
1902
1903
1904
1905
1906
1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1916
1917
1918
1919
1920
38.9
40.3
41.3
27.6
34.9
45.0
50.5
49.2
49.2
51.6
49.4
42.7
42.9
56.9
51.8
50.0
54.5
69.3
91.6
100.2
89.0
95.1
98.4
83.7
90.7
91.9
95.1
93.4
68.7
103.7
101.3
98.8
96.4
98.1
124.1
161.8
146.3
144.9
152.4
172.2
182.8
197.6
206.5
223.7
226.9
243.8
247.6
237.5
248.1
198.4
91.5
85.2
46.1
152.0
302.0
38.9
40.3
41.3
27.6
34.9
45.0
50.5
49.2
49.2
51.6
49.4
42.7
42.9
56.9
51.8
50.0
54.5
69.3
91.6
100.2
89.0
95.1
98.4
83.7
90.7
91.9
95.1
93.4
68.7
103.7
101.3
98.8
96.4
98.1
124.1
18.2
39.1
40.1
26.8
33.9
43.7
49.1
47.7
47.7
50.9
48.0
41.5
41.7
55.3
50.3
48.5
52.9
67.3
88.9
97.3
86.4
92.3
95.5
81.2
88.0
89.2
92.3
90.7
66.7
100.7
1.1
1.0
1.5
2.6
3.9
6.6
4.5
3.0
4.0
4.1
5.8
5.6
5.7
6.3
7.0
8.4
9.1
18.0
22.2
24.5
17.5
17.8
17.2
17.3
18.1
13.8
16.0
37.9
30.7
15.6
16.9
16.9
16.8
18.3
20.3
93.6
95.2
120.5
157.1
142.1
140.7
148.0
167.2
177.5
191.8
200.4
217.2
220.3
236.7
240.4
230.6
240.9
192.7
88.8
82.7
44.8
73.5
135.5
152.0
302.0
3
159.9
215.8
271.3
258.5
274.1
256.4
299.5
142.3
87.5
81.2
232.4
194.3
167.6
47.0
81.0
401290876
1921
1922
1923
1924
1925
1926
1927
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
1937
1938
1939
1940
1941
1942
1943
1944
1945
1946
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
294.0
320.0
291.0
351.0
408.0
433.0
471.0
518.0
517.0
538.0
438.0
393.0
300.0
302.0
314.0
381.0
435.0
370.0
282.0
156.0
170.0
71.0
57.0
75.0
117.0
329.0
435.0
495.0
573.0
676.0
684.0
772.0
827.0
912.0
1,075.0
1,239.0
1,369.0
1,398.0
1,516.0
1,634.0
1,575.0
1,767.0
1,990.0
2,220.0
2,623.0
2,975.0
3,425.0
3,885.0
4,623.0
5,260.0
5,667.0
6,790.0
6,933.0
6,467.0
6,354.0
203.7
228.1
287.3
285.5
304.3
359.3
367.9
422.4
441.8
467.3
420.2
326.7
295.8
264.1
275.2
308.0
373.1
392.8
343.1
250.9
169.1
112.1
99.2
101.1
168.7
263.3
428.0
533.5
607.0
651.9
749.7
797.1
921.4
1,009.5
1,167.6
1,281.1
1,365.1
1,469.3
1,804.4
1,920.6
2,043.4
2,199.3
2,433.5
2,786.9
3,100.0
3,613.9
4,073.5
4,645.0
5,457.3
6,208.2
294.0
320.0
291.0
351.0
408.0
433.0
471.0
518.0
517.0
538.0
438.0
393.0
300.0
302.0
314.0
381.0
435.0
370.0
282.0
156.0
170.0
71.0
57.0
75.0
117.0
329.0
435.0
495.0
573.0
676.0
684.0
772.0
827.0
912.0
1,075.0
1,239.0
1,369.0
1,398.0
1,516.0
1,634.0
1,575.0
1,767.0
1,990.0
2,220.0
2,623.0
2,975.0
3,425.0
3,885.0
4,623.0
5,260.0
5,667.0
6,790.0
6,933.0
6,467.0
6,354.0
4
247.5
293.3
260.8
267.1
314.3
360.3
358.3
414.3
414.4
445.5
429.2
350.8
322.6
255.1
265.1
306.1
386.1
393.2
327.8
218.5
163.3
108.5
59.1
60.6
100.5
226.3
446.3
474.0
548.4
651.6
663.8
812.6
923.6
971.0
1,096.1
1,272.5
1,402.1
1,483.9
1,739.0
1,935.0
1,969.1
2,159.9
2,421.3
2,709.2
3,084.9
3,542.8
4,033.3
4,587.4
5,221.6
6,107.3
75.0
53.0
65.0
79.0
65.0
70.0
73.0
78.0
78.0
83.0
66.0
49.0
60.0
75.0
69.0
81.0
96.0
98.0
100.0
81.0
46.0
42.0
50.0
70.0
102.0
117.0
229.0
282.0
258.0
242.0
255.0
296.0
287.0
307.0
332.0
360.0
450.0
472.0
544.0
602.0
624.0
713.0
847.0
1,098.0
1,204.0
1,360.0
1,729.0
1,798.0
2,010.0
2,288.0
2,490.0
2,861.0
3,554.0
3,700.0
3,674.0
401290876
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
6,897.0
7,390.0
7,790.0
7,835.0
8,163.0
8,040.0
8,510.0
9,628.0
11,755.0
12,696.0
12,038.0
13,616.0
14,443.0
14,791.0
15,990.0
14,521.0
15,965.0
17,102.0
18,149.0
19,059.0
19,786.0
21,634.0
23,069.0
24,579.0
26,853.0
6,897.0
7,390.0
7,790.0
7,835.0
8,163.0
8,040.0
8,510.0
9,628.0
11,755.0
12,696.0
12,038.0
13,616.0
14,443.0
14,791.0
15,990.0
14,521.0
15,965.0
17,102.0
18,149.0
19,059.0
19,786.0
21,634.0
23,069.0
24,579.0
26,853.0
34,715
37,158
39,410
40,669
41,138
44,623
41,566
43,898
44,411
46,450
50,763
52,311
52,944
56,300
57,502
60,816
4,456.0
4,509.0
5,764.0
7,230.0
8,200.0
9,069.0
8,761.0
7,873.0
7,528.0
7,537.0
8,860.0
10,535.0
12,512.0
13,999.0
15,060.0
16,156.0
17,791.0
18,661.0
18,458.0
20,639.0
22,659.0
24,196.0
23,698.0
24,466.0
25,973.0
Notes and Sources for Appendix Table 1
Our “Combined Series on American Travelers Overseas” from 1820 to 2000 is a
compilation of several series, each of which measures roughly, but not completely, the same
thing. For the nineteenth century, we used the annual estimates of the “number of ocean bound
tourists” constructed by Douglass North (for 1800 to 1860) and Matthew Simon (1861-1900). 1
From 1900 to 1918 the figures are those for Arrivals of U.S. Citizens, adjusted to be consistent
with the estimates of North and Simon. Thus the figure for Travelers Overseas for those years is
3 percent higher than the number of Arriving citizens to account for the number who remained
abroad.2 From 1919 to 2000, the figures in the combined series are those for U.S. Travelers
Overseas.
Douglass North, “The United States Balance of Payments, 1790-1860,” and Matthew Simon,
“The United States Balance of Payments, 1861-1900,” both in National Bureau of Economic
Research Studies in Income and Wealth, vol. 24, Trends in the American Economy in the
Nineteenth Century, Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1960, pp. 611-19 and 661-75.
2
North, “Balance of Payments,” p. 618; Simon, “Balance of Payments,” p. 664.
1
5
401290876
In all cases, the statistics on passenger travel were obtained from passenger manifests or
lists required by law to be prepared by carriers for vessels and aircraft traveling between the
United States and foreign countries. These lists were to distinguish among arrivals of U.S.
citizens, immigrant arrivals, and transient immigrants. Arrival manifests were first required
under the Act of 1819, while similar manifests of departing passengers were first required under
the Act of 1907. Prior to 1908, statistical information on passenger travel is incomplete,
especially as regards departures.3
The estimates by North and Simon are an imprecise count of the number of tourists who
traveled abroad in any specific year because the number of “Ocean-bound tourists” includes
those traveling for commercial purposes as well as those traveling as tourists. Moreover, they
compiled the series on ocean-bound tourists for 1820 to 1900 in order to estimate the value of
tourist expenditures included in the balance of payments. This required estimates of the number
of tourists abroad during the year, which was not necessarily the number of tourists who departed
that year. Despite the shortcomings of these data for the nineteenth century, they should provide
a reasonable gauge of the general level of tourist travel at the time, its trend over time, and depict
as well the major turning points in travel overseas during the century. And, despite any
differences in concept and scope from the official series for the twentieth century, the linked
series provides a reasonable measure of international travel covering almost 200 years.4
Twentieth Century Series
The series on Arrivals and Departures of US Citizens, 1900-70 (by fiscal year ending
June 30) are from Historical Statistics of the United States, 1975 Series C297 and 300,
supplemented by data for 1900 to 1908 taken from The Statistical Abstract of the United States,
1909, Table 50. The original sources of these data were: 1900-1930, U.S. Bureau of
Immigration, Annual Report of the Commissioner General of Immigration; 1931-1949, U.S.
3
From 1820 through 1855, reports showed the number of United States citizens and the total
number of alien passengers that arrived. During the years 1856 through 1890, data reflected the
arrivals of U.S. citizens returning, immigrants, and non-immigrant aliens. Data relating to the
inward and outward movement of passengers became complete in 1908, when, as the result of
the Act of 1907, departure records were first compiled.
4
The linkage suggested here is not meant to imply that the series are comparable in scope or
accuracy, only that despite the differences, the series are comparable enough to portray the main
trends and fluctuations in international tourism.
6
401290876
Immigration and Naturalization Service, Report of Passenger Travel Between the United States
and Foreign Countries, annual issues; 1950-1970, Annual Report of the Immigration and
Naturalization Service, annual issues. Arrivals from the British North American possessions and
Mexico were not included after July 1, 1885. Prior to that date they were included if they arrived
by ship.
The series on U.S Travelers Overseas, 1919-2000 and US Travelers to All Destinations,
1985-2000 are from Historical Statistics of the United States, Series H: 921 for 1919-1970, and
Statistical Abstract of the United States, various issues, for 1955 to 2000. The combined series
on Foreign Travelers to the U.S., 1919-2000 is made up of Foreign Visitors to the U.S., 1919-70
and Foreign Travelers to the U.S., 1955-2000. These data are from Historical Statistics of the
United States, Series H: 941 and Statistical Abstract of the United States, various issues, for 1955
to 2000.
These series are intended to measure the number of Americans traveling internationally,
and as such attempted to exclude U.S. citizens residing abroad, cruise travelers, crewmen, as
well as military personnel and other Government employees and their dependents stationed
abroad. Before 1985, the series cover only overseas travelers, and thus exclude travel over
international land borders to and from Canada and Mexico, and travel between coterminous
United States and Alaska, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, and Virgin Islands.
Nineteenth Century Estimates
North and Simon estimated the stock of U.S. tourists abroad by inflating the number of
U.S. citizens returning in each year to account for those who may have remained abroad. To
estimate ocean-bound foreign tourists in the United States, they adjusted the total number of
passengers arriving to account for those who were immigrants to the U.S., transmigrants,
primarily to Canada and the West Indies, and Canadian and Mexican tourists and farm laborers.
The numbers of Ocean-bound U.S. Tourists and Ocean-bound Foreign Tourists for the
period 1820-1860 were calculated from data reported in Douglass North, “The United States
Balance of Payments, 1790-1860,” National Bureau of Economic Research Studies in Income
and Wealth, vol. 24, Trends in the American Economy in the Nineteenth Century, Princeton,
Princeton University Press, 1960, pp. 611-19. The figures were obtained by dividing North’s
estimate of tourist expenditures by the per capita figures he reported of $750 for American
7
401290876
tourists and $1,000 for foreign tourists. For1861-1900, the figures are from Matthew Simon,
“The United States Balance of Payments, 1861-1900,” in National Bureau of Economic Research
Studies in Income and Wealth, vol. 24, Trends in the American Economy in the Nineteenth
Century, Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1960, pp. 661-75, esp. Tables 16 and 17.5 These
figures are intended to measure overseas travelers, but before 1885 may include some number of
visitors arriving from Canada, the West Indies and Mexico. The series on Arrivals of US
Citizens, 1820-1909 is from Statistical Abstract of the United States, 1890, pp. 214-17, Tables
153 and 154, and Statistical Abstract of the United States, 1909, Table No. 50.
The figures pertain to fiscal years for which the ending dates varied over time as follows:
1820 to 1831 and 1843 to 1849, year ending Sept. 30; for 1832 to 1842 and 1850 to1865, year
ending Dec. 31; for 1866 through 1970, year ending June 30. In four instances the figures on
Arrivals of U.S. citizens do not cover exactly one year: The 1832 figure covers 15 months
ending Dec. 31, 1832; the 1843 figure covers 9 months ending Sept. 30, 1843; the 1850 figure
covers 15 months ending Dec. 31, 1850; and the 1866 figure covers only 6 months ending Dec.
31, 1866. The figures for Arrivals of U.S. Citizens in 1886 through 1889 includes some number
of Chinese returning through the port of San Francisco. The figures for Foreign Travelers in the
U.S. exclude Canada and Mexico, except for 1933 and 1934
5
The series on Ocean-bound US tourists 1860-1900 was included in Historical Statistics of the
United States, 1975 series H:894
8
401290876
Appendix Table 2
Arrivals of US Citizens by Port, 1856-1919
Boston and
other New
England
Ports
Philadelphia
Baltimore
San
Francisco
and Puget
Sound
New
Orleans
and Key
West
Year
New
York
1856
17,954
2,391
1,456
2
-
54
2,203
24,060
1857
16,467
2,601
346
126
-
109
1,027
20,676
1858
15,794
2,119
297
290
1
2,232
1,047
21,780
1859
26,821
2,330
473
216
-
3,488
899
34,227
1860
20,104
2,113
450
223
-
2,497
664
26,051
1861
17,747
1,864
273
205
-
266
427
20,782
1862
19,081
2,020
492
137
-
1
744
22,475
1863
20,942
1,786
175
102
-
12
512
23,529
1864
25,256
2,229
222
49
-
-
359
28,115
1865
35,549
2,887
20
145
-
-
678
39,279
1866
15,534
1,057
-
103
-
986
452
18,132
1867
32,810
3,163
-
408
-
1,659
1,078
39,118
1868
32,109
3,653
180
514
1,270
1,385
949
40,060
1869
17,777
2,245
314
633
1,901
1,466
2,440
26,776
1870
22,178
3,012
140
850
2,360
888
4,437
33,865
1871
19,553
3,387
165
670
5,403
1,404
13,080
43,662
1872
24,828
3,029
338
798
4,200
1,395
14,468
49,056
1873
27,591
3,663
178
788
6,057
1,356
8,111
47,744
1874
31,294
3,617
935
834
5,910
1,359
3,781
47,730
1875
29,795
3,258
2,182
878
7,840
1,654
5,291
50,898
1876
28,761
3,542
2,187
904
7,674
1,259
3,673
48,000
1877
24,299
2,983
2,158
628
6,786
826
3,804
41,484
1878
25,706
2,222
2,297
608
6,006
814
4,018
41,671
1879
36,458
2,399
2,691
602
6,589
1,092
5,425
55,256
1880
31,313
2,572
1,692
540
5,806
1,051
7,295
50,269
1881
31,173
2,646
1,750
593
6,593
1,291
4,503
48,549
1882
34,197
2,177
1,900
525
8,653
1,431
3,989
52,872
1883
44,295
6,041
1,960
443
8,398
1,896
4,250
67,283
1884
47,860
9,913
1,368
870
19,987
2,280
6,650
88,928
1885
51,514
6,644
2,309
659
25,902
2,548
7,675
97,251
1886
50,412
7,571
2,917
862
21,171
3,088
359
86,380
1887
56,261
4,360
3,033
1,264
23,639
3,414
376
92,347
1888
57,759
3,777
1,928
1,123
28,168
2,546
228
95,529
1889
61,000
3,684
1,280
1,096
11,319
2,849
13
81,241
9
Unspecified
Ports
Total
401290876
1890
73,727
4,575
1,541
1,284
3,133
3,614
143
88,017
1891
72,694
4,913
1,806
1,172
3,163
-
5,472
89,220
1892
76,200
4,586
1,506
1,326
2,988
-
5,701
92,307
1893
76,384
3,361
1,863
942
2,890
-
5,238
90,678
1894
54,714
2,687
1,626
807
2,294
-
4,535
66,663
1895
83,737
4,025
4,144
1,038
2,540
-
5,189
100,673
1896
no report
1897
no report
1898
76,470
4,791
2,207
941
3,461
-
5,732
93,602
1899
72,880
7,443
1,614
800
4,196
-
8,263
95,196
1900
95,537
8,821
2,665
1,045
4,240
8,169
120,477
1901
127,044
11,723
3,279
866
2,147
-
11,991
157,050
1902
110,636
12,173
4,003
1,185
1,986
-
12,075
142,058
1903
108,345
12,560
4,295
1,239
2,186
-
12,044
140,669
1904
113,556
13,252
3,483
1,416
2,201
-
14,066
147,974
1905
123,618
17,243
3,779
1,536
2,473
-
18,578
167,227
1906
135,959
12,285
3,924
1,367
4,641
-
19,312
177,488
1907
146,747
12,420
3,258
1,514
4,567
-
23,291
191,797
1908
158,619
11,745
3,158
1,484
5,303
-
20,138
200,447
1909
169,820
11,284
3,252
1,121
6,351
-
25,345
217,173
1910
170,210
9,244
2,905
1,030
5,818
-
53,984
243,191
1911
182,724
11,019
3,527
1,290
4,249
-
66,319
269,128
1912
179,358
10,517
3,983
1,136
5,567
-
80,240
280,801
1913
166,686
11,894
3,999
1,104
5,909
-
97,012
286,604
1914
168,912
14,816
3,114
1,071
5,404
-
93,269
286,586
1915
132,983
10,634
1,868
204
6,168
87,262
239,579
1916
49,733
1,243
93
52
6,254
-
64,095
121,930
1917
39,958
790
125
47
5,032
-
81,008
127,420
1918
21,739
419
30
49
4,547
-
45,623
72,867
1919
31,546
528
196
30
5,299
-
58,361
96,420
Notes and Sources for Appendix Table 2:
1856-1885; Statistical Abstract of the United States, 1890, Table 153, pp. 210-15;
1886-1909, Statistical Abstract, 1909, Table 50; 1909-1919, Statistical Abstract, 1920,
Table 71, p.
The other New England ports were Charlestown, Mass. and Portland and
Falmouth, Maine. The figures for San Francisco for the years 1886-89 included
substantial numbers of returning Chinese. It would appear the same may be true for 1884
and 1885.
10
401290876
Appendix Table 3
Distribution of American Overseas Travelers by Destination, 1919-2000
Year
1919
1920
1921
1922
1923
1924
1925
1926
1927
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
1937
1938
1939
1940
1941
1942
1943
1944
1945
1946
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
Caribbean &
Central
America
Europe
60%
65%
63%
64%
63%
66%
66%
68%
69%
66%
68%
67%
64%
68%
64%
59%
59%
55%
57%
53%
42%
7%
4%
9%
11%
27%
34%
31%
34%
39%
44%
45%
37%
43%
45%
46%
45%
42%
41%
46%
47%
South America
30%
27%
30%
28%
28%
26%
27%
26%
24%
28%
26%
27%
29%
26%
28%
32%
32%
36%
35%
40%
47%
76%
84%
69%
56%
43%
41%
53%
56%
51%
47%
48%
55%
49%
48%
47%
49%
51%
51%
46%
45%
2%
2%
6%
7%
7%
6%
6%
5%
4%
4%
3%
3%
4%
4%
4%
11
South America
&Other
11%
8%
7%
8%
9%
8%
7%
7%
6%
6%
6%
6%
7%
6%
8%
10%
10%
9%
8%
7%
11%
17%
12%
21%
33%
30%
25%
16%
9%
10%
9%
8%
8%
8%
7%
7%
7%
7%
8%
8%
9%
Other
4%
6%
3%
3%
2%
2%
2%
2%
3%
3%
3%
4%
4%
5%
5%
401290876
Year
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
Appendix Table 3 cont.
Caribbean &
Central
America
South America
Europe
51%
52%
53%
55%
56%
54%
53%
53%
50%
51%
55%
57%
57%
56%
51%
50%
51%
53%
53%
52%
48%
49%
49%
50%
48%
50%
47%
43%
49%
46%
48%
42%
43%
41%
43%
43%
42%
43%
46%
45%
48%
39%
35%
34%
32%
32%
34%
35%
36%
38%
37%
32%
31%
29%
29%
33%
32%
32%
30%
30%
32%
32%
31%
31%
31%
30%
22%
23%
25%
22%
22%
23%
27%
25%
25%
23%
22%
22%
22%
19%
20%
17%
4%
5%
5%
5%
5%
5%
4%
5%
6%
5%
5%
4%
5%
6%
7%
7%
6%
7%
7%
6%
7%
7%
6%
6%
6%
4%
5%
5%
6%
6%
5%
8%
7%
7%
8%
8%
8%
8%
8%
8%
7%
12
South America
&Other
10%
13%
13%
13%
12%
12%
12%
12%
13%
12%
13%
13%
14%
14%
15%
17%
17%
17%
17%
16%
20%
21%
20%
19%
22%
27%
30%
33%
29%
32%
29%
31%
32%
34%
34%
36%
36%
35%
35%
35%
35%
Other
6%
7%
8%
8%
7%
8%
8%
7%
7%
7%
9%
8%
9%
9%
9%
10%
11%
11%
10%
10%
12%
13%
14%
14%
16%
23%
25%
27%
24%
25%
24%
24%
26%
27%
27%
28%
28%
27%
27%
27%
28%
401290876
Notes and Sources to Appendix Table 3:
For 1919 to 1970, Historical Statistics of the United States, 1975, Series H 921—
940. For post-1970, data are taken from www.tinet.ita.doc.gov and Statistical Abstract of
the United States, various issues.
The figures for the Caribbean and Central America were reported as 'West Indies
and Central America through 1984. For subsequent years we combined the reported
figures for 'Caribbean' and Central America. For 1985 to 92, the figures for the
Caribbean were obtained by subtracting reported figures for Central and South America
from those reported for Latin America (which included Central and South America and
the Caribbean,) in Statistical Abstract of the United States, 1994.
13