Physics I Class 14 Introduction to Rotational Motion Rev. 13-Aug-03 GB 14-1 Definitions Angular Position: Angular Displacement: (normally in radians) 0 Average or mean angular velocity isdefined as follows: 0 avg t t 0 t Instantaneous angular velocity or just “ angular velocity”: d lim t 0 t dt Wait a minute! How can an angle have a vector direction? 14-2 Direction of Angular Displacement and Angular Velocity •Use your right hand. •Curl your fingers in the direction of the rotation. •Out-stretched thumb points in the direction of the angular velocity. 14-3 Angular Acceleration Average angular acceleration is defined as follows: avg 0 t t0 t Instantaneous angular acceleration or just “angular acceleration”: d d 2 lim 2 t 0 t dt dt The easiest way to get the direction of the angular acceleration is to determine the direction of the angular velocity and then… If the object is speeding up, angular velocity and acceleration are in the same direction. If the object is slowing down, angular velocity and acceleration are in opposite directions. 14-4 Equations for Constant 1. 0 t t 0 2. 0 0 ( t t 0 ) 2 ( t t 0 ) 1 1 (0 )( t t 0 ) 3. 0 2 4. 0 ( t t 0 ) 2 ( t t 0 ) 1 5. 2 x v a 2 2 02 2 0 These equations can use degrees, revs, or radians. 14-5 Relationships Among Linear and Angular Variables MUST express angles in radians. s r v r a tangential r a centripetal v 2 2 r 2 2 r r r The radial direction is defined to be + outward from the center. a radial a centripetal 14-6 Energy in Rotation Consider the kinetic energy in a rotating object. The center of mass of the object is not moving, but each particle (atom) in the object is moving at the same angular velocity (). K 12 m i v i 12 m i 2 ri 12 2 m i ri 2 2 2 The summation in the final expression occurs often when analyzing rotational motion. It is called rotational inertia or the moment of inertia. 14-7 Rotational Inertia or Moment of Inertia For a system of discrete “point” objects: I m i ri 2 For a solid object, use an integral where is the density: I r 2 dx dy dz We may ask you to calculate the rotational inertia for point objects, but we will give you a formula for a solid object or just give you its rotational inertia. I for a solid sphere: I for a spherical shell: I 52 M R 2 I 23 M R 2 14-8 Characteristics of Rotational Inertia The rotational inertia of an object depends on Its mass. Its shape. The axis of rotation. NOT the angular velocity or acceleration. The rotational inertia is a measure of how difficult it is to get an object to start rotating or to slow down once started. For two or more objects rotating around a common axis, the total rotational inertia is the sum of each individual rotational inertia. I Ii 14-9 Introduction to Torque For linear motion, we have “F = m a”. For rotation, we have I The symbol “” is torque. We will define it more precisely next time. Torque and angular acceleration are always in the same direction in Physics 1. 14-10 Correspondence Between Linear and Rotational Motion x v a mI F K 12 I 2 I You will solve many rotation problems using exactly the same techniques you learned for linear motion problems. 14-11 Class #14 Take-Away Concepts 1. 2. Definitions of rotational quantities: , , . Centripetal and tangential acceleration. mi ri 1 2 4. Rotational kinetic energy: K 2 I 5. Introduction to torque: I 3. Rotational inertia: I 6. Correspondence x mI v F 2 a 14-12 Class #14 Problems of the Day ___1. Lance Armstrong is riding his bicycle due east in the Tour de France bicycle race. What is the direction of the angular velocity of his bicycle wheels? A) B) C) D) E) F) North. South. East. West. Up. Down. 14-13 Answer to Problem 1 for Class #14 The answer is A, north. The direction of the angular velocity vector is along the axis of rotation. The axis of rotation of a wheel of a bicycle ridden in a straight line (not turning) is horizontal and at a right angle to the direction of motion. That means it must be either north or south. Using the right hand to curl the fingers in the direction of rotation of the wheel, the thumb points north. 14-14 Class #14 Problems of the Day 2. A carousel takes 8 seconds to make one revolution at full speed. It takes exactly one revolution to reach its full speed from rest. What is the magnitude of its angular acceleration while speeding up, assuming that its angular acceleration is constant? 14-15 Answer to Problem 2 for Class #14 We can use units of rev for angles in this problem, converting later to radians if we need to. The initial angular speed of the carousel is zero. The final is one rev divided by 8 seconds or 0.125 rev/s. The total rotation covered is 1.0 rev. Equation 5 on slide 5 gives us : = (0.125 rev/s)2/(2 x 1 rev) = 7.8125 x 10–3 rev/s2. 14-16 Activity #14 Introduction to Rotation Objective of the Activity: 1. 2. Think about rotation concepts. Try changing the rotational inertia of a simple object and see how that affects I . 14-17