
Do Now : How do your cells get the organic
material needed to fuel cellular
respiration?
◦ Provide an example (What did you eat for
lunch?)

Homework : Castle learning
assignment
When an organism takes in &
processes materials needed for
energy, growth, repair and
regulation
AUTOTROPH
&
HETEROTROPH
 “Self-feeders”
 Organisms
that make their
own food from inorganic
molecules taken in from the
environment.
 Examples:
plants & algae
Photosynthesis:
use light energy to make organic
substances
Ex.) plants and algae
Chemosynthesis: use inorganic compounds
containing sulfur and nitrogen to make
food
Ex.) deep sea plants
and organisms
 Organisms
that must
ingest organic
materials already made
in the environment.
◦ Ex.) Humans, fungi
grasshopper, animals
 Ingestion:
 Digestion:
breakdown of food
 Absorption:
 Egestion:
take IN food
uptake of matter
removal of undigested
food
 INTRACELLULAR
DIGESTION:
digestion occurs inside cells of
organisms
Ex. Animals
EXTRACELLULAR DIGESTION:
digestion 1st occurs outside cells
then brought inside cells
Ex. Fungi, Hydra
1. Which organism is classified as a
heterotroph?
a.) mushroom
b.) maple tree
c.) geranium
d.) moss
2. Which life process is classified as
autotrophic in some organisms and
heterotrophic in other organisms?
a)
b)
c)
d)
hormonal regulation
nutrition
anaerobic respiration
transport
3. A word equation is shown below.
This reaction is most directly involved in the process
of
a) reproduction
b) protein synthesis
c) replication
d) heterotrophic nutrition

a)
b)
c)
d)
ingestion →
digestion →
digestion →
ingestion →
digestion → absorption → egestion
absorption → ingestion → egestion
egestion → ingestion → absorption
absorption → digestion → egestion
Do Now: Regent question
Homework: Castle learning
DO NOW:
Breaks down the food you eat into
small molecules in order for nutrients
to diffuse into cells. It can then be
used to create a usable form of
energy.

Tract (passage)
through the body
with 2 openings

Approx. 6 to 9
meters long tube


One way tube from
mouth  to anus
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Mouth
Esophagus
Stomach
Small intestine
Large intestine
Anus
MECHANICAL DIGESTION:
breaking down food physically.
Teeth: cutting, grinding & tearing
increases surface area of food
before chemical digestion.
LARGE
MOLECULES
CARBOHYDRATES
END
PRODUCTS
Simple sugars
LIPIDS
3 fatty acids + glycerol
Proteins
Amino Acids
1. What occurs during the digestion of
protein?
1.
2.
3.
4.
Specific enzymes break down proteins into amino
acids.
Specific hormones break down proteins into
simple sugars.
Specific hormones break down proteins into
complex starches.
Specific enzymes break down proteins into
simple sugars.
2. Which statement best describes animals that
are heterotrophs?
1.
2.
3.
4.
They are able to convert light energy into useful
chemical bond energy.
They are able to synthesize organic nutrients
from inorganic raw materials.
They are unable to consume preformed organic
compounds.
They are unable to synthesize organic nutrients
from inorganic raw materials.
3. Which process is not included in
heterotrophic nutrition?
1.
2.
3.
4.
ingestion
photosynthesis
egestion
digestion
1.
2.
3.
4.
digestion → absorption → circulation →
diffusion → synthesis
absorption → circulation → digestion →
diffusion → synthesis
digestion → synthesis → diffusion →
circulation → absorption
synthesis → absorption → digestion →
diffusion → circulation
Do Now:
Homework:
Castle learning Nutrition II
Projects due Tomorrow!!!!
 Gastrointestinal
aka
tract
alimentary canal
 One
way tube
 Extracellular
digestion occurs
Food enters Oral cavity
 Mechanical digestion (teeth)
 Saliva from salivary glands
to moisten food
 Chemical digestion:
◦ Amylase  enzyme in saliva that
digests starch

(BEGINNING OF CARBOHYDRATE DIGESTION)
esophagus
 Connects
stomach
mouth to the
 Peristalsis:
muscular
movement that pushes food
through digestive tract
 NO
DIGESTION OCCURS
DEMO

Gastric glands in lining  secrete
gastric juice which contains:
◦ Hydrochloric acid  makes the
stomach acidic
◦ Pepsin  enzyme to digest protein
Mucus lining to coat stomach wall
 Chyme  moves to small intestine

VIDEO 2:09
SPHINCTOR
 Where
digestion is completed
 Duodenum
 first part of the SI
 Where most chemical digestion
occurs
 Where absorption of nutrients into
the blood occurs with the help of
VILLI
Tiny fingerlike projections
on lining of small intestine
 Where digested nutrients (glucose,
amino acids, glycerol, fatty acids)
diffuse into the bloodstream
 Inside villi:
◦ Capillaries (glucose and amino acids)
◦ Lacteal (fatty acids and glycerol)

 NO
DIGESTION
 Reabsorbs water
 Forms feces (undigested
food)
Do Now: State the function of 3 organs in the
digestive system.
Homework: Castle learning “Digestive System II”
Last part of large intestine
 Stores feces

Where feces is
egested out of the body

The main function of the human
digestive system is to
1.
2.
3.
4.
rid the body of cellular waste materials
process organic molecules so they can enter
cells
break down glucose in order to release
energy
change amino acids into proteins and
carbohydrates
1.
2.
3.
4.
absorption
osmosis
emulsification
egestion
1.
2.
3.
4.
ingestion and digestion
absorption and circulation
anaerobic respiration
protein synthesis
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Esophagus
Stomach
Pancreas
Large intestine
Gall bladder
Small intestine
 Organs
that help in digestion
 Food DOES NOT pass through these
organs
 Examples:
- Salivary glands
- Liver
- Gall bladder
- Pancreas
Produces bile
 Bile travels to small intestine
◦ Emulsification of lipids  mechanically
breaks down fats into smaller droplets
to increase surface area for chemical
digestion

Big fat
droplet
 Stores
bile until
needed in the small
intestine
 Travels through
the bile duct


Secretes pancreatic juice
into the small intestine
Pancreatic juice contains
many enzymes
◦ Trypsin  digest proteins
◦ Lipase  digests lipids
◦ Amylase  digests starch

Travels through
pancreatic duct
In humans, structures that release
digestive secretions directly into the
small intestine include both the
1.
2.
3.
4.
salivary glands and the pancreas
gall bladder and the lacteals
villi and the salivary glands
pancreas and the gall bladder
TEETH
Incisors
Canine
Premolars
Molars
Tongue
“Wisdom”
tooth
Salivary
glands
Opening of a
salivary gland duct
Figure 21.5