Topic: Nervous System
Aim: Use textual evidence to describe the structure of a
neuron.
Do Now:
1. Take out your neurons reading notes and the respiratory
ISA..
2. Work on your respiratory and excretory exam review
sheet. (4 minutes)
HW: Finish review sheet for Monday.
Tuesday:
- Respiratory and Excretory System Exam
- Castle Learning for Resp and Exc Systems due!
1. Identify each numbered
structure in the diagram
on the loose-leaf below.
(SKIP #3).
5: nose or nostrils
4: nasal cavity
1: pharynx
2: epiglottis
6: larynx
7: trachea
8: lung
9: bronchus
10: diaphragm
2. Indicate the structures that
contain a ciliated mucous
membrane by writing it next the
name of the structure on the
loose-leaf.
5: nose or nostrils
4: nasal cavity ciliated mucous
membrane
1: pharynx
2: epiglottis
6: larynx
ciliated mucous
7: trachea membrane
8: lung
9: bronchus
10: diaphragm
3. Indicate the structures that
contain rings of cartilage by
writing it next the name of the
structure on the loose-leaf.
5: nose or nostrils
mucous
4: nasal cavity ciliated
membrane
1: pharynx
2: epiglottis
6: larynx
mucous rings of
7: trachea ciliated
cartilage
membrane
8: lung
9: bronchus rings of cartilage
10: diaphragm
3. Indicate in which structure
gas exchange occurs by writing
it next the name of the structure
on the loose-leaf.
5: nose or nostrils
mucous
4: nasal cavity ciliated
membrane
1: pharynx
2: epiglottis
6: larynx
mucous rings of
7: trachea ciliated
cartilage
membrane
8: lung gas exchange
9: bronchus rings of cartilage
10: diaphragm
3. Indicate which structure aids
in breathing by writing it next
the name of the structure on the
loose-leaf.
5: nose or nostrils
mucous
4: nasal cavity ciliated
membrane
1: pharynx
2: epiglottis
6: larynx
mucous rings of
7: trachea ciliated
cartilage
membrane
8: lung gas exchange
9: bronchus rings of cartilage
10: diaphragm aids in breathing
You are sound asleep and a loud alarm clock
goes off…you wake up. Identify the
stimulus, receptor, effector and response.
Stimulus: alarm
clock
Receptor: ears
Effector: muscle in
your eye lids
Response: opening
your eyes
Did you know...
• There are millions of nerve cells in the
human body. This number even exceeds the
number of stars in the Milky Way.
• The nervous system is very quick, it can
transmit impulses at a tremendous speed of
100 meters per second. The speed of
message transmission to the brain can be as
high as 180 miles per hour.
• Neurons, which are the largest cells in the
human body, do not undergo the process of
mitosis.
1.
• Electrochemical message
Describe
the
nature of
an
impulse.
2. Label
the
neuron in
the
diagram.
Dendrites
Cell body
Schwann cell
4 Axon
5
Terminal
branches
3. Identify
the 1st part of
the neuron
that receives
the impulse.
• Dendrites
• Electrical impulse
Dendrites
4
5
4. Identify
the
LARGEST
(biggest)
part of the
neuron.
• Cell body
Cell body
4
5
5. Identify
the cell
organelles
(parts)
located in
the cell
body.
• Nucleus, cytoplasm,
ribosomes
Cell body
4
5
6. Identify
the
LONGEST
part of a
neuron.
• Axon
Axon
4
5
Did you know:
The longest axon of a
neuron is
approximately
around 15 feet
(Giraffe primary
sensory axon from
toe to neck)
7. Identify
the
substance
that can
surround
some
axons.
• Schwann cells
Schwann cells
4
5
Identify what Schwann cells form.
MYELIN SHEATH
8.
Describe
the benefit
of axons
wrapped
by
Schwann
cells.
• Schwann cells form the
myelin sheath, which helps
move impulses quicker.
Myelinated
neurons can
conduct nerve
impulses over
100 m/s, whereas
unmyelinated
neurons are
much slower, with
speeds of only
0.5 m/s.
9. Identify
the
branches
at the end
of
neurons.
• Terminal branches
• Axon terminals
4
Terminal
branches
5
10. Identify • Synapses
the gap
(space)
between
neurons.
11. Identify • Neurotransmitters
the
chemical
released
by
terminal
branches
into the
synapse.
12. Describe the
function of
neurotransmitters.
• Cross the gap junction
(synapse) to stimulate
the next neuron.
dendrite
Axon
cell
body
cell body
TYPICAL MOTOR
NEURON
synapse
muscle
tissue
Receptors
Observe the diagram above of a synapse. Identify how the
neurotransmitter stimulates the next neuron. Hint…what do
the neurotransmitters attach to on the next neuron?
• Attach to receptors on next neuron
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p5zFgT4aofA
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=haNoq8UbSyc&NR=1&feature=endscreen
13. For each part of the neuron, identify whether
the impulse is electrical or chemical.
dendrite
Axon
cell
body
cell body
TYPICAL MOTOR
NEURON
synapse
muscle
tissue
•
•
•
•
•
Dendrites ELECTRICAL
Cell body ELECTRICAL
Axon ELECTRICAL
Terminal branches ELECTRICAL
Synapse ELECTRICAL
Identify the red structures being released.
NEUROTRANSMITTERS
Let’s summarize…
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Identify the name of nerve cells. Neurons
Identify the part of the neuron that receives the
impulse. Dendrites
Identify the largest part of a neuron. Cell body
Identify the long part of the neuron. Axon
Identify the structures that can wrap around the axon
to speed up impulses. Schwann cells
Identify the last part of the neuron that send the
impulse to the next neuron. Terminal branches
Identify the space between 2 neurons. Synapse
Identify the chemical that is secreted into the
synapse. Neurotransmitters
Identify the structures that neurotransmitters attach
to on the next neuron. Receptors
DIFFERENT
NEUROTRANSMITTERS
Dopamine: main focus neurotransmitter
- High or low levels can lead to focus issues such as
not remembering where we put our keys or simply
daydreaming and not being able to stay on task.
- It is also responsible for our drive or desire to get things
done – or motivation.
- Medications such as those for ADD/ADHD and caffeine
cause dopamine to be pushed into the synapse so that
focus is improved.
Epinephrine: an excitatory neurotransmitter
• There are high levels when ADHD like symptoms are
present.
• Long term STRESS or INSOMNIA can cause
epinephrine levels to be depleted (low).
• It also regulates HEART RATE and BLOOD
PRESSURE
NOREPINEPHRINE: excitatory neurotransmitter
• It is responsible for stimulatory processes in the body.
• It helps to make epinephrine as well.
• HIGH LEVELS can cause ANXIETY.
• LOW LEVELS are associated with LOW ENERGY,
DECREASED IN FOCUS and sleep cycle problems.
Seratonin – inhibitory neurotransmitters that regulates
moods
- Necessary for a stable mood
- Stimulant medications or caffeine in your daily can
cause a decrease in serotonin over time.
- Many researchers believe that an imbalance in
serotonin levels may lead to depression. Possible
problems include low brain cell production of serotonin, a
lack of receptor sites able to receive the serotonin that is
made, inability of serotonin to reach the receptor sites, or
a shortage in tryptophan, the chemical from which
serotonin is made.
Endorphin – block pain messages
• Stress and pain are the two most common
factors leading to the release of endorphins.
• Endorphins interact with receptors in the brain
to reduce our perception of pain and act
similarly to drugs such as morphine and
codeine.
• Leads to feelings of euphoria, modulation of
appetite, release of sex hormones, and
enhancement of the immune response
Review: Identify the part of the neuron being
described.
1. Long part of neuron that carries the impulse to
the terminal branches.
2. First part of the neuron that receives the
impulse.
3. Release neurotransmitters.
4. Contains the nucleus.
5. Helps the impulse travel faster.
6. The space in between two neurons.
Identify the
structures
labeled in the
diagram.
A – nasal cavity
B – pharynx
C – larynx
D – trachea
E – bronchi
F – bronchioles
G – lung
H - diaphragm
A
B
C
D
F
E
G
H
1. Identify all labeled
structures in the diagram of
the urinary system.
2. Describe three functions of
the kidneys.
3. Identify the structures that
temporarily store urine.
4. Identify the structures that
transport urine from the
kidneys to the urinary
bladder.
5. Identify the structure that
transports urine out of the
body.
1. Trachea
2. Nostrils
3. Nasal cavity
4. Pharynx
5. Epiglottis
6. Larynx
7. Bronchus
8. Bronchiole
9. Bronchiole
10.Diaphragm
Bronchiole
11.
13. Alveolus
15.
Alveolus
14.
capillary
12.
Alveoli
Identify A, B, C and D. Identify the
metabolic wastes excreted by each organ.
lung
CO2 and H2O vapor
Bskin
Perspiration: H2O, salt, urea
C liver Produces urea and
detoxifies blood
D kidney
Filters urea from the blood
Produces urine
1. Identify structure X in the diagram above.
Alveolus
2. Identify the organ this structure is found in.
Lungs
3. Identify the process that occurs in this structure.
Gas exchange