Synthesizing community ecology,
phylogenetics and macroecology
12th EEF Congress, Ávila, 27th September 2011
Effects of glaciations on the species,
phylogenetic and functional
diversity of European mammals
Joaquín Hortal1,2, Marcus V. Cianciaruso2, A. Márcia
Barbosa3, L. Mauricio Bini2, Rafael D. Loyola2, Thiago F.
Rangel2, Ana M. C. Santos2, J. Alexandre F. Diniz-Filho2
1Dept. Biodiversidad y Biología Evolutiva, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (CSIC), Spain;
2Dept. Ecologia, ICB, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Brazil;
3Cátedra "Rui Nabeiro" - Biodiversidade, CIBIO - Universidade de Évora, Portugal
E-mail: jhortal@mncn.csic.es; http://www3.imperial.ac.uk/people/j.hortal
community assembly and structure
community phylogenetics
functional diversity
Webb et al Ann Rev Ecol Syst 2002
assembly processes
current climate or climate changes?
Current
climate
Climate variation
since LGM
Climate change since LGM
has larger effects on mammal
richness than current climate
0.208
0.064
0.586
0.272
0.650
Hortal et al in prep
0.142
current climate or climate changes?
Which are the effects of historical climatic changes – and
current climate – on the phylogenetic and functional
structure of Europan mammals?
H1.Northern assemblages are phylogenetically clustered and poor –
phylogenetic conservatism in climate adaptations and/or colonization-related traits;
Southern assemblages are phylogenetically overdispersed and rich
H2.Functional diversity tends towards functional redundancy in the
north – selection of traits related to the ability to colonize/persist in these areas;
Functional overdispersion is more common in southern assemblages
– longer time for coevolution (and thus character displacement).
European mammals
Category
resource use / population
growth / temporal
persistence
diet
foraging habitat
period of activity
Trait
average body mass
clutch size
maximum longevity
gestation time
number of clutchs per year
newborn body mass
weaning time
body mass at weaning time
saprophagous
vertebrates
invertebrates
fruits
flowers (nectar/pollen)
seeds
grass
leaves, branches and bark
roots and tubers
Fungi/lichens
fossorial
ground dwelling
aboveground dwelling
aquatic
crepuscular
diurnal
nocturnal
Bininda-Edmonds et al Nature 2007; Jones et al Ecology 2009; IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.1
community structure
Phylogenetic richness
PD, NPD
Functional richness
FD, NFD
Phylogenetic relatedness
MPD, NPRI
Functional relatedness
MFD, NFRI
Phylogenetic density
MPNTD, PNTI
Functional density
MFNTD, FNTI
Faith Biol Conserv 1992; Webb Am Nat 2000; Webb et al Ann Rev Ecol Syst 2002; Petchey & Gaston Ecol Lett 2002, 2006
DP
Sp 1
.
.
.
Sp n
T
DT
P
S¡te 1
.
.
.
Site n
F
S¡te 1
.
.
.
Site n
PD
FD
Random assembly of species (n = 1000)
analytical framework
Net
PD
Net
FD
phylogenetic vs trait structure
Different ecological processes can
produce the same phylogenetic
structure
Grinnellian (i.e. ecophysiological)
and Eltonian (i.e. bionomic) traits
can be selected at different rates
Trait convergence can disrupt the
Some morphological and
relationship between phylogenetic behavioural traits are related to
and functional structure
bionomic responses
Webb et al Ann Rev Ecol Syst 2002
DP
mantel
test
Sp 1
.
.
.
Sp n
T
DT
P
DpiT
S¡te 1
.
.
.
Site n
PD
piF
F
S¡te 1
.
.
.
Site n
Derived from Diniz-Filho et al Func Ecol 2011; Safi et al Phil Trans Roy Soc 2011
S¡te 1
.
.
.
Site n
FD
piFD
Random assembly of species (n = 1000)
analytical framework
Net
PD
Net
piFD
Net
FD
current climate or climate changes?
Which are the effects of historical climatic changes and current climate
on the phylogenetic and functional structure of Europan mammals?
NPD
NPRI
PNTI
piNFD
piNFRI
piFNTI
Current Climate Change
Climate
since LGM
0.243
0.064
0.016
0.002
0.154
0.016
0.702
0.077
0.698
0.211
0.047
0.169
ΔAIC
-319
-21.2
-227.8
-1461.1
-47.1
-1522.3
OLS regressions: Current vs
Variation since LGM
(Temperature, Precipitation)
phylogenetic structure
H1.1 Northern assemblages are phylogenetically clustered and poor
H1.2 Southern assemblages are phylogenetically overdispersed and rich
NPD
1
0.5
0
NPRI
0.5
PNTI
1.5
1
0
0.5
-0.5
-0.5
0
-1
-1
-0.5
-1.5
-1
-2
-1.5
-1.5
-2
-2.5
-3
-2.5
-2
-3.5
-2.5
-3
-4
-3
-3.5
-4.5
H1.1
H1.2
≈
non-phylogenetically structured FD
H2.1 Northern assemblages tend towards functional redundancy
H2.2 Southern assemblages are functionally overdispersed
piNFD
0.5
0
-0.5
piNFRI
1.5
1
piFNTI
1.5
1
0.5
0.5
-1
0
-1.5
-2
0
-0.5
-0.5
-1
-2.5
-1
-1.5
-3
-2
-1.5
-3.5
-2.5
-4
-2
-3
-4.5
-2.5
-3.5
-3
-4
-5
-5.5
H2.1
H2.2
≈
main results
Current climate is more important than historical climate changes for
richness and density
Climate exerts much greater effects on the phylogeneticallyindependent functional structure than on phylogenetic structure
The assemblages in boreal areas are phylogenetically and functionally
more redundant than expected by their species diversity
Boreal assemblages are also clustered in terms of phylogenetic and
functional density, but not in terms of relatedness
thank you
gracias
obrigado
Joaquín Hortal
Dept. Biodiversidad y Biología Evolutiva, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (CSIC), Spain
Dept. Ecologia, ICB, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Brazil
E-mail: jhortal@mncn.csic.es; http://www3.imperial.ac.uk/people/j.hortal