The 2010 “Model”
Etiology of disease? What are the cause and/or source of the disease?
A. Mode of transmission
1. human to human
a. via air (via respiratory system)
b. via blood
c. fecal to mouth, e.g., polio
d. via semen
2. insect to human
a. mosquito, e.g., yellow fever
3. animals to human, e.g., pig to human - influenza
B. Microorganisms
1. virus
2. bacteria
C. Prions, e.g., Mad Cow
D. Nutritional deficiencies, e.g., Scurvy (Vit C)
E. Environmental, e.g., outbreak of Hanta
F. Behavioral, e.g., heart disease is related to behavioral choices (exercise)
G. Genetic, e.g., mental illness etc
How does society influence (the impact of) disease
A. Activist groups can have an influence on disease, e.g., gay activists increased
awareness and funding(?) for AIDS research.
B. Political philosophy and/or ideologies influence disease, e.g., attitudes about gays
influenced political agendas including decisions about funding for AIDS
C. Public Policy influences the impact of disease, e.g., improved sanitation (is thought to
have) brought about the epidemic of polio.
D. Attitudes towards disease and/or diseased can add to the “misery” of those inflicted,
e.g., Polio victims felt worse because they knew they were perceived as a burden
E. Organizations can influence the impact of disease, e.g., WHO was instrumental in
eliminating small pox
F. Cultural/religious practices impact disease, e.g., funeral practices among Kikwit
enhanced the spread of Ebola
G. Religion influences disease, e.g., religious attitudes about small pox vaccination
hindered the development of a vaccine
H. Population density influences disease, e.g., the spread of measles is dependent on the
presence of large populations
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I. Past scientific successes (with vaccines etc.) influences present disease is important to
consider, e.g., finding bacteria cause disease led scientists to overlook other possible
etiologies.
J. Politics influence science, e.g., Koch made a premature announcement about finding a
cure for tuberculosis because of pressure from the Kaiser.
How does disease influence society?
A. Influences colonization, e.g., small pox had an impact on the Spanish
colonization/inhabitance of central America.
B. Influences the outcome of war, e.g., Haiti maintained its independence because
Napoleon’s troops were too sick (w/ Yellow Fever) to fight.
C. Disease influences the demographics (age, race, gender etc) of society, e.g., yellow
fever was instrumental in increasing the proportion of Africans in Haiti and the United
States.
D. Disease influences public policy, e.g., because of yellow fever it become public policy
to remove all open water barrels or containers
E. Disease leads to the development of (scientific) organizations, e.g., NFIP w/ Polio
F. Disease influences social interactions/intimacy, e.g., influenza greatly diminished
normal social interaction because of fear of “catching it”.
G. Disease stimulates the development of “folk medicine”, e.g., during the influenza
epidemic individuals wore small sacs around their neck that contained camphor
H. Disease stimulates development of technology, e.g., polio enhanced the development
of the limb braces.
I. Disease influences religion of society, e.g., because of the devastation from small pox
on the Aztecs (but not Cortez’ men), the Aztecs believed the Christian God was
superior (real?) to their God and thus converted over to Christianity.
J. Disease influences health education, e.g., safe sex to prevent AIDS.
K. Disease influences stereotypes, e.g., AIDS reinforced (some people's) view of
homosexuals.
L. Disease influences attitudes towards members of society, e.g., Polio altered the way
society viewed "handicapped" individuals
M. Disease affects cultural customs and norms, e.g., Rickets influenced June
marriages/spring births
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Technology
A. Development of technologies can result in disease, e.g., type of food processing (using
Steel rollers to process rice) was a factor in the etiology of Beriberi
B. Scientific developments help cure and/or treat disease, e.g., development of filters
helped eliminate bacteria as a candidate for causing small pox.
C. Disease can lead to public hysteria, e.g., people in Philadelphia panicked in response
to the epidemic of Yellow fever.
D. Disease stimulates development of medical techniques, e.g., vaccination (several), hotpack therapy (polio)
The environment and disease
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A. Environmental conditions influence which diseases are endemic to an area, e.g.,
humid environments favor the existence and spread of yellow fever
B. Environment be it food options, learned behaviors, weather etc, can lead to disease.
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SIG FIGS (Significant Figures)
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A. Many scientists have performed “heroic acts” in their efforts to fight disease
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B. Eminent scientists “beliefs” about disease (and/or egos) strongly influence approaches
taken to study disease, e.g., Flexner’s belief about polio
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C. Influential individuals influence disease
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1. Politicians, e.g., FDR having polio increased awareness and funding of polio
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2. Scientists, e.g., Flexner’s belief that polio virus would NOT grow in any types of
cell (cultures) other than nerve cells inhibited study of polio
Sig Points (beyond the assignments)
A. Epidemiology – the study of disease, correlation, CDC etc
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B. IRB – Institutional Review Board
C. Cultural/personal "choice" influences risk factors, e.g., dietary habits of a culture
influence risk of heart disease.
D. Exploration contributes to the spread of disease, e.g., Spaniards spreading small pox to
Central America.
E. Human/Geographical interaction influences the spread of disease, e.g., travel and/or
trade results in disease being spread (by individuals and/or parasites).
F. Socio-economic status influences diseases, e.g., Wealthy Englishmen were (more)
afflicted with gout in 18th century.
G. Disease can alter the political power structure, e.g., small pox killed kings & queens
H. Influences international collaboration, e.g., elimination of small pox required
cooperation and interaction among all nations.
I. Influences the infrastructure of a society, e.g., small pox killed the farmers (which
influenced the {lack} of food supply)
J. Disease influences individual’s careers
1. political, e.g., FDR’s popularity stemmed in part from his bout w/ polio
K. Disease enhances awareness of the risks of our behavior and/or environment, e.g., diet
influencing risk of heart disease.
II. The Individual and disease
A. Disease can "stunt" or otherwise impair an individual
1. Their very existence (what about those that never made it or who were killed in
infancy?)
2. Reproduction?
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B. Disease has literal physical (corporal) consequences, e.g., scarred faces from small
pox
C. Epidemics can create a feeling of helplessness, e.g., the rapid spread of influenza left
many people feeling fearful and helpless.
D. Disease influences economic development, e.g., yellow fever changed the nature of
the slave trade.
E. Disease influences the economy, e.g., during the influenza outbreak many businesses
were shut down for lack of employees to run them.
F. Disease can influence the agricultural industry, e.g., Mad Cow disease wiped out
millions of animals.
1. scientific, e.g., Salk’s work w/ polio made him an important scientist
Adapted from 2005
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