高中歷史課程知識增益講座系列：必修部分(主題乙)
主要衝突與和平的訴求(講座一)
前線背後的生活：兩次世界大戰的社會史(新辦)
兩次大戰的社會史:
戰爭回憶
麥勁生教授
香港浸會大學歷史學系
CDI020140494
29.3.2014
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回憶(memory)的研究
Maurice Halbwachs (1877-1945)
自傳、集體和歷史回憶
1970年代的興盛
口述(oral testimonies) 與紀念(commemoration)
個人和官方回憶
Lindsey Dodd: public memory acts as a kind of ‘jelly mould’
that shapes personal memories; with no such mould to hand,
the individuals memories will be shapeless…
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回憶的用途
Cultural Heritage of the
Great War in Britain by
Ross J. Wilson
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This constitutes the visual counterpart to
the ‘war discourse’; as just as the
language of the Great War is used to
express current social and political issues,
the representations of the First World War
provide specific ‘frames’ through which the
past is used to understand and picture the
present.
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三種記憶，三個論述
These three consist of the soldier in the
trenches, almost invariably on the Western
Front in France and Flanders, the desolate
and devastated battlefields and no man’s
land and the post-war memorial landscape,
the cemeteries and memorials which are
scattered across the former fields of
conflict
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Trenches
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No Man Land
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War Cemeteries
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http://blogs.ft.com/the-world/files/2014/01/83579712.jpg
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Ambiguous Memory: The Nazi Past and German National Identity
by Siobhan Kattago
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我們的慣性思維
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不是非黑即白
“Though
official
memory
includes
institutionalized governmental representation of
the past, official memory has sharply different
meanings in the GDR and the Federal Republic.
Official memory in the GDR meant a restrictive
ideological representation of the past with little
public debate. Official memory in the Federal
Republic, on the other hand, was a public and
highly controversial topic in West German
political culture.”
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去納粹時代(1945-49)德國人對戰爭
的記憶和解釋
強者在說話：紐倫堡審判和去納粹活動
在尋找新身分和逃避之間
耶斯培 (Karl Jasper)的批評
學術界的迴響：以邁及克 (Friedrich Meinecke 的
《德國的災難》為例
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西德的情況（1948-1960）
非納綷化的不足
納粹黨員重回政壇, 例如Karl Schmidt
經濟重建和發展的大前題
新生代的新世界觀
沉默
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Irene Anhalt 談到父親的回歸
Your return was celebrated like a holiday in out little city;
everyone wanted to see you, to wave to you. In a
newspaper article our family history was compared to the
Odyssey…The state council honored you with a
reception, speeches were given, and orchestra played. I
was proud of you. Men in town to whom I curtsied as a
little girl now addressed me formally, at barely fifteenth
years old, as “gnadiges Fraulein” – mademoiselle. With
mama, they kissed her hand; you they gazed at
respectfully. Waiting for you had been worth it! The
Mayor said he would do everything possible to help you
find a position suitable to your capacities; hoping you
would place your abilities at the service of the city.”
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結果
“During the years when their own identities
were being formed, those young people
drank in the spirit of nationalism and gave
their youthful enthusiasm to the values of
their own their. An entire generation
seems stamped in essential ways by the
Nazi period, many Nazi values were
retained and unconsciously passed on to
the next generation, as were the traumas.”
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不自覺的淡化 1960s
Dachau
Flossenburg
Neuengamme
Harold Marcuse, Legacies of Dachau: The Uses
and Abuses of a Concentration Camp, 19332001
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東德
社會主義: 納粹主義的天敵
反納粹: 東德政權的合法性依據
Alexander Abrusch: Der Irrweg einer Nation(一个
民族的歧途)
東德: 歷史的勝利者
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右派的反擊：以1986-87的歷史家衝
突 (Historikerstreit) 為例
Ernst Nolte: “Germans are, in effect,
unnecessarily obsessed with the Nazi legacy
and approach historical analysis of the Third
Reich from a different perspective than other
historical period.”
Andreas Hillgruber
Michael Stürmer “it is a task of historians to
assist in the renewal of national self-confidence
by providing positive images of the past”
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統一後的情況
前東德和納粹主義
經濟衰退和排外主義
暴力活動和極右政治
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MEMORIAL TO ALL VICTIMS OF WAR
BERLIN, GERMANY
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,_interior_view,_2005.jpg
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Augustinerkloster, Erfurt
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Self-Victimization
Kriegskinder: Das Schicksal
einer Generation by Hilke
Lorenz
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非主流的回憶
東歐民族的二戰回憶
冷戰後解凍的回憶
私人回憶
挑戰「大論述」(Grand Narrative )
Memory and World War II: An Ethnographic Approach
by Francesca Cappelletto
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Mnemonic Community
“It is made up of those who, communicating, with each
other, remember together experiences of which they were
victims.”
“Social groups with shared experiences, interests and
identities, who shaped their memories in daily interaction
by telling and retelling selected parts of a shared part and
condemning to oblivion other parts of that same shared
past.”
Memory and World War II: An Ethnographic Approach
by Francesca Cappelletto
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波蘭貴族(Sla的歷史回憶
人數
財富與社會地位
十八世紀以來的經歷
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仇恨誰：德國還是蘇聯?
1944 年的土地改革
波蘭貴族的去向
重建回憶的方法
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積累而成的回憶
“In the process, personal memories become
contaminated with information from similar
events and so change over the years as
encounter new experience. They remain vivid
at least partially because they are told and
retold, and affirmed by the similarity of stories
told by other people whose experiences –
while they could not be identical – were
comparable.”
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回憶的主線
“The One Suitcase Story”
“Life Stories”
“The Ugly Russians”
“Manorial Life”
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