Experiment 9. Identification of Unknowns

SOLUBILITY CLASSES water sol insol ether sol sol
5% NaHCO
3
Litmus red
Litmus blue
Litmus unchanged sol
AA
CA
AM
N
SA
WA insol
5% NaOH sol
5% HCl insol insol
96% H
2
SO
4 sol insol insol
N
I
B

I
B
N
AA amino acids
CA carboxylic acids (5 carbons or less)
AM amines (5 carbons or less)
N alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, nitriles, amides (5 carbons or less)
SA carboxylic acids, phenols with strong electron withdrawing groups (5 carbons or less)
WA weak acids, phenols, enols, oximes, imides, 1,3-diones, nitro compounds aliphatic amines, anilines alcohols, aldehydes esters, ketones, ethers, alkynes, akenes saturated hydrocarbons, haloalkanes, aryl halides

Unknowns
1. Carboxylic acids can be characterized by a neutralization equivalent;
2. Amines can be characterized by a neutralization equivalent;
3. Ketones can be characterized by a 2,4-dinitrophenyl hydrazone derivative, oxime or related compound;
4. Alcohols can be derivatized by phenyl isocyanide derivative, oxidation to a solid carboxylic acid or ketone;
5. Esters can be characterized by hydrolysis if the acid or alcohol is a solid;
6. Other compounds can be characterized on the basis of derivatives based on their likely structure.

Chemistry 263
Preliminary Report Form
Name: ________________
Date: ________
Unknown Number
Physical Properties
______ a) b) appearance: melting point: e) c) boiling point: other properties you may have measured:
Solubility Tests (use +/- to indicate positive, negative tests)
H2O: _____; 5%NaOH, _____; 5%NaHCO3, _____; 5%HCl, _____ ;
H2SO4,_____.
pH(aqueous solution): _____ .

Department of Chemistry
University of Missouri-St. Louis
Solid Unknown
Preliminary Report Form
Chemistry 263
Name: _____________
Date:
Unknown Number ______
Physical Properties a) appearance: b) c) e) melting point: boiling point: other properties you may have measured:
Solubility Tests (use +/- to indicate positive, negative tests)
H
2
O: _____; 5%NaOH, _____; 5%NaHCO
3
, _____; 5%HCl, _____ ;
H
2
SO
4
,_____.
pH(aqueous solution): _____ .