Writing 2
ENG 221
Norah AlFayez
Lecture Contents
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Revision of Writing 1.
Introduction to basic grammar.
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Parts of speech.
Parts of sentences.
Subordinate word groups.
Sentence Types.
Introduction to Chapter 1.
F. Scott Fitzgerald
Writing 1 Revision:
We’ve learned how to write 5 types of
paragraphs:
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Descriptive Paragraph.
Example Paragraph.
Process Paragraph.
Opinion Paragraph.
Narrative Paragraph.
Formatting a paragraph
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Leave margins
Double-space
Indent
Connect sentences
Write a title
Paragraph Organization
The topic Sentence.
(Introduces a new idea. Not too
general. Not too specific.)
 The supporting sentences.
(definitions, explanations or
examples.)
 The concluding sentence.
(warning, prediction or opinion)
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Punctuation and Capitalization
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The first word in a sentence is always
capitalized.
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A complete sentence can end in a period.
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A question ends with a question mark.
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Use exclamation mark to give emphasis to
a sentence.
Important Terms
A Fragment:
An incomplete sentence that is missing a
subject or a verb.
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Run-on sentences:
Two sentences that run together without
correct punctuation between them.
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Why Do You Write?
Basic Grammar: Parts of Speech
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There are 8 parts of speech in
English.
What are they?
Parts of Speech: NOUNS
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A noun is a name of a person, place
thing or concept.
Nouns sometimes function as
adjectives.
Classification of nouns.
Parts of Speech: PRONOUNS
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A pronoun is a word used in place of
a noun.
Never use a noun and a pronoun at
the same time.
There are 8 types of pronouns.
Parts of Speech: PRONOUNS
Parts of Speech: PRONOUNS
Parts of Speech: PRONOUNS
Parts of Speech: PRONOUNS
Parts of Speech: PRONOUNS
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5.
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The 8 types of pronouns are:
Personal pronouns
Possessive pronouns
Intensive and Reflexive pronouns
Relative pronouns
Interrogative pronouns
Demonstrative Pronouns
Indefinite Pronouns
Reciprocal pronouns
Parts of Speech: VERBS
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A verb usually expresses action (jump, think) or
being (is, become).
It is composed of a main verb possibly preceded by
one or more helping verbs.
There are twenty-three helping verbs in English:
forms of have, do, and be; and nine modals. Have,
do, and be change form to indicate tense; the nine
modals do not.
Parts of Speech: VERBS
Parts of Speech: ADJECTIVES
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An adjective is a word used to modify, or describe, a
noun or pronoun.
Adjectives usually precede the words they modify.
They may also follow linking verbs, in which case
they describe the subject.
Some pronouns and nouns can function as
adjectives.
Parts of Speech: ADVERBS
Parts of Speech: PREPOSITIONS
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A preposition is a word placed before a noun or
pronoun to form a phrase modifying another word in
the sentence.
Parts of Speech: CONJUNCTIONS
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Conjunctions join words, phrases, or clauses, and
the indicate the relation between the elements they
join.
Using conjunctions takes your writing to the next
level.
There are 4 type of conjunctions: Coordinating
conjunctions, Correlative Conjunctions,
Subordinating conjunctions, and Conjunctive
adverbs.
Parts of Speech: CONJUNCTIONS
Parts of Speech: CONJUNCTIONS
Parts of Speech: INTERJECTIONS
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An interjection is a word used to
express surprise or emotion.
E.g. Oh! Hey! Wow!
Interjections are usually followed by
exclamation marks.
Basic Grammar: Parts of Sentences
S + V + O or Complement
Yara is leaving tomorrow morning.
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V +O = predicate
The Subject can be simple (one noun or
pronoun) or complete (simple subject +
any words modifying it)
Basic Grammar: Parts of Sentences
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In imperative sentences the subject is
understood to be you.
Sometimes the subject comes after the
verb. i.e. when a sentence begins with
(there is, there are).
In questions, the subject comes between
the helping verb and the main verb.
Basic Grammar: Parts of Sentences
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Linking verbs connect subjects to complements.
The forms of be – be, am, is, are, was, were, being,
been- usually function as linking verbs when they
appear as main verbs.
Verbs such as appear, become, feel, grow, look,
make, seem, smell, sound, and taste are linking
when they are followed by a word group that
describes the subject.
Basic Grammar: Parts of Sentences
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A transitive verb takes a direct object,
which is the receiver of the action.
The direct object is sometimes followed by
an indirect object, a noun or pronoun
telling to whom or for whom the action is
done.
Intransitive verbs take no objects or
complements.
Dictionaries tell you if the verb is transitive
or not.
Basic Grammar: Subordinate
Word Groups
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Subordinate word groups include phrases
and clauses.
Phrases lack a subject and a verb; they
are classified as prepositional, verbal,
appositive, and absolute.
Clauses have a subject and a verb, but
they begin with a word (such as although,
that, or when).
Subordinate Word Groups:
Prepositional Phrases
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A prepositional phrase begins with a
preposition such as at, by, for, from, in, of,
on, to, or with and usually ends with a
noun which is the object of the preposition.
They function either as adjectives (appear
after nouns) or adverbs (anywhere in the
sentence).
Subordinate Word Groups: Verbal
Phrases
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A verbal is a verb that doesn’t function as the verb of a
clause. Verbals include:
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Infinitives (e.g. Can you wait to celebrate?)
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Gerunds (e.g. Eating is prohibited.)
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Participles (e.g. Broken promises cannot be fixed.)
Subordinate Word Groups:
Appositive Phrases
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Appositive phrases describe nouns or
pronouns.
Instead of modifying noun or pronouns,
however, appositive phrases rename
them.
Subordinate Word Groups:
Absolute Phrases
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An absolute phrase modifies a whole clause
or sentence, not just one word.
It consists of a noun usually followed by a
participial phrase.
Subordinate Word Groups:
Subordinate Clauses
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Subordinate clause are patterned like
sentences, having subjects and verbs.
But they function within sentences as
adjectives, adverbs, or noun.
They cannot stand alone as complete
sentences.
Subordinate Word Groups:
Subordinate Clauses
Subordinate Word Groups:
Subordinate Clauses
Basic Grammar: Sentence Types
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Sentences are classified in two ways:
According to their structure (simple,
compound, complex, and compound
complex)
According to their purpose
(declarative, imperative,
interrogative, and exclamatory).
Lecture’s Summary
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Revision of Writing 1.
Introduction to basic grammar.
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Parts of speech.
Parts of sentences.
Subordinate word groups.
Sentence Types.
Introduction to Chapter 1.