What is Artificial Intelligence?
AI, Artificial Intelligence
Many definitions
No universal agreement
 Based on different point of view, a different
definition

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Are computers the right kind
of machine to be made
intelligent?
Computers can be programmed to
simulate any kind of machine.
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Are computers fast enough to
be intelligent?
My own opinion is that the computers of 30
years ago were fast enough if only we
knew how to program them. Of course,
quite apart from the ambitions of AI
researchers, computers will keep getting
faster.
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Does AI aim to put the human
mind into the computer?
Some researchers say they have that
objective, but maybe they are using the
phrase metaphorically. The human mind
has a lot of peculiarities, and I'm not sure
anyone is serious about imitating all of
them.
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Different definitions of AI
Thought
Behavior
Human
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Ideal
???
What is artificial intelligence (AI)?
Why study AI?
How can you tell whether a machine
or program is intelligent?
What kinds of things (if any) can be
learned by a machine?
When can (should) machines replace
human experts?
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What is AI?
AI definition was always debatable since the
meaning of intelligence was not well-defined.
Intelligence might be defined as the capacity to
acquire and apply knowledge.
So AI was defined as:


AI is the study of ideas that enable computers to be
intelligent.
AI is the part of computer science concerned with
design of computer systems that exhibit human
intelligence.
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What is AI?
From the above two definitions, we can see
that AI has two major roles:
Study the intelligent part concerned with
humans.
 Represent those actions using computers.

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Goals of AI
To make computers more useful by letting
them take over dangerous or tedious tasks
from human
Understand principles of human intelligence
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More explanation
Thought VS behavior
Ideal?
Rational, reasonable and correct
 Humans sometimes do incorrect things


Humans are sometimes irrational
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Human-like VS Rational?
A system thinks or acts like a human
Methods employed by humans
 But, sometimes we even don’t know
how??!!

A system thinks or acts rationally
Don’t care the methods, only care about
the correctness of the result
 Usually employ mathematical and logical
models

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© Dr. Khalid Kaabneh, AAU
Acting humanly
The Turing Test approach

a human questioner cannot tell if


there is a computer or a human answering his
question, via teletype (remote communication)
The computer must behave intelligently
Intelligent behavior

to achieve human-level performance in all
cognitive tasks
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© Dr. Khalid Kaabneh, AAU
Acting humanly
These cognitive tasks include:

Natural language processing

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Knowledge representation


to store information effectively & efficiently
Automated reasoning


for communication with human
to retrieve & answer questions using the stored
information
Machine learning

to adapt (適應) to new circumstances
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The total Turing Test
Includes two more issues:

Computer vision


to perceive objects (seeing)
Robotics

to move objects (acting)
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Thinking humanly
The cognitive modeling approach
To enable computer thinking like a human
 We must have a precise theory of mind
 Cognitive Science is dealing with the
theory of mind


bringing together the theories of AI and
psychology
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© Dr. Khalid Kaabneh, AAU
Thinking rationally
The laws of thought approach
Logic is the laws of thought to govern the
operation of mind.
 Usually logic takes as inputs several
premises and deduces a conclusion.
 Example: If X and Y then Z (X ^ Y => Z)

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Acting rationally
The rational agent approach
Given one’s beliefs (facts), one acts in
order to achieve one’s goals
 An agent is just something that perceives
(感應) and acts


like a program: get inputs, and perform some
outputs
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© Dr. Khalid Kaabneh, AAU
Acting rationally
Logic  only part of a rational agent, not all
of rationality
Sometimes logic cannot reason a correct
conclusion
 At that time, some specific (in domain) human
knowledge or information is used

Thus, it covers more generally different
situations of problems

Compensate the incorrectly reasoned
conclusion
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Acting rationally
Study AI as rational agent – 2 advantages:

It is more general than using logic only


Because: LOGIC + Domain knowledge
It allows extension of the approach with more
scientific methodologies
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© Dr. Khalid Kaabneh, AAU
The Foundation of AI
Philosophy
At that time, the study of human intelligence
began with no formal expression
 Initiate the idea of mind as a machine and its
internal operations

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© Dr. Khalid Kaabneh, AAU
The Foundation of AI
Mathematics formalizes the three main
area of AI: computation, logic, and
probability

Computation leads to analysis of the
problems that can be computed

complexity theory
Probability contributes the “degree of belief”
to handle uncertainty in AI
 Decision theory combines probability theory
and utility theory (bias)

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© Dr. Khalid Kaabneh, AAU
The Foundation of AI
Human
thinking
Psychology
How do humans think and act?
 The study of human reasoning and acting
 Provides reasoning models for AI
 Strengthen the ideas


humans and other animals can be considered
as information processing machines
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© Dr. Khalid Kaabneh, AAU
The Foundation of AI
Computer Engineering
How to build an efficient computer?
 Provides the artifact (工具) that makes AI
application possible
 The power of computer makes computation
of large and difficult problems more easily
 AI has also contributed its own work to
computer science, including: time-sharing,
the linked list data type, OOP, etc.

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The Foundation of AI
Control theory and Cybernetics
How can artifacts operate under their own
control?
 The artifacts adjust their actions

To do better for the environment over time
 Based on an objective function and feedback
from the environment


Not limited only to linear systems but also
other problems

as language, vision, and planning, etc.
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The Foundation of AI
Linguistics

For understanding natural languages

different approaches has been adopted from
the linguistic work
Formal languages
 Syntactic and semantic analysis
 Knowledge representation

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© Dr. Khalid Kaabneh, AAU
The history of AI
Read it yourselves, if you feel interested
in it
In short
AI has been born for over 50 years
 Many different areas arise during this time
 AI has evolved from laboratory research to
an industry

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The state of the art
What can AI do today?
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AI Applications
Autonomous Planning & Scheduling:

Autonomous rovers.
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AI Applications
Autonomous Planning & Scheduling:

Telescope scheduling:
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AI Applications
Autonomous Planning & Scheduling:

Analysis of data:
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AI Applications
Medicine:

Image guided surgery
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AI Applications
Medicine:

Image analysis and enhancement
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AI Applications
Transportation:

Autonomous vehicle control:
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AI Applications
Transportation:

Pedestrian detection:
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AI Applications
Games:
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AI Applications
Games:
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AI Applications
Robotic toys:
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AI Applications
Other application areas:
Bioinformatics:

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Gene expression data analysis
Prediction of protein structure
Text classification, document sorting:

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Web pages, e-mails
Articles in the news
Video, image classification
Music composition, picture drawing
Natural Language Processing .
Perception.
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© Dr. Khalid Kaabneh, AAU