INTRODUCTION TO DOCTORAL RESEARCH AND THEORY I INF 391D.8 Unique Number 28195 Dr. Philip Doty School of Information University of Texas at Austin Fall 2007 Class time: Friday, 9:00 AM – 12:00 N Place: SZB 556 Office: SZB 570 Office hrs: Tuesday 1:00 – 2:00 PM By appointment other times Telephone: 512.471.3746 – direct line 512.471.2742 – iSchool receptionist 512.471.3821 – main iSchool office Internet: pdoty@ischool.utexas.edu http://www.ischool.utexas.edu/~pdoty/index.htm Class URL: http://courses.ischool.utexas.edu/Doty_Philip/2007/fall/INF391D8/ TA: Sidney Tibbetts tnst@ischool.utexas.edu Office hours: TBA Copyright Philip Doty, UT-Austin, July 2007 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction to the course 3 Expectations of PhD students’ performance 5 Standards for written work 6 Editing conventions 10 Grading 11 Texts and other tools 12 List of assignments 14 Outline of course 15 Schedule 17 Assignments 24 References Readings from the class schedule and assignments 29 Selected ARIST chapters 1966-2007 37 Sources on doing research 42 Research and research methods in information studies Research methods Nature of science and systematic inquiry Useful serial sources 50 Additional sources 55 Copyright Philip Doty, UT-Austin, July 2007 2 Important professional associations and organizations Copyright Philip Doty, UT-Austin, July 2007 73 3 INTRODUCTION TO THE COURSE “We live in a period of profound skepticism. We have exposed all of the ‘good lies’ but still crave their solace.” Sue Curry Jansen, Censorship: The Knot that Binds Power and Knowledge (1991, p. 190) INF 391D.8, Introduction to Doctoral Research and Theory I, is the first in a two-course sequence of seminars required of doctoral students in the School of Information. The overarching goal of the two courses is to enable students to understand systematic inquiry in information studies and to understand how they can be part of that inquiry. Because the field is both trans- and interdisciplinary, the literatures we read, the concepts we engage, the modes of knowing and argumentation we mobilize, and the criteria we use for judging knowledge claims will reflect a number of positions, traditions, and disciplines. The course comprises five short units that overlap to some extent: Unit 1: Unit 2: Unit 3: Unit 4: Exploring the character of information studies (classes 1-2) Thinking about systematic inquiry (classes 3-7) Theoretical and methodological overviews of information studies (classes 8-9) Examining specific theories and methods of inquiry in information studies including the work of iSchool faculty members and senior doctoral students (classes 10-12) Unit 5: Presentations of students’ research (class 13). More specifically, INF 391D.8 has the following aims: To ensure that students adequately understand the process of research and some of the important ways it has been pursued in the western tradition; review and critique of the principles of scientific inquiry are of special interest. To introduce students to the making of theory in the field and cognate disciplines. To consider important questions related to epistemology, identity, and community that are of special importance to doing research and making theory in our field – questions about how we know, how we determine what we know, and how we know in concert with others infuse the course. To expose students to important research methods and traditions in the field and beyond, especially to investigate positivist, post-positivist, and constructivist methods of research. These methods may include the empirical social scientific, historical, philosophical, literary, theoretical, ethnographic, quantitative/statistical, qualitative, policy analytic, rhetorical, systems analytic, and so on. To consider how concerns with theory and method have taken shape in the field of information studies. To examine three of the major schools of thought that characterize systematic inquiry in our field: (1) the useful if limited simile of information as thing, (2) the cognitivist approach to information retrieval and learning, and (3) the performative perspective emphasizing practice, materiality, community, and the social construction of knowledge. To identify a wide variety of the important research fronts in our discipline and cognate disciplines, including the organization of information, intellectual history, information behavior, management of information organizations, and information systems design and Copyright Philip Doty, UT-Austin, July 2007 4 evaluation. The particular character of these research fronts will vary according to the interests of the students and the instructor. Copyright Philip Doty, UT-Austin, July 2007 5 There are three major reasons that much of DRT I is dedicated to understanding systematic inquiry, especially science: 1. The PhD is a research degree, and enrollment in such a program indicates a commitment to systematic inquiry in its many forms. 2. As a discipline and field of inquiry, information studies itself springs from the social and behavioral sciences, humanities, and computational sciences, as well as from the natural and physical sciences to a lesser degree. The more we understand the creation, sharing, and use of knowledge and the practice of inquiry, the better we understand our own discipline and how to do good research. 3. In part, our discipline emerged from the marriage of library service and information science and their shared concerns with scholarly communication and the distribution of scientific information. The more we understand the processes of systematic inquiry and the roles of communication in it, the better able we are to design, implement, evaluate, and re-design information systems to serve all kinds of people in all sorts of situations. With these reasons in mind, nine of the 14 classes in this version of DRT I focus on our field (classes 1-2, 8-9, 10-12, and 13-14), while the other five focus on the bases of systematic inquiry and the practices of knowledge production (classes 3-7). The boundary between a disciplinaryspecific focus and a wider look at systematic inquiry is, of course, quite permeable. Generally, the instructor will begin each class with a brief review of logistics, e.g., readings for next class, assignments, and academic housekeeping. He will then usually talk a bit about the topic(s) and readings for the day’s class, usually keeping his remarks to 30 minutes or less. Then the students will generally have the floor for the rest of the class to engage the readings, discussion questions, assignments, and related topics. Thus, active reading, active participation, and academic initiative are key to our mutual success this semester. Throughout the semester, we will also try to remain acutely aware of our “cognitive insecurity and our vulnerability to good lies” (Jansen, 1991, p. 191), learning to exercise engaged skepticism – not dismissive cynicism – about the points of view and disagreements we will examine. It is important to remember that reasonable people can disagree and that the classroom is a place where such disagreement is welcome. Not only do humility and academic courtesy demand respect for others, but recall that disagreement is one of our major resources for learning. One of the implicit themes of the course will be the role of research in the university, the history of the research university in America, the status of the university in American life, and the purpose of graduate (especially doctoral) education. While readings about these topics will not be required, they will be useful supplements to the class readings and useful over the course of students’ academic and professional careers. See, e.g., Ehrlich (1995), Graham & Diamond (1997a, b, and c), Kennedy (1997a, b, c, and d), and Shils (1997a and b). The course is a way to integrate students more fully into the field, to help them become more active readers and writers, to help them develop as more fully realized researchers, and to enhance their understanding, use, and development of theory in the field. The course encourages students to consider what our field recognizes as convincing evidence, strong modes of argumentation, and appropriate and productive rhetorics. At the same time, students must further develop their own goals, methods, and standards for their scholarly work and that of Copyright Philip Doty, UT-Austin, July 2007 6 others. Copyright Philip Doty, UT-Austin, July 2007 7 EXPECTATIONS OF PHD STUDENTS’ PERFORMANCE Students are expected to be involved, creative, and vigorous participants in class discussions and in the overall conduct of the class. In addition, students are expected to: • Attend all class sessions; if a student misses a class, it is her responsibility to arrange with another student to obtain all notes, handouts, and assignment sheets. • Read all material prior to class; students are expected to use the course readings to inform their classroom participation and their writing. Students must learn to integrate what they read with what they say and write. This last imperative is essential to the development of professional expertise and to the development of a collegial professional persona. • Educate themselves and their peers; successful completion of graduate academic programs and participation in professional life depend upon a willingness to demonstrate initiative and creativity. Participation in the professional and personal growth of colleagues is essential to one’s own success as well as theirs. Such collegiality is at the heart of scholarship, so some assignments are designed to encourage collaboration. Spend at least 5-6 hours in preparation for each hour in the classroom of a PhD seminar; a 3credit hour course requires a minimum of 15 hours per week of work outside the classroom. • Participate in all class discussions. • Complete all assignments on time; late assignments will not be accepted except in the particular circumstances noted below. Failure to complete any assignment on time will result in a failing grade for the course. • Be responsible with collective property, especially books and other material on reserve. • Ask for help from the instructor or the teaching assistant, either in class, during office hours, on the telephone, through email, or in any other appropriate way. Email is especially appropriate for information questions, but please recall that Doty has limited access to email outside the office. Unless there are compelling privacy concerns, it is always wise to send a copy of any email intended for the instructor to the TA as well; she has access to email more regularly. Academic dishonesty, such as plagiarism, cheating, or academic fraud, will not be tolerated and will incur severe penalties, including failure for the course. If there is concern about behavior that may be academically dishonest, consult the instructor. Students should refer to the UT General Information Bulletin, Appendix C, Sections 11-304 and 11-802 and Texas is the Best . . . HONESTLY! (1988) by the Cabinet of College Councils and the Office of the Dean of Students. The instructor is happy to provide all appropriate accommodations for students with documented disabilities. The University’s Office of the Dean of Students at 471.6259, 471.4641 TTY, can provide further information and referrals as necessary. Copyright Philip Doty, UT-Austin, July 2007 8 STANDARDS FOR WRITTEN WORK You will be expected to meet professional standards of maturity, clarity, grammar, spelling, and organization in your written work for this class, and, to that end, I offer the following remarks. Review these standards both before and after writing; they are used to evaluate your work. Every writer is faced with the problem of not knowing what his or her audience knows about the topic at hand; therefore, effective communication depends upon maximizing clarity. As Wolcott reminds us in Writing Up Qualitative Research (1990, p. 47): "Address . . . the many who do not know, not the few who do." It is also important to remember that clarity of ideas, clarity of language, and clarity of syntax are interrelated and mutually reinforcing. Good writing makes for good thinking and vice versa. Writing is a form of inquiry, a way to think, not a reflection of some supposed static thought “in” the mind. A vivid example of how this complex process of composition and thought works is in the unexpurgated version of Theodore Dreiser’s Sister Carrie (1994, p. 144): Hurstwood surprised himself with his fluency. By the natural law which governs all effort, what he wrote reacted upon him. He began to feel those subtleties which he could find words to express. With every word came increased conception. Those inmost breathings which thus found words took hold upon him. We need not adopt Dreiser’s breathless metaphysics or naturalism to understand the point. All written work for the class must be written using word processing software and doublespaced, with 1" margins all the way around and in either 10 or 12 pt. font. Some writing assignments will demand the use of notes (either footnotes or endnotes) and references. It is particularly important in professional schools such as the School of Information that notes and references are impeccably done. Please use APA (American Psychological Association) standards. There are other standard bibliographic and note formats, for example, in engineering and law, but social scientists and a growing number of humanists use APA. Familiarity with standard formats is essential for understanding others' work and for preparing submissions to journals, funding agencies, professional conferences, and the like. You may also want to consult the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (2001, 5th ed.). Do not use a general dictionary or encyclopedia for defining terms in graduate school or in professional writing. If you want to use a reference source to define a term, use a specialized dictionary such as The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Philosophy or subject-specific encyclopedia, e.g., the International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioral Sciences. The best alternative, however, is having an understanding of the literature related to the term sufficient to provide a definition in the context of that literature. Use a standard spell checker on your documents, but be aware that spell checking dictionaries do not include most proper nouns, including personal and place names; omit most technical terms; include few foreign words and phrases; and cannot identify the error in using homophones, e.g., writing "there" instead of "their,” or "the" instead of "them." It is imperative that you proofread your work thoroughly and be precise in editing it. It is often helpful to have someone else read your writing, to eliminate errors and to Copyright Philip Doty, UT-Austin, July 2007 9 increase clarity. Finally, each assignment should be handed in with a title page containing your full name, the date, the title of the assignment, and the class number (INF 391D.8). If you have any questions about these standards, I will be pleased to discuss them with you at any time. CONTINUED Copyright Philip Doty, UT-Austin, July 2007 10 Remember, every assignment must include a title page with: • The title of the assignment • Your name • The date • The class number – INF 391D.8. Since the production of professional-level written work is one of the aims of the class, I will read and edit your work as the editor of a professional journal or the moderator of a technical session at a professional conference would. The reminders below will help you prepare professional written work appropriate to any situation. Note the asterisked errors in 3, 4, 9, 11, 12, 15, 16, 19, 21, and 25 (some have more than one error): 1. Staple all papers for this class in the upper left-hand corner. Do not use covers, binders, or other means of keeping the pages together. 2. Number all pages after the title page. Notes and references do not count against page limits. 3. Use formal, academic prose. Avoid colloquial language, *you know?* It is essential in graduate work and in professional communication to avoid failures in diction; be serious and academic when called for, be informal and relaxed when called for, and be everything in between as necessary. 4. Avoid clichés. They are vague, *fail to "push the envelope," and do not provide "relevant input."* For this course, avoid words and phrases such as "agenda," "problem with," "deal with," "handle," "window of," "goes into," "broken down into," "viable," and "option." 5. Avoid computer technospeak like "input," "feedback," or "processing information" except when using such terms in specific technical ways. 6. Avoid using “content” as a noun. 7. Do not use the term "relevant" except in its information retrieval sense. Ordinarily, it is a colloquial cliché, but it also has a strict technical meaning in information studies. 8. Do not use "quality" as an adjective; it is vague, cliché, and colloquial. Instead use "highquality," "excellent," "superior," or whatever more formal phrase you deem appropriate. 9. Study the APA style convention for the proper use of ellipsis*. . . .* 10. Avoid using the terms "objective" and "subjective" in their evidentiary senses; these terms entail major philosophical, epistemological controversy. Avoid terms such as "facts," "factual," "proven," and related constructions for similar reasons. 11. Avoid contractions. *Don't* use them in formal writing. Copyright Philip Doty, UT-Austin, July 2007 11 12. Be circumspect in using the term "this," especially in the beginning of a sentence. *THIS* is often a problem because the referent is unclear. Pay strict attention to providing clear referents for all pronouns. Especially ensure that pronouns and their referents agree in CONTINUED Copyright Philip Doty, UT-Austin, July 2007 12 number; e.g., "each person went to their home" is a poor construction because "each" is singular, as is the noun "person," while "their" is a plural form. Therefore, either the referent or the pronoun must change in number. 13. "If" ordinarily takes the subjunctive mood, e.g., "If he were [not "was"] only taller." 14. Put "only" in its appropriate place, near the word it modifies. For example, it is appropriate in spoken English to say, "he only goes to Antone's" when you mean, "the only place he frequents is Antone's." In written English, however, the sentence should read "he goes only to Antone's." 15. Do not confuse possessive, plural, or contracted forms, especially of pronouns. *Its* bad. 16. Do not confuse affect/effect, compliment/complement, or principle/principal. Readers will not *complement* your work or *it's* *principle* *affect* on them. 17. Avoid misplaced modifiers; e.g., it is inappropriate to write the following sentence: As someone interested in the history of Mesoamerica, it was important for me to attend the lecture. The sentence is inappropriate because the phrase "As someone interested in the history of Mesoamerica" is meant to modify the next immediate word, which should then, obviously, be both a person and the subject of the sentence. It should modify the word "I" by preceding it immediately. One good alternative for the sentence is: As someone interested in the history of Mesoamerica, I was especially eager to attend the lecture. 18. Avoid use of "valid," "parameter," "bias," "reliability," and "paradigm," except in limited technical ways. These are important research terms and should be used with precision. 19. Remember that the words "data," "media," "criteria," "strata," and "phenomena" are all PLURAL forms. They *TAKES* plural verbs. If you use any of these plural forms in a singular construction, e.g., "the data is," you will make the instructor very unhappy :-(. 20. "Number," "many," and "fewer" are used with plural nouns (a number of horses, many horses, and fewer horses). “Amount," "much," and "less" are used with singular nouns (an amount of hydrogen, much hydrogen, and less hydrogen). Another useful way to make this distinction is to recall that "many" is used for countable nouns, while "much" is used for uncountable nouns. 21. *The passive voice should generally not be used.* 22. "Between" distinguishes two alternatives, while "among" distinguishes three or more. 23. Generally avoid the use of honorifics such as Mister, Doctor, Ms., and so on when referring to persons in your writing, especially when citing their written work. Use last names and dates as appropriate in APA. 24. There is no generally accepted standard for citing electronic resources. If you cite them, give an indication, as specifically as possible, of: - responsibility - title Copyright Philip Doty, UT-Austin, July 2007 (who?) (what?) 13 - date of creation - date viewed - place to find the source (when?) (when?) (where? how?). CONTINUED Copyright Philip Doty, UT-Austin, July 2007 14 See the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (2001, 5th ed., pp. 213-214, 231, and 268-281) for a discussion of citing electronic material and useful examples. Also see Web Extension to American Psychological Association Style (WEAPAS) at http://www.beadsland.com/weapas/#SCRIBE for more guidance. 25. *PROFREAD! PROOFREED! PROOOFREAD!* 26. Citation, quotation, and reference are nouns; cite, quote, and refer to are verbs. 27. Impact and research are also nouns; do not use them as verbs. 28. Use double quotation marks (“abc.”), not single quotation marks (‘xyz.’), as a matter of course. Single quotation marks are to be used to indicate quotations within quotations. 29. Provide a specific page number for all direct quotations. If the quotation is from a Web page or other digital source, provide at least the paragraph number and/or other directional cues, e.g., “(Davis, 1993, section II, ¶ 4).” 30. In ordinary American English, as ≠ because. 31. Use "about" instead of the tortured locution "as to." 32. In much of social science and humanistic study, the term "issue" is used in a technical way to identify sources of public controversy or dissensus. Please use the term to refer to topics about which there is substantial public disagreement, NOT synonymously with general terms such as "area," "topic," or the like. 33. Please do not start a sentence or any independent clause with “however.” 34. Avoid the use of “etc.” – it is awkward, colloquial, and vague. 35. Do not use the term “subjects” to describe research participants. Terms such as “respondents,” “participants,” “informants,” “co-researchers,” and “research collaborators” are preferable and have been for many years. 36. Do not use notes unless absolutely necessary, but, if you must use them, use endnotes not footnotes. Copyright Philip Doty, UT-Austin, July 2007 15 SOME EDITING CONVENTIONS FOR STUDENTS’ PAPERS SYMBOL MEANING # number OR insert a space; context will help you decipher its meaning AWK awkward; usually compromises clarity as well BLOCK make into a block quotation without external quotation marks; do so with quotations ≥ 4 lines caps capitalize COLLOQ colloquial and to be avoided dB database FRAG sentence fragment; often means that the verb and/or subject of the sentence is missing ITAL italicize j journal lc make into lower case lib'ship librarianship org, org’l organization, organizational PL plural Q question Q’naire questionnaire REF? what is the referent of this pronoun? to what or whom does it refer? RQ research question sp spelling SING singular w/ with Copyright Philip Doty, UT-Austin, July 2007 16 w.c.? word choice? I also use check marks to indicate that the writer has made an especially good point and wavy lines under or next to a term to indicate that the usage is suspect. Copyright Philip Doty, UT-Austin, July 2007 17 GRADING The grading system for this class includes the following grades: A+ A AB+ B BC+ C CF Extraordinarily high achievement Superior Excellent Good Satisfactory Barely satisfactory Unsatisfactory Unsatisfactory Unsatisfactory Unacceptable and failing. not recognized by the University 4.00 3.67 3.33 3.00 2.67 2.33 2.00 1.67 0.00. See the memorandum from former Dean Brooke Sheldon dated August 13, 1991, and the notice in the School of Information student orientation packet for explanations of this system. Consult the iSchool Web site (http://www.ischool.utexas.edu/programs/general_info.php) and the Graduate School Catalogue (e.g., http://www.utexas.edu/student/registrar/catalogs/grad0507/ch1/ch1a.html#Nature.and.Purpose and http://www.utexas.edu/student/registrar/catalogs/grad0507/ch1/ch1b.html#Student.Responsibility) for more on standards of work. While the University does not accept the grade of A+, the instructor may assign the grade to students whose work is extraordinary. The grade of B signals acceptable, satisfactory performance in graduate school. For PhD students, however, a grade of B signals some difficulties with academic study. The instructor reserves the grade of A for students who demonstrate a command of the concepts and techniques discussed, have the ability to synthesize and integrate them in a professional manner, communicate them effectively, and successfully inform the work of other students. The grade of incomplete (X) is reserved for students in extraordinary circumstances and must be negotiated with the instructor before the end of the semester. See the former Dean's memorandum of August 13, 1991, available from the main iSchool office. I use points to evaluate assignments, not letter grades. Points on any assignment are determined using an arithmetic – not a proportional – algorithm. For example, 14/20 points on an assignment does NOT translate to 70% of the credit, or a D. Instead, 14/20 points is roughly equivalent to a B. If any student's semester point total ≥ 90 (is equal to or greater than 90), then s/he will have earned an A of some kind. If the semester point total ≥ 80, then s/he will have earned at least a B of some kind. Whether these are A+, A, A-, B+, B, or B- depends upon the comparison of point totals for all students. For example, if a student earns a total of 90 points and the highest point total in the class is 98, the student would earn an A-. If, on the other hand, a student earns 90 points and the highest point total in the class is 91, then the student would earn an A. This system will be further explained throughout the semester. Copyright Philip Doty, UT-Austin, July 2007 18 TEXTS AND OTHER TOOLS There are six required texts for this class, and you can purchase them at the Co-op (476.7211). As many of the required readings as possible will be on Reserve at PCL; many of the readings are available online. I also list a number of recommended books, and these can be supplemented by the many sources in the various parts of the references at the end of this syllabus. The required texts are: Ben-Ari, Moti. (2005). Just a theory: Exploring the nature of science. Amherst, NY: Prometheus. Fisher, Karen E., Erdelez, Sanda, & McKechnie, Lynne (E.F.). (Eds.). (2005). Theories of information behavior. Medford, NJ: Information Today. Godfrey-Smith, Peter. (2003). Theory and reality: An introduction to the philosophy of science. Chicago: University of Chicago. Miller, Jane E. (2004). The Chicago guide to writing about numbers: The effective presentation of quantitative information. Chicago: University of Chicago. Pickering, Andrew. (1995). The mangle of practice: Time, agency, & science. Chicago: University of Chicago. Smith, Barbara Herrnstein. (2006). Scandalous knowledge: Science, truth and the human. Durham, NC: Duke University. (Original work published 2005) We will also use many of the papers from four special issues of three major journals; they are all available online: Journal of Documentation, 61(1) – a 2005 special issue on library and information science and the philosophy of science edited by Birger Hjørland at the Royal School of Library and Information Science, Copenhagen, Denmark. Library Trends, 50(3) – a 2002 special issue on theory in LIS edited by William E. McGrath, formerly of the School of Information and Library Studies, SUNY-Buffalo. Library Trends, 52(3) – a 2004 special issue on philosophy of information edited by Ken Harold, director of library systems at the Burke Library of Hamilton College, Clinton, NY. Social Epistemology, 16(1) – a 2002 special issue on social epistemology and information science edited by Don Fallis at the School of Information Resources, University of Arizona. Students may wish to subscribe to these discussion lists: Doctoral Students in Library and Information Sciences Discussion List http://www.listserv.net/scripts/wl.exe?SL1=DOCDIS&H=BAMA.UA.EDU jESSE listserv http://web.utk.edu/~gwhitney/jesse.html Copyright Philip Doty, UT-Austin, July 2007 19 TEXTS AND OTHER TOOLS (CONTINUED) I recommend these books, some of which you may examine in DRT II: Bauer, Henry H. (1992). Scientific literacy and the myth of scientific method. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois. Benton, Ted, & Craib, Ian. (2001). Philosophy of social science: The philosophical foundation of social thought. New York: Palgrave. Biagioli, Mario. (Ed.). (1999). The science studies reader. New York: Routledge. Chalmers, A.F. (1999). What is this thing called science? Indianapolis, IN: Hackett. Cornelius, Ian. (1996b). Meaning and method in information studies. Norwood, NJ: Ablex. Feyerabend, Paul. (1993). Against method (3rd ed.). London: Verso. (Original work published 1975) Fleck, Ludwik. (1979). Genesis and development of a scientific fact. Thaddeus J. Trenn and Robert K. Merton (Eds.). (Fred Bradley & Thaddeus J. Trenn, Trans.). Chicago: University of Chicago. (Original work published 1935) Garvey, William D. (1979). Communication, the essence of science: Facilitating information exchange among scientists, engineers, and students. New York: Pergamon. Haack, Susan. (2003). Defending science – within reason: Between scientism and cynicism. Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books. (Original work published 2003) Hiley, David R., Bohman, James F., & Shusterman, Richard. (1991). The interpretive turn: Philosophy, science, culture. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University. Horgan, John. (1996). The end of science: Facing the limits of knowledge in the twilight of the scientific age. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley. Kaplan, Abraham. (1964). The conduct of inquiry: Methodology for behavioral science. New York: Harper & Row. Klee, Robert. (1999). Scientific inquiry: Readings in the philosophy of science. New York: Oxford University Press. Kline, Morris. (1985a). Mathematics and the search for knowledge. Oxford, UK: Oxford University. Koertge, Noretta. (1998). A house built on sand: Exposing postmodernist myths about science. New York: Oxford University. Latour, Bruno. (1987). Science in action: How to follow scientists and engineers through society. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University. Latour, Bruno, & Woolgar, Steve. (1986). Laboratory life: The construction of scientific facts. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University. Lawrence, Christopher, & Shapin, Steven. (Eds.). (1998). Science incarnate: Historical embodiments of natural knowledge. Chicago: University of Chicago. Machlup, Fritz, & Mansfield, Una. (Eds.). (1983). The study of information: Interdisciplinary messages. New York: John Wiley & Sons. [See especially the Prologue and Epilogue, as well as the sections on Informatics, Library and Information Sciences, and System Theory] Steinmetz, George. (Ed.). (2005). The politics of method in the human sciences: Positivism and its epistemological others. Durham, NC: Duke University. Students may find the following books on the so-called science wars particularly interesting: Brown, James Robert. (2001). Who rules in science?: An opinionated guide to the wars. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University. Copyright Philip Doty, UT-Austin, July 2007 20 Gross, Paul R., & Levitt, Norman. (1994c). Higher superstition: The academic left and its quarrels with science. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University. Gross, Paul R., Levitt, Norman, & Lewis, Martin W. (Eds.). (1996). The flight from science and reason. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences (Vol. 775). New York: New York Academy of Sciences. Ross, Andrew. (1996). Science wars. Durham, NC: Duke University. Copyright Philip Doty, UT-Austin, July 2007 21 LIST OF ASSIGNMENTS The instructor will provide additional information about each assignment. Written assignments are to be word-processed and double-spaced, in 10- or 12-point font, and with 1" margins, and are due in class unless otherwise indicated. Assignment Date Due Percent of Grade Preparation and participation Discussion questions and informal presentations --SEP 21, 28 OCT 5, 19, 26 NOV 14 10% Short online postings reviewing a research journal -- all due on WED, 12:00 N (3 pp.; 5% each) SEP 19 OCT 3, 17, 31 20 In-class discussion of the philosophy of science using a chapter from Godfrey-Smith (2003) SEP 14, 21 --- Paper on quantitative reasoning in information studies (5 pp.) SEP 28 10 Topic and abstract (2 pp.) for state of theory and research paper OCT 26 --- Choice of state of theory and research paper to review NOV 9 --- Book review of Ben-Ari’s Just a Theory (2-3 pp.) NOV 16 10 Draft of paper on theory and research (≥ 10 pp.) NOV 30 --- Public presentation on final paper NOV 30 10 Peer review of draft of final paper (3-4 pp.) DEC 7 15 Final paper on state of theory and research (18-20 pp.) WED, DEC 12, 12:00 N 25 All assignments must be handed in on time, and the instructor reserves the right to issue a course grade of F if any assignment is not completed. Late assignments will be accepted only if: 1. At least 24 hours before the date due, the instructor gives explicit permission to the student to hand the assignment in late. 2. At the same time, a specific date and time are agreed upon for the late submission. 3. The assignment is then submitted on or before the agreed-upon date and time. Copyright Philip Doty, UT-Austin, July 2007 22 The first criterion can be met only in the most serious of health, family, or personal situations. Your assignments should adhere to the standards for written work; should be clear, succinct, and specific; and should be explicitly grounded in the readings, class discussions, and other sources as appropriate. You will find it particularly useful to write multiple drafts of your papers. Copyright Philip Doty, UT-Austin, July 2007 23 OUTLINE OF COURSE Meeting Date TOPICS AND ASSIGNMENTS Unit 1: Exploring the character of information studies 1 2 Aug 31 Introduction to the course Review of the syllabus When we do information studies, what are we doing? Sep 7 Some ways to view the field Questioning the ideology of information Unit 2: Thinking about systematic inquiry 3 Sep 14 Introduction to the philosophy of science Student-led discussion (Sep 19, WED) • DUE: Short online journal posting (750 words, 3 double-spaced pp.) (5%) 4 Sep 21 Philosophy of science – continued Student-led discussion 5 Sep 28 Making quantitative arguments • DUE: Quantitative reasoning in information studies (5 double-spaced pp.) (10%) (Oct 3, WED) • DUE: Short online journal posting (750 words, 3 double-spaced pp.) (5%) 6 Oct 5 Science as a material assemblage Undermining mentalism, defending realism The “science wars” 7 Oct 12 Science as a material assemblage – continued Constructivism and other views of systematic inquiry (Oct 17, WED) • DUE: Short online journal posting (750 words, 3 double-spaced pp.) (5%) Unit 3: Theoretical and methodological overviews of information studies Copyright Philip Doty, UT-Austin, July 2007 24 8 ASIST Oct 19 Philosophy of science and information studies Thinking about systematic inquiry in the field beyond the philosophy of science Copyright Philip Doty, UT-Austin, July 2007 25 9 Oct 26 Some overviews of theory and social epistemology in the field • DUE: Topic and abstract – state of research and theory paper (2 pp.) (Oct 31, WED) • DUE: Short online journal posting (750 words, 3 double-spaced pp.) (5%) Unit 4: Examining specific theories and methods of inquiry in information studies 10 Nov 2 Research and theory in the work of senior PhD students and faculty members Information behavior (1): General theory 11 Nov 9 Research and theory in the work of senior PhD students and faculty members -- continued Information behavior (2): Information studies research • DUE: Choice of state of research and theory paper to review 12 Nov 16 Research and theory in the work of senior PhD students and faculty members -- continued Information behavior (3): “Information seeking” • DUE: Book review (2-3 double-spaced pp.) (10%) Nov 23 No class – Thanksgiving vacation! Unit 5: Presentations of students’ research 13 Nov 30 Information behavior (4): Information retrieval Students’ presentations (10%) • DUE: Draft of final paper (≥ 10 pp.) 14 Dec 7 Course evaluation Course summary • DUE: Review of another student’s draft of final paper (≥ 3-4 pp.) (15%) DEC 12, WED, 12:00 N • DUE: State of research and theory paper (18-20 pp.) (25%) Copyright Philip Doty, UT-Austin, July 2007 26 SCHEDULE The schedule is tentative and may be adjusted as we progress through the semester. Some readings are in the Course Documents section of BlackBoard (CD), while many other required readings are available online as indicated. Some of the readings require you to be logged in with your UT EID through the UT libraries. I deliberately do not identify persistent URL’s for the online readings so that you will browse more online than you otherwise might. AS indicates Additional Sources, listed in the last several sections of the syllabus. DATE TOPICS, ASSIGNMENTS, AND REQUIRED READINGS Unit 1: Exploring the character of information studies Aug 31 Introduction to the course Review of the syllabus When we do information studies, what are we doing? READ: Ortega y Gassett (1961/1934) online Shera (1968) [1972] CD Agre (1995) online Bates (1999a) online Bates (1999b) online Buckland (1996) online Delamont & Atkinson (2001) online AS: Sep 7 Day (2005) Hahn (1996) Scarrott (1994) Some ways to view the field Questioning the ideology of information READ: Bates (2005b) Cornelius (2004) online Floridi (2002) online Frohmann (2004) online Harmon (1987) CD Hjørland (2005b) online McKechnie & Pettigrew (2002) online Nunberg (1996a) online AS: Augst (2001) Capurro (1992) Cole (1994) Day (2000) online Copyright Philip Doty, UT-Austin, July 2007 27 Frohmann (1992) Hjørland (2005c) online Reeling (1992) Vakkari (1996) Wiegand (2003) online Copyright Philip Doty, UT-Austin, July 2007 28 Unit 2: Thinking about systematic inquiry Sep 14 Introduction to the philosophy of science Student-led discussion of Godfrey-Smith READ: Godfrey-Smith (2003), 1 (“Introduction”), 2 (“Logic Plus Empiricism”), 4 (“Popper: Conjecture and Refutation”), 5 (“Kuhn and Normal Science”), 6 (“Kuhn and Revolutions”), 7 (“Lakatos, Laudan, Feyerabend, and Frameworks”) Hjørland (2005c) online Miller (2004), 1 (“Why Write About Numbers?”), 2 (“Seven Basic Principles”), Appendix A (“Implementing ‘Generalization, Example, Exceptions’ (GEE)”) Tashakkori & Teddlie (1998) CD AS: Godfrey-Smith (2003), 3 (Sep 19, WED) • DUE: Short online journal posting (750 words, 3 double-spaced pp.) (5%) Sep 21 Philosophy of science – continued Student-led discussion of Godfrey-Smith READ: Godfrey-Smith (2003), 8 (“The Challenge from Sociology of Science”), 9 (“Feminism and Science Studies”), 10 (“Naturalistic Philosophy in Theory and Practice”), 12 (“Scientific Realism”), 15 (“Empiricism, Naturalism, and Scientific Realism?”) Miller (2004), 3 (“Causality, Statistical Significance, and Substantive Significance”), 4 (“Technical but Important: Five More Basic Principles”), 9 (“Writing About Distributions and Associations”) VanHouse (2003) CD AS: Sep 28 Godfrey-Smith (2003), 11 Quine (1969) Making quantitative arguments READ: Miller (2004), 10 (“Writing About Data and Methods”), 11 (“Writing Introductions, Results, and Conclusions”) Kline (1985b) CD Porter (1999) CD Rotman (1999) CD Tufte (1997a) CD Wainer (1984) online Wainer (1992) online AS: Logan (1995) Copyright Philip Doty, UT-Austin, July 2007 29 MacKenzie (1999) Miller (2004), 5, 6, 7, 8 Tufte (1997b) • DUE: Quantitative reasoning in information studies (5 double-spaced pp.) (10%) (Oct 3, WED) • DUE: Short online journal posting (750 words, 3 double-spaced pp.) (5%) Oct 5 Science as a material assemblage Undermining mentalism, defending realism The “science wars” READ: Smith (2006), all chapters Pickering (1995), Preface, 1 (“The Mangle of Practice”) Gross & Levitt (1994a) CD Gross & Levitt (1994b) CD Gross & Levitt (1994d) CD Reddy (1993) CD AS: Oct 12 Latour (1987), passim Hjørland (2004) Pickering (1999) Science as a material assemblage – continued Constructivism and other views of systematic inquiry READ: Bauer (1992) CD Hammers & Brown (2004), online Pickering (1995), 2 (“Machines: Building the Bubble Chamber”), 4 (“Concepts: Constructing Quarks”), 5 (“Technology: Numerically Controlled Machine Tools”), 6 (“Living in the Material World”), 7 (“Through the Mangle”) Talja et al. (2005) online AS: Pickering (1995), 3 (“Facts: The Hunting of the Quark”) Daston (1999) Daston (2005) online Hacking (1999) (Oct 17, WED) • DUE: Short online journal posting (750 words, 3 double-spaced pp.) (5%) Copyright Philip Doty, UT-Austin, July 2007 30 Unit 3: Theoretical and methodological overviews of information studies Oct 19 Philosophy of science and information studies ASIST Thinking about systematic inquiry in the field beyond the philosophy of science READ: Buckland (2002) online Budd (2005) online Day (1996) online Frohmann (2000) online Hjørland (2005a) online McGrath (2002b) online Sundin & Johannison (2005) online AS: Oct 26 Burke et al. (1996) online Hansson (2005) online Herold (2001) online Hjørland (2005c) online (reprise) Seldén (2005) online Some overviews of theory and social epistemology in the field READ: Budd (1995) online Budd (2002) online Dervin (2005) Fallis (2002) online Floridi (2004) online Pettigrew & McKechnie (2001) online Zwadlo (1997) online AS: Carlin (2003) online Dick (1999) online Furner (2004a) Furner (2004b) Hjørland (2004) McDowell (2002) online Swanson (1988) online Zandonade (2004) • DUE: Topic and abstract – state of research and theory paper (2 pp.) (Oct 31, WED) • DUE: Short online journal posting (750 words, 3 double-spaced pp.) (5%) Copyright Philip Doty, UT-Austin, July 2007 31 Unit 4: Examining specific theories and methods of inquiry in information studies Nov 2 Research and theory in the work of senior PhD students and faculty members Information behavior (1): General theory Information organization, design, and display (1) READ: Davies (2005) Dillon & Turnbull (2005) CD Dixon (2005) Julien (2005) Lowe & Eisenberg (2005) Lynch (2002) online McKechnie (2005) Norman (2002b) CD Norman (2002d) CD Ross (2005) Yakel (2005) AS: Nov 9 Davidsen (2005) online Ellis, M. (2005) online Van House (2002) online Research and theory in the work of senior PhD students and faculty members – continued Information behavior (2): Information studies research Information organization, design, and display (2) READ: Chatman (1996) online Cook (1997) CD Hersberger (2005) McGrath (2002a) online Norman (2002c) CD Palmquist (2005) Tidline (2005) Williamson (2005) Wilson (2005) AS: Eisenhardt (1989) online • DUE: Choice of state of research and theory paper to review Copyright Philip Doty, UT-Austin, July 2007 32 Nov 16 Research and theory in the work of senior PhD students and faculty members -- continued Information behavior (3): “Information seeking” READ: Bates (2005a) Belkin (2005) Case (2005) Edwards (2005) Ellis, D. (2005) Erdelez (2005) Kuhlthau (1991) online Savolainen (2005) Savolainen (2007) online AS: Fayyad et al. (1996) online Pettigrew et al. (2001) Smiraglia (2002) online Spink & Cole (2004) • DUE: Book review (2-3 double-spaced pp.) (10%) Nov 23 No class – Thanksgiving vacation! Unit 5: Presentations of students’ research Nov 30 Students’ presentations (10%) Information behavior (4): Information retrieval READ: Chartier (2004) online Miller (2004), 12 (“Speaking About Numbers”) Kuhlthau (2005) Rioux (2005) Taylor (1968) CD Turnbull (2005) AS: Bates (1989) Wilkinson and Task Force (1999) online • DUE: Draft due – final paper (≥ 10 pp.) Copyright Philip Doty, UT-Austin, July 2007 33 Dec 7 Course evaluation Course summary READ: Bates (1999c) online Bates (2000) online Budd (2006) online Medawar (1963/1990) CD Midgley (1999) CD Rowley (2007) online Taylor (1991) CD AS: Cox (2005) online Janssens et al. (2006) online Jones (2005) online • DUE: Review of another student’s draft of final paper (≥ 3-4 pp.) (15%) DEC 12, WED, 12:00 N • DUE: State of research and theory paper (18-20 pp.) (25%) Copyright Philip Doty, UT-Austin, July 2007 34 ASSIGNMENTS The instructor will provide more information about each assignment as the semester proceeds. Informal presentations and discussion questions for class – Due throughout the semester Seminars demand that students be active participants in their own learning and in the learning of others. To that end, to help the students in the class engage the material more fully, and to develop their individual professional voices, students will be asked to make some informal presentations and lead class discussions. The instructor’s evaluations of the informal presentations and class discussions will be integrated into students’ class preparation and participation grade. On September 14 or 21, each student will make a 5-10 minute information presentation on one chapter of Godfrey-Smith’s book on the philosophy of science (2003) and lead the class discussion of that chapter. This activity will require a one- or two-page handout to distribute to the other members of the class. Students will design the handout according to whatever criteria the student regards as important to understanding that particular chapter, e.g., terms, citations, important schools of thought, references to other parts of the book, links to other readings and earlier class discussions, and the like. Each student will act as a respondent to another student’s information presentation; the instructor will make these pairings by September 10. In addition to this individually graded assignment, each student will complete these activities: 1. September 21 – prepare one “summary” question or comment about Godfrey-Smith’s 2003 book as a whole for class 2. September 28 – submit one discussion question to the appropriate BlackBoard forum about quantitative arguments; the question will be posted before class and will serve as one part of the class discussion for that day 3. October 5 – come to class with one question, response, or comment based on each of the seven chapters in Smith’s Scandalous Knowledge (2006), seven questions, responses, or comments in toto 4. October 19 – prepare comments on two of the papers read for that class 5. October 26 – come to class with answers to the following questions: Budd (1995) discusses an “epistemological foundation for library and information science.” What is the foundation that he describes? What is your evaluation of it? Be specific in considering this question, and especially link it to the readings on October 20 about the philosophy of science and our field. Using Budd (2002), Fallis (2002), and McDowell (2002), what is social epistemology? Is it of any value for doing systematic inquiry in information studies? You may also want to see Don Fallis’s 2006 ARIST chapter. Copyright Philip Doty, UT-Austin, July 2007 35 6. What is your evaluation of Pettigrew & McKechnie’s (2001) typology of theories in information studies? What is your evaluation of their operationalization of the concept “use of theory”? Why? November 14 – come to class with one question for your classmates on any one reading from Theories of Information Behavior. Copyright Philip Doty, UT-Austin, July 2007 36 Short online postings reviewing a research journal – Due September 19, October 3, October 17, October 31 (20%) Every student will choose one journal from the list below to read throughout the semester and will make four short online postings about the journal. It is in the student’s best interest to choose an unfamiliar journal: American Archivist College & Research Libraries Communications of the ACM First Monday Information Processing & Management The Information Society Journal of Documentation Journal of Information Science Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology Libraries & the Cultural Record (produced here at the UT School of Information) Library & Information Science Research Library Trends Library Quarterly. No more than one student may choose any one journal from the list. The short online posting will be kept in a BlackBoard forum set up for that purpose, but students are encouraged to share their thoughts more publicly as they see fit, especially with other doctoral students, as long as they do not breach the privacy of the classroom. The goal of the short online postings is to document the student’s reactions to the journal, especially to use the review of the journal’s papers, editorials, identities of contributors, and the like to enhance the student’s understanding of the field and the development of a research persona. How does the journal reflect the questions we engage in class? Does it engage them at all? What other questions and concerns does the journal consider? What singular questions or continuing themes does it engage? Who are the major actors in the community that the journal serves, both individually and institutionally? Who edits the journal? Who publishes it? What does the journal consider good research? These are only indicative of the kinds of questions the short online postings might discuss. Students should, at a minimum, read the full 2007 volume of the journals, but they are free to discuss material from anywhere in the journals’ run. Every student will post a 750-word entry (about three double-spaced pp.) every other Wednesday by 12:00 N. Each student will write four (4) short online postings, due on the following Wednesdays: September 19, October 3, October 17, and October 31. By the Friday class the weeks that students write their short online posting entries, each student must read the entries of the other students in the course. These postings are a means to consider how the material read for DRT I, the rest of students’ reading, and their professional experiences are part of our shared, larger disciplinary conversation. Copyright Philip Doty, UT-Austin, July 2007 37 Paper on quantitative reasoning in information studies – Due September 28 (10%) We will read Morris Kline’s “Why Does Mathematics Work?” (1985b), a chapter in his book Mathematics and the Search for Knowledge. Each student will write a paper of five (5) doublespaced pages closely examining this chapter, addressing the questions below. Kline is a well-known mathematician who has written an intellectual history of sorts of how mathematics has been used in the western tradition to understand what we ordinarily call “nature” and the “natural world.” Kline quotes Hermann Weyl’s Philosophy of Mathematics that “’science would perish without a supporting transcendental faith in truth and reality, and without the continuous interplay between its facts and constructions on the one hand and the imagery of ideas on the other’” (p. 220). 1. 2. 3. What is the importance of this quotation to Kline’s overall argument in the chapter and to his stance about mathematics and inquiry? Although Kline’s book focuses on physical science, how does the quotation implicate our understanding of the role of mathematics and mathematical reasoning in systematic inquiry in the human and social sciences, including information studies? More generally, considering the other assigned readings about quantitative reasoning (Miller, 2004; Porter 1999; Rotman, 1999; Wainer, 1984; and Wainer, 1992), do these sources offer insight into Kline’s argument? Does Kline offer insight into them? Why or why not? In writing the paper, feel free to draw on class discussions, especially about the conceptual foundations of our discipline, the philosophy of science, and other concepts you find useful. Please recall, however, that the paper must be only five (5) pages long, so the argument must be succinct and specific. Paper on state of theory and research – Due various dates Every student’s final paper of the semester will report on the current state of theory and research of a topic in our field. While the topic must be determined in negotiation with the instructor, students are especially encouraged to consult with their classmates about their topics. The topic should be sufficiently narrow that the student can report on and evaluate the state of theory and research on the topic in 18-20 double-spaced pp. from a perspective informed by our work together this semester. The student should: 1. 2. 3. Review the important literature about the topic, both historically and more recently Consider how the topic does or does not reflect three of the major perspectives in our field: the simile of information as thing, cognitivist conceptions of information users, and the more materialist, community-, and practice-based understanding of the field Examine, explicitly, the research methods and modes of argumentation that have characterized studies of the topic. Since such a considered examination of any topic is of the type expressed in monographs, it is imperative that students keep their topics narrowly focused and that their papers be succinct and clear. Copyright Philip Doty, UT-Austin, July 2007 38 Topic and abstract – Each student will clear the proposed topic with the instructor by October 26. Each student must provide a clear statement of her topic and a two-page abstract of how the final paper will address the topic by that date, preferably before. In addition to their own knowledge and interests, students may find a number of resources of value in identifying a topic for the paper: discussion with the instructor and colleagues (both inside and outside of the class), review of the supplemental parts of the references in the class syllabus, students’ own and others’ online journal postings, the mass media, class readings, Web and other Internet sources, and the bibliographies of what the class reads. The instructor will create a list of students and topics to be distributed online and in class by November 2. Choice of paper to review – Due November 9. No later than November 9, each student will choose another student’s final paper to review. The choices will generally be on a firstcome, first-served basis, although the instructor reserves the right to assign students to particular drafts keeping in mind such criteria as students’ genders, research interests, educations, employment histories, native languages, and the like. Draft – Due November 30. Each student will submit an initial draft of the final paper on November 30. The draft will be at least 10 double-spaced pp. long, will have a one-page abstract, will indicate how the rest of the paper will develop, and will have a substantial part of the bibliography identified and complete in APA format. Students will submit two copies of this draft – one for the student peer editor and one for the instructor. Presentation – November 30 (10%). Each student will make a 20- minute oral presentation related to her final paper. This will be a public presentation, probably in SZB 468, to which all constituencies of the School will be invited, particularly PhD students, MS students, and the iSchool faculty with advisees in the class. Every student should use the computer and projection device available, as well as prepare an appropriate handout with, at the least, an outline of the presentation (this handout may include copies of PowerPoint slides if the student is using PowerPoint) and a short list of appropriate sources. Students will present in the first half of class, with questions saved for 15-20 minutes at the end. This arrangement parallels one common in professional conferences. Each student peer editor will act as an initial respondent. The instructor and the class TA will organize the presentation session and announce the schedule on the class and Insider email lists by November 16. Review of another student’s draft – Due December 7 (15%). Each student will review the draft of another student’s final paper and submit two copies of a three- to four-page, doublespaced critique of the paper. One copy will go to the student who wrote the draft and one to the instructor. Be specific in the critique – what works in the draft? What does not? Why or why not? What specific suggestions can you offer for improvement to the paper, whether about the topic, the argument, definitions, sources, composition, citations, lay-out, and so on? The major criterion used to evaluate these reviews will be how valuable each one is in helping the author to improve her work. Final draft – Due Wednesday, December 12, 12:00 N (25%). This is a final paper of 18-20 double-spaced pages that reports on the current state of research and theory in any approved topic in the field. This final version, like the first draft, will have a one-page abstract outlining the topic, methods of discussion and analysis used in the paper, and other pertinent elements of the paper. Copyright Philip Doty, UT-Austin, July 2007 39 The paper should be both analytic and holistic, using the texts and other general material read for the course, as well as that material more focused on our own discipline. Students should remember to consult the syllabus on standards for written work both before and after they write and put two copies of their final papers in the instructor’s box in the iSchool main office, SZB 564, no later than 12:00 noon on Wednesday, December 12. This paper should be prepared as if for submission to the Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, using that journal’s format for abstracts, headers and subheaders, citations, notes, and length; since JASIST gives authors some freedom in citations, please adhere to APA style in your paper. See http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgibin/jabout/76501873/ForAuthors.html for this journal’s instructions to authors. Copyright Philip Doty, UT-Austin, July 2007 40 Book Review – Due November 16 (10%) For this assignment, each student will write a well-integrated review of 2-3 double-spaced pp. of the following book: Ben-Ari, Moti. (2005). Just a theory: Exploring the nature of science. Amherst, NY: Prometheus. Generally speaking, write for the non-specialist with an interest in information studies, e.g., a fellow PhD student or faculty member with no specialized technical knowledge. Be sure to explain and clarify all important concepts, acronyms, organizations, and so on that you mention in your review; this requirement is an important responsibility of writers and information professionals addressing complex topics. You may want to look at a few models of book reviews, and I expect that the reviews will meet the standards of the best general interest/academic journals. Be especially careful to avoid plagiarism. 1. Be sure to review the book that was written, not the book that was not; be evaluative, but not dismissive. 2. Identify specific strengths and weaknesses of the book being reviewed and state explicitly why they are strengths and weaknesses. 3. Feel free to refer to any other material with which you are familiar, whether read for this course or not, if you believe that it applies to your review. Be sure to document this other material fully and formally. 4. Put the book in the context of its importance and connection to information studies and DRT I as a whole. Be specific and explicit about these connections. This section is important and should be especially clear and specific. For example: What are the most important relations between Ben-Ari (2005) and Godfrey-Smith (2003) especially on the nature of science and on the status of important schools of thought on the philosophy and history of science? What might Smith (2006) make of Ben-Ari’s chapter 7, “Postmodernist Critiques of Science: Is Science Universal” (pp. 115-130 and 221-222)? How does Ben-Ari’s discussion of the Sokal Social Text hoax compare to how our other texts address it? Simple summaries are not sufficient to meet the requirements of this assignment. Your review of Ben-Ari (2005) must be analytic, evaluative, and, to the extent appropriate, comparative. Copyright Philip Doty, UT-Austin, July 2007 41 REFERENCES I. Readings from the class schedule and assignments Some of the readings are in the Course Documents section of BlackBoard (CD). Several other required readings are available online, as indicated below and in the class schedule, and some of them require you to be logged in with your UT EID through the UT libraries. Agre, Philip E. (1995). Institutional circuitry: Thinking about the forms and uses of information. Information, Technology and Libraries, 14(4), 225-230. Also available at http://infotrac.galegroup.com/itw/infomark/192/918/69085623w6/purl=rc1_EAIM_0_A17814 175&dyn=9!ar_fmt?sw_aep=txshracd2598 Bates, Marcia J. (1999a). A tour of information science through the pages of JASIS. Journal of the American Society for Information Science, 50(11), 975-993. Also available at http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/jtoc?ID=27981 Bates, Marcia J. (1999b). The invisible substrate of information science. Journal of the American Society for Information Science, 50(12), 1043-1050. Also available at http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/jissue/69500790 Bates, Marcia J. (1999c). The role of the PhD in a professional field. Available at http://www.gseis.ucla.edu/faculty/bates/phdrole.html Bates, Marcia J. (2000). Selecting a publication venue. Available at http://listserv.utk.edu/cgibin/wa?A2=ind0005&L=jesse&T=0&P=1761 Bates, Marcia J. (2005a). Berrypicking. In Karen Fisher, Sanda Erdelez, & Lynne (E.F.) McKechnie (Eds.), Theories of information behavior (pp. 58-62). Medford, NJ: Information Today. Bates, Marcia J. (2005b). An introduction to metatheories, theories, and models. In Karen Fisher, Sanda Erdelez, & Lynne (E.F.) McKechnie (Eds.), Theories of information behavior (pp. 1-24). Medford, NJ: Information Today. Bauer, Henry H. (1992). In praise of science. In Scientific literacy and the myth of scientific method (pp. 141-151 and 172-173). Urbana, IL: University of Illinois. CD Belkin, Nicholas J. (2005). Anomalous state of knowledge. In Karen Fisher, Sanda Erdelez, & Lynne (E.F.) McKechnie (Eds.), Theories of information behavior (pp. 44-48). Medford, NJ: Information Today. Ben-Ari, Moti. (2005). Just a theory: Exploring the nature of science. Amherst, NY: Prometheus. Benton, Ted, & Craib, Ian. (2001). Philosophy of social science: The philosophical foundation of social thought. New York: Palgrave. Biagioli, Mario. (Ed.). (1999). The science studies reader. New York: Routledge. Copyright Philip Doty, UT-Austin, July 2007 42 Brown, James Robert. (2001). Who rules in science?: An opinionated guide to the wars. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University. Buckland, Michael. (1996). Documentation, information science, and library science in the U.S.A. Information Processing & Management, 32(1), 63-76. Also available at http://www.sciencedirect.com/science//journal/03064573 Buckland, Michael. (2002). Five grand challenges for library research. Library Trends, 51(4), 675686. Also available at http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail?vid=1&hid=14&sid=84e3ce6f78e6-4c88-9232-a81fad78bbc3%40SRCSM1 Budd, John M. (1995). An epistemological foundation for library and information science. Library Quarterly, 65(3), 295-318. Also available at http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail?vid=1&hid=15&sid=bdb70c66-2242-48b3-8611d63b48418e08%40SRCSM2 Budd, John M. (2002). Jesse Shera, social epistemology and praxis. Social Epistemology, 16(1), 9398. Also available at http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/routledg/tsep;jsessionid=137ng289a2fd7.victoria? Budd, John M. (2005). Phenomenology and information studies. Journal of Documentation, 61(1), 44-59. Also available at http://ejournals.ebsco.com/Issue.asp?IssueID=394302 Budd, John M. (2006). What we say about research: Rhetoric and argument in library and information science. Library Quarterly, 76(2), 220-240. Also available at http://www.journals.uchicago.edu.ezproxy.lib.utexas.edu/LQ/journal/contents/v76n2.html Case, Donald O. (2005). Principle of least effort. In Karen Fisher, Sanda Erdelez, & Lynne (E.F.) McKechnie (Eds.), Theories of information behavior (pp. 289-292). Medford, NJ: Information Today. Chalmers, A.F. (1999). What is this thing called science? Indianapolis, IN: Hackett. Chartier, Roger. (2004). Language, books, and reading from the printed word to the digital text. Critical Inquiry, 31(1), 133-152. Also available at http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/CI/journal/contents/v31n1.html Chatman, Elfreda A. (1996). Impoverished life world of outsiders. Journal of the American Society for Information Science, 47(3), 193-206. Also available at http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgibin/jtoc/27981/1996 Cook, Terry. (1997). What is past is prologue: A history of archival ideas since 1898, and the future paradigm shift. Archivaria, 43, 17-63). Also available at http://www.mybestdocs.com/cookt-pastprologue-ar43fnl.htm Cornelius, Ian. (1996b). Meaning and method in information studies. Norwood, NJ: Ablex. Cornelius, Ian. (2004). Information and its philosophy. Library Trends, 52(3), 377-386. Also available at http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail?vid=1&hid=14&sid=84e3ce6f-78e6-4c889232-a81fad78bbc3%40SRCSM1 Copyright Philip Doty, UT-Austin, July 2007 43 Davies, Elisabeth. (2005). Communities of practice. In Karen Fisher, Sanda Erdelez, & Lynne (E.F.) McKechnie (Eds.), Theories of information behavior (pp. 104-107). Medford, NJ: Information Today. Day, Ronald E. (1996). LIS, method, and postmodern science. Journal of Education for Library and Information Science, 37(4), 317-324. Also available at http://www.lisp.wayne.edu/~ai2398/method.html Delamont, Sara, & Atkinson, Paul. (2001). Doctoring uncertainty: Mastering craft knowledge. Social Studies of Science, 31(1) , 87-107. Also available at http://www.jstor.org/view/03063127/ap010105/01a00050/0?frame=noframe&userID=8053f82b @utexas.edu/01cc99333c00501973648&dpi=3&config=jstor Dervin, Brenda. (2005). What methodology does to theory: Sense-making methodology as exemplar. In Karen Fisher, Sanda Erdelez, & Lynne (E.F.) McKechnie (Eds.), Theories of information behavior (pp. 25-30). Medford, NJ: Information Today. Dillon, Andrew, & Turnbull, Don. (2005). Information architecture. Encyclopedia of library and information science (2nd ed., first update supplement). 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Information needs and uses. In Carlos A. Cuadra (Ed.), Annual review of information science and technology (Vol. 7, pp. 5-37). Washington, DC: American Society for Information Science. Lipetz, Ben-Ami. (1970). Information needs and uses. In Carlos A. Cuadra (Ed.), Annual review of information science and technology (Vol. 5, pp. 3-32). Chicago: Encyclopedia Britannica. Marchionini, Gary, & Komlodi, Anita. (1998). Design of interfaces for information seeking. In Martha Williams (Ed.), Annual review of information science and technology (Vol. 33, pp. 89-120). Medford, NJ: Information Today. Martyn, John. (1974). Information needs and uses. In Carlos A. Cuadra (Ed.), Annual review of information science and technology (Vol. 9, pp. 3-22). Washington, DC: American Society for Information Science. Menzel, Herbert. (1966). Information needs and uses in science and technology. In Carlos A. Cuadra (Ed.), Annual review of information science and technology (Vol. 1, pp. 41-69). New York: Wiley Interscience. Paisley, William J. (1968). Information needs and uses. In Carlos A. Cuadra (Ed.), Annual review of information science and technology (Vol. 3, pp. 1-30). Chicago: Encyclopedia Britannica. Palmquist, Ruth Ann. (1992). The impact of information technology on the individual. In Martha Williams (Ed.), Annual review of information science and technology (Vol. 27, pp. 3-42). Medford, NJ: Learned Information. Pettigrew, Karen, Fidel, Raya, & Bruce, Harry. (2001). Conceptual frameworks in information behavior. In Martha Williams (Ed.), Annual review of information science and technology (Vol. 35, pp. 43-78). Medford, NJ: Information Today. Rieh, Soo Young, & Danielson, David R. (2007). Credibility: A multidisciplinary framework. In Blaise Cronin (Ed.), Annual review of information science and technology (Vol. 41, pp. 307-364). Medford, NJ: Information Today. Rogers, Yvonne. (2003). New theoretical approaches for human-computer interaction. In Blaise Cronin (Ed.), Annual review of information science and technology (Vol. 38, pp. 87-144). Medford, NJ: Information Today. Rorvig, Mark E. (1988). Psychometric measurement and information retrieval. In Martha Williams (Ed.), Annual review of information science and technology (Vol. 23, pp. 157-189). Amsterdam: Elsevier. Copyright Philip Doty, UT-Austin, July 2007 54 Sawhney, Harmeet, & Jayakar, Krishna P. (2007). Universal access. In Blaise Cronin (Ed.), Annual review of information science and technology (Vol. 41, pp. 159-221). Medford, NJ: Information Today. Sawyer, Steve, & Eschenfelder, Kristin R. (2002). Social informatics: Perspectives, examples, and trends. In Blaise Cronin (Ed.), Annual review of information science and technology (Vol. 36, pp. 427466). Medford, NJ: Information Today. Schamber, Linda. (1994). Relevance and information behavior. In Martha Williams (Ed.), Annual review of information science and technology (Vol. 29, pp. 3-48). Medford, NJ: Learned Information. Smith, Martha Montague. (1997). Information ethics. In Martha E. Williams (Ed.), Annual review of information science and technology (Vol. 32, pp. 339-366). Medford, NJ: Learned Information. Snyder, Herbert W., & Pierce, Jennifer Burek. (2002). Intellectual capital. In Blaise Cronin (Ed.), Annual review of information science and technology (Vol. 36, pp. 467-500). Medford, NJ: Information Today. Solomon, Paul. (2002). Discovering information in context. In Blaise Cronin (Ed.), Annual review of information science and technology (Vol. 36, pp. 229-264). Medford, NJ: Information Today. Sonnenwald, Diane H. (2007). Scientific collaboration. In Blaise Cronin (Ed.), Annual review of information science and technology (Vol. 41, pp. 643-681). Medford, NJ: Information Today. Spink, Amanda, & Losee, Robert M. (1996). Feedback in information retrieval. In Martha Williams (Ed.), Annual review of information science and technology (Vol. 31, pp. 33-78). Medford, NJ: Information Today. Sugar, William. (1995). User-centered perspective of information retrieval research and analysis methods. In Martha Williams (Ed.), Annual review of information science and technology (Vol. 30, pp. 77-109). Medford, NJ: Information Today. Tibbo, Helen R. (1991). Information systems, services, and technology for the humanities. In Martha Williams (Ed.), Annual review of information science and technology (Vol. 26, pp. 287-346). Medford, NJ: Learned Information. Vakkari, Pertti. (2002). Task-based information searching. In Blaise Cronin (Ed.), Annual review of information science and technology (Vol. 37, pp. 413-464). Medford, NJ: Information Today. Van House, Nancy A. (2003). Science and technology studies and information studies. In Blaise Cronin (Ed.), Annual review of information science and technology (Vol. 38, pp. 3-86). Medford, NJ: Information Today. White, Howard D., & McCain, Katherine W. (1989). Bibliometrics. In Martha Williams (Ed.), Annual review of information science and technology (Vol. 24, pp. 119-186). Medford, NJ: Learned Information. White, Howard D., & McCain, Katherine W. (1997). Visualization of literatures. In Martha Williams (Ed.), Annual review of information science and technology (Vol. 32, pp. 99-168). Medford, NJ: Learned Information. Copyright Philip Doty, UT-Austin, July 2007 55 Yang, Kiduk. (2004). Information retrieval on the Web. In Blaise Cronin (Ed.), Annual review of information science and technology (Vol. 39, pp. 33-80). Medford, NJ: Information Today. Copyright Philip Doty, UT-Austin, July 2007 56 III. Sources on doing research Research and research methods in information studies Biggs, Mary. (1991). The role of research in the development of a profession or a discipline. In Charles R. McClure and Peter Hernon (Eds.), Library and information science research: Perspectives and strategies for improvement (pp. 72-84). Norwood, NJ: Ablex. Bookstein, Abraham. (1986). Questionnaire research in a library setting. Journal of Academic Librarianship, 11(1), 24-28. Borgman, Christine L. (Ed.). (1990). Scholarly communication and bibliometrics. Newbury Park, CA: Sage. Bowker, Geoffrey, & Star, Susan Leigh. (1998). Sorting things out: Classification and its consequences. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Boyce, Bert R., Meadow, Charles T., & Kraft, Donald H. (1994). Measurement in information science. San Diego, CA: Academic Press. Busha, Charles H., & Harter, Stephen P. (1980). Research methods in librarianship: Techniques and interpretation. New York: Academic Press. Cronin, Blaise. (1992). When is a problem a research problem? In Leigh Stewart Estabrook (Ed.), Applying research to practice: How to use data collection and research to improve library management decision making (pp. 117-132). Urbana-Champaign, IL: University of Illinois, Graduate School of Library and Information Science. Dervin, Brenda. (1977). Useful theory for librarianship: Communication, not information. Drexel Library Quarterly, 13(3), 16-32. Encyclopedia of library and information science. (1968-2003). Allen Kent & Harold Lancour (Eds.). (1st ed.). (Vols. 1-73). New York: Marcel Dekker. Encyclopedia of library and information science. (2003). Miriam Drake (Ed.). (2 nd ed.). New York: Marcel Dekker. Estabrook, Leigh Stewart. (Ed.). (1992). Applying research to practice: How to use data collection and research to improve library management decision making. Urbana-Champaign, IL: University of Illinois, Graduate School of Library and Information Science. Glazier, Jack D., & Powell, Ronald R. (Eds.). (1992). Qualitative research in information management. Englewood, CA: Libraries Unlimited. Gorman, G.E., & Clayton, Peter. (1997). Qualitative research for the information professional: A practical handbook. London: Library Association. Haddow, Gaby, & Klobas, Jane E. (2994). Communication of research to practice in library and information science: Closing the gap. Library & Information Science Research, 26(1), 29-43. Copyright Philip Doty, UT-Austin, July 2007 57 Hafner, Arthur W. (1989). Descriptive statistical techniques for librarians. Chicago: American Library Association. Harris, Michael H. (1986). The dialectic of defeat: Antimonies in research in library and information science. In Donald G. Davis & Phyllis Dain (Eds.), History of library and information science education [Special issue] (pp. 515-531). Library Trends, 34(3). Hernon, Peter. (1991b). Access to the research literature of library and information science. In Statistics: A component of the research process (pp. 31-38). Norwood, NJ: Ablex. Hernon, Peter. (1991a). The elusive nature of research in LIS. In Charles R. McClure and Peter Hernon (Eds.), Library and information science research: Perspectives and strategies for improvement (pp. 3-14). Norwood, NJ: Ablex. Hernon, Peter. (2001). Components of the research process: Where do we need to focus attention? Journal of Academic Librarianship, 27(2), 81-89. Hernon, Peter, & Schwartz, Candy. (2002). The word “research”: Having to live with a misunderstanding. Library and Information Science Research, 24(3), 207-208. Hertzel, Dorothy H. (1987). History of the development of ideas in bibliometrics. Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science, 42, 144-219. Katzer, Jeffrey, Cook, Kenneth H., & Crouch, Wayne W. (1998). Evaluating information: A guide for users of social science research (4th ed.). Boston: McGraw-Hill. Koufogiannakis, Denise, & Crumley, Ellen. (2006). Research in librarianship: Issues to consider. Library Hi Tech, 24(3), 324-340. Losee, Robert M., & Worley, Karen A. (1993). Research and evaluation for information professionals. San Diego, CA: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. McClure, Charles R. (1991). Communicating applied library/information science research to decision makers: Some methodological considerations. In Charles R. McClure and Peter Hernon (Eds.), Library and information science research: Perspectives and strategies for improvement (pp. 253266). Norwood, NJ: Ablex. McClure, Charles R., & Bishop, Ann. (1989). The status of research in library/information science: Guarded optimism. College & Research Libraries, 50(2), 127-143. McClure, Charles R., & Hernon, Peter. (Eds.). (1991). Library and information science research: Perspectives and strategies for improvement. Norwood, NJ: Ablex. Mellon, Constance Ann. (1990). Naturalistic inquiry for library science: Methods and applications for research, evaluation, and teaching. New York: Greenwood Press. Nicholas, David, & Ritchie, Maureen. (1978). Literature and bibliometrics. London: Linnet Books. Peritz, B. (1980). The methods of library science research: Some results from a bibliometric study. Library Research, 2(3), 251-268. Copyright Philip Doty, UT-Austin, July 2007 58 Powell, Ronald R., & Connaway, Lynn Silipigni. (2004). Basic research methods for librarians (4th ed.). Greenwich, CT: Ablex. Powell, Ronald R., Baker, Lynda M., & Mika, Joseph J. (2002). Library and information science practitioners and research. Library and Information Science Research, 24(1), 49-72. Rice-Lively, Mary Lynn. (1997a). Analyzing qualitative data in information organizations. In G.E. Gorman & Peter Clayton, Qualitative research for the information professional: A practical handbook (pp. 198-221). London: Library Association. Rice-Lively, Mary Lynn. (1997b). Recording fieldwork data in information organizations. In G.E. Gorman & Peter Clayton, Qualitative research for the information professional: A practical handbook (pp. 177-197). London: Library Association. Robbins, Jane B. (1992). Affecting librarianship in action: The dissemination and communication of research findings. In Leigh Stewart Estabrook (Ed.), Applying research to practice: How to use data collection and research to improve library management decision making (pp. 78-88). UrbanaChampaign, IL: University of Illinois, Graduate School of Library and Information Science. Stenstrom, Patricia E. (1994). Library literature. In Wayne A. Wiegand & Donald G. Davis (Eds.), Encyclopedia of library history (pp. 368-373). New York: Garland. Tague-Sutcliffe, Jean. (1995). Measuring information: An information services perspective. San Diego, CA: Academic Press. Van House, Nancy. (1991). Assessing the quantity, quality, and impact of LIS research. In Charles R. McClure and Peter Hernon (Eds.), Library and information science research: Perspectives and strategies for improvement (pp. 85-100). Norwood, NJ: Ablex. Vaughn, Liwen. (2001). Statistical methods for the information professional: A practically painless approach to understanding, using, and interpreting statistics. Medford, NJ: Information Today. Westbrook, Lynn. (1993). User needs: A synthesis and analysis of current theories for the practitioner. RQ, 32(4), 541-549. Westbrook, Lynn. (1994). Qualitative research methods: A review of major stages, data analysis techniques, and quality controls. Library and Information Science Research, 16(3), 241-254. Research methods Babbie, Earl. (2007). The practice of social research (11th ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth. Babbie, Earl. (1990). Survey research methods (2nd ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing. Bazerman, Charles. (1987). Codifying the social scientific style: The APA Publication Manual as a behaviorist rhetoric. In John S. Nelson, Allan Megill, & Donald N. McCloskey (Eds.), The rhetoric of the human sciences: Language and argument in scholarship and public affairs (pp. 125-144). Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin. Copyright Philip Doty, UT-Austin, July 2007 59 Berg, Bruce L. (1998). Writing research papers: Sorting the noodles from the soup. In Qualitative research methods for the social sciences (pp. 253-272). Boston: Allyn and Bacon. Best, Joel. (2001). Damned lies and statistics: Untangling numbers from the media, politicians, and activists. Berkeley, CA: University of California. Bloor, Michael. (2001). Focus groups in social research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Cooper, Harris M. (1984). The integrative research review: A systematic approach. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage. Creswell, John W. (2003). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Creswell, John W. (1998). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five traditions. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Denzin, Norman K., & Lincoln, Yvonna S. (Eds.). (2000). Handbook of qualitative research (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Denzin, Norman K., & Lincoln, Yvonna S. (Eds.). (2005). Handbook of qualitative research (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Hacking, Ian. (1999). Making up people. In Mario Biagioli (Ed.), The science studies reader (pp. 161-171). New York: Routledge. (Original published 1986) Hamel, Jacques. (1993). Case study methods. With Stéphane Dufour & Dominic Fortin (Maureen Nicholson, Trans.). Newbury Park, CA: Sage. Holsti, Ole R. (1969). Content analysis for the social sciences and humanities. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley. Human subjects [sic] policies and documents. (2005). Office of Sponsored Projects, The University of Texas at Austin. Available http://www.utexas.edu/research/rsc/humanresearch/ Institutional review board procedures manual for faculty, staff, and student researchers with human participants. (2005). Office of Research Support and Compliance, The University of Texas at Austin. Available http://www.utexas.edu/research/rsc/humanresearch/manual/index.php Krippendorff, Klaus. (2004). Content analysis: An introduction to its methodology (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Krueger, Joachim. (2001). Null hypothesis significance testing: On the survival of a flawed method. American Psychologist, 56(1), 16-26. Krueger, Richard A., & Casey, Mary Anne. (2000). Focus groups: A practical guide for applied research (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Lewis-Beck, Michael S., Bryman, Alan, & Liao, Tim Futing. (Eds.). (2004). The Sage encyclopedia of social science research methods (3 vols.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Copyright Philip Doty, UT-Austin, July 2007 60 Lincoln, Yvonna, & Guba, Egon. (1985). Naturalistic inquiry. Newbury Park, CA: Sage. Logan, Ralph H. (1995). Significant digits. Available at http://members.aol.com/profchm/sig_fig.html Miles, Matthew B., & Huberman, A. Michael. (1994). Qualitative data analysis: An expanded sourcebook (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Mohr, Lawrence B. (1990). Understanding significance testing. Newbury Park, CA: Sage. Morgan, David L. (1997). Focus groups as qualitative research (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Morgan, Susan E., Reichert, Tom, & Harrison, Tyler R. (2002). From numbers to words: Reporting statistical results for the social sciences. Boston: Allyn and Bacon. Neuendorf, Kimberly A. (2002). The content analysis guidebook. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Oakley, Ann. (2000). Experiments in knowing: Gender and method in the social sciences. New York: The New Press. Patton, Michael Quinn. (2002). Qualitative evaluation and research methods (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Paulos, John Allen. (1990). Innumeracy: Mathematical illiteracy and its consequences. New York: Vintage. Paulos, John Allen. (1992). Beyond numeracy: Ruminations of a numbers man. New York: Vintage. Paulos, John Allen. (1995). A mathematician reads the newspaper. New York: BasicBooks. Rowntree, Derek. (1981). Statistics without tears: A primer for non-mathematicians. New York: Scribner. Salsburg, David. (2001). The lady tasting tea: How statistics revolutionized science in the twentieth century. New York: W.H. Freeman. Schwandt, Thomas A. (2001). Dictionary of qualitative inquiry (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Spatz, Chris. (2005). Basic statistics: Tales of distributions (8th ed.). Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole. Stewart, David W., & Shamdasani, Prem N. (1990). Focus groups: Theory and practice. Newbury Park, CA: Sage. Strauss, Anselm, & Corbin, Juliet. (1998). Basics of qualitative research: Techniques and procedures for developing grounded theory. (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Tomm, Winnie. (Ed.). (1987). The effects of feminist approaches on research methodologies. Calgary: Wilfrid Laurier University. Copyright Philip Doty, UT-Austin, July 2007 61 Trochim, William K., & Donnelly, James P. (2007). The research methods knowledge base (3rd ed.). Mason, OH: Thomson. See http://www.socialresearchmethods.net/ Tufte, Edward R. (1983). The visual display of quantitative information. Cheshire, CT: Graphics Press. Tufte, Edward R. (1990). Envisioning information. Cheshire, CT: Graphics Press. Tufte, Edward R. (1997b). Visual explanations: Images, evidence and narrative. Cheshire, CT: Graphics Press. Tukey, John W. (1977). Exploratory data analysis. New York: Addison-Wesley. Vogt, W. Paul. (1999). Dictionary of statistics and methodology: A nontechnical guide for the social sciences (2nd ed.). Newbury Park, CA: Sage. Webb, Eugene J., Campbell, Donald T., Schwartz, Richard D., & Sechrest, Lee. (1969). Unobtrusive measures: Nonreactive research in the social sciences. Chicago: Rand McNally. Weisberg, Herbert F. (1992). Central tendency and variability. Newbury Park, CA: Sage. Weiss, Robert S. (1994). Learning from strangers: The art and method of qualitative interview studies. New York: The Free Press. Wilkinson, Leland, & Task Force on Statistical Inference, APA Board of Scientific Affairs. (1999). Statistical methods in psychology journals: Guidelines and explanations. American Psychologist, 54(8), 594-604. Also available at http://weblinks1.epnet.com/citation.asp?tb=1&_ug=sid+8B64AF08%2DADD5%2D4258%2D845 7%2D5AA1D62A8D3B%40sessionmgr2+dbs+pdh+84D2&_us=hd+False+or+Date+frn+1+sm+ES +sl+%2D1+dstb+ES+ri+KAAACBZD00040997+ADD3&_uso=st%5B2+%2Dguidelines+st%5B1+% 2Dmethods+st%5B0+%2Dstatistical+tg%5B2+%2DTI+tg%5B1+%2DTI+tg%5B0+%2DTI+db%5B0 +%2Dpdh+op%5B2+%2DAnd+op%5B1+%2DAnd+op%5B0+%2D+hd+False+C474&fn=1&rn=1 Williams, Frederick, & Monge, Peter. (2001). Reasoning with statistics: How to read quantitative research (5th ed.). Orlando, FL: Harcourt. Wolcott, Harry F. (2001). Writing up qualitative research (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage. Yin, Robert K. (2003). Case study research: Design and methods (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Nature of science and systematic inquiry Alkoff, Linda, & Potter, Elizabeth. (Eds.). (1993). Feminist epistemologies. New York: Routledge. Audi, Robert. (Ed.). (1995). The Cambridge dictionary of philosophy. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University. Beveridge, W.I.B. (1950). The art of scientific investigation. New York: Vintage. Copyright Philip Doty, UT-Austin, July 2007 62 Butterfield, Herbert. (1957). The origins of modern science. New York: Freepress. Daston, Lorraine. (1999). Objectivity and the escape from perspective. In Mario Biagioli (Ed.), The science studies reader (pp. 110-123). New York: Routledge. (Original published 1992) Eagleton, Terry. (2003). After theory. New York: Basic Books. Fish, Stanley. (1980). Is there a text in this class?: The power of interpretive communities. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University. Fleck, Ludwik. (1979). Genesis and development of a scientific fact. Thaddeus J. Trenn and Robert K. Merton (Eds.). (Fred Bradley & Thaddeus J. Trenn, Trans.). Chicago: University of Chicago. (Original work published 1935) Garman, Noreen. (1996). Qualitative inquiry: Meaning and menace for educational researchers. In Peter Willis & Bernie Neville (Eds.), Qualitative research practice in adult education (pp. 11-29). Ringwood, Victoria, Australia: David Lovell. Garratt, Dean, & Hodkinson, Phil. (1998). Can there be criteria for selecting research criteria? – A hermeneutical analysis of an inescapable dilemma. Qualitative Inquiry, 4(4), 515-539. Garvey, William D. (1979). Communication, the essence of science: Facilitating information exchange among scientists, engineers, and students. New York: Pergamon. Gordon, Scott. (1993). The history and philosophy of social science. London: Routledge. (Original published 1991) Gross, Paul R., Levitt, Norman, & Lewis, Martin W. (Eds.). (1996). The flight from science and reason. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences (Vol. 775). New York: New York Academy of Sciences. Guba, Egon G. (Ed.). (1990). The paradigm dialog. Newbury Park, CA: Sage. Hacking, Ian. (2001). The social construction of what? Cambridge, MA: Harvard University. (Original published 1999) Hempel, Carl G. (1965). Aspects of scientific explanation and other essays in the philosophy of science. New York: Free Press. Hiley, David R., Bohman, James F., & Shusterman, Richard. (Eds.). (1991). The interpretive turn: Philosophy, science, culture. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University. Jones, James H. (1993). Bad blood: The Tuskegee syphilis experiment (2nd ed.). New York: The Free Press. Keller, Evelyn Fox. (1999). The gender/science system: Or, is sex to gender as nature is to science? In Mario Biagioli (Ed.), The science studies reader (pp. 234-242). New York: Routledge. (Original published 1987) Kuhn, Thomas S. (1996). The structure of scientific revolutions (3rd ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago. (Original work published 1962) Copyright Philip Doty, UT-Austin, July 2007 63 Madigan, Robert, Johnson, Susan, & Linton, Patricia. (1995). The language of psychology: APA style as epistemology. American Psychologist, 50(6), 428-436. Marshall, Catherine. (1990). Goodness criteria: Are they objective or judgment calls? In Egon G. Guba (Ed.), The paradigm dialog (pp. 188-197). Newbury Park, CA: Sage. National Academy of Sciences. (1995). On being a scientist: Responsible conduct in research. Available at http://www.nap.edu/readingroom/books/obas/ Oakley, Ann. (2000a). Experiments in knowing: Gender and method in the social sciences. New York: The New Press. Polanyi, Michael. (1958). Personal knowledge. Chicago: University of Chicago. Polanyi, Michael. (1967). The tacit dimension. Garden City, NY: Anchor Books. Popper, Karl R. (1965). Conjectures and refutations: The growth of scientific knowledge. New York: Harper & Row. Popper, Karl R. (1980). The logic of scientific discovery. London: Routledge. (Original work published 1934) Richardson, Laurel, & St. Pierre, Elizabeth Adams. (2005). Writing: A method of inquiry. In Norman Denzin & Yvonna S. Lincoln (Eds.), Handbook of qualitative research (3rd ed., pp. 959-978). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Schilpp, Moritz. (1991). Positivism and realism (trans. Peter Heath). In Richard Boyd, Philip Gasper, & J.D. Trout (Eds.), The philosophy of science. Cambridge, MA: MIT. (Original published 1932-1933) Schwandt, Thomas A. (1996). Farewell to criteriology. Qualitative Inquiry, 2(1), 58-72. Schwandt, Thomas A. (2001). Dictionary of qualitative inquiry (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Smith, John K. (1990). Alternative research paradigms and the problem of criteria. In Egon G. Guba (Ed.), The paradigm dialog (pp. 167-187). Newbury Park, CA: Sage. Smith, John K., & Deemer, Deborah K. (2000). The problem of criteria in the age of relativism. In Norman Denzin & Yvonna S. Lincoln (Eds.), Handbook of qualitative research (2nd ed., pp. 877-896). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Smith, John K., & Hodkinson, Phil. (2005). Relativism, criteria, and politics. In Norman Denzin & Yvonna S. Lincoln (Eds.), Handbook of qualitative research (3rd ed., pp. 915-932). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Tarnas, Richard. (1991). The passion of the western mind. New York: Ballantine Books. Tobias, Sheila. (1994). Overcoming math anxiety. New York: Norton. Copyright Philip Doty, UT-Austin, July 2007 64 Watson, James D. (1968). The double helix. New York: Atheneum. Wilson, Patrick. (1983). Second-hand knowledge: An inquiry into cognitive authority. Westport, CT: Greenwood. Ziman, John. (1968). Public knowledge: An essay concerning the social dimension of science. London: Cambridge University. Ziman, John. (1984). An introduction to science studies: The philosophical and social aspects of science and technology. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University. Copyright Philip Doty, UT-Austin, July 2007 65 IV. Useful serial sources The numbers in parentheses before some of the titles indicate positions in the latest ISI citation rankings, a useful if flawed metric of publications’ importance. Not all of the 55 publications in the ISI rankings appear here. For the full list, see the ISI Web site for journals in Information and Library Science http://isi17.isiknowledge.com/portal.cgi?DestApp=JCR&Func=Frame Advances in Librarianship (2) Annual Review of Information Science and Technology (ARIST) http://www.asis.org/Publications/ARIST/ Journals Those journals available online are available for only part of their publication run; further, UT often has more than one arrangement to make these journals available online, so there may be more than one URL for each journal, especially those from the ISI list. Administrative Science Quarterly http://search.epnet.com/direct.asp?db=buh&jn=%22ASQ%22&scope=site American Anthropologist American Archivist Bulletin of the American Society for Information Science http://www.asis.org/Bulletin/index.html (34) Canadian Journal of Information and Library Science http://www.utpjournals.com/jour.ihtml?lp=cjils/cjils.html Communication Yearbook http://www.sagepub.com/book.aspx?pid=2623 Canadian Journal of Information Science/ Revue canadienne des sciences de l'information http://www.cais-acsi.ca/journal.htm (11) College & Research Libraries (C&RL) http://hwwilsonweb.com/login/?sp.username=AVE06&sp.password=UNTX045919&s p.dbid.p=S(Y6)&sp.nextfform=advsrch.htm Copyright Philip Doty, UT-Austin, July 2007 66 Communications of the ACM http://www.acm.org/pubs/cacm/ Computer-supported Cooperative Work (CSCW) http://www.springerlink.com/app/home/journal.asp?wasp=d70b3a9988404c2d93a5a0 12ce2b0f4c&referrer=parent&backto=linkingpublicationresults,1:100250,1 Educause Review http://www.educause.edu/er/ (28) Government Information Quarterly (GIQ) http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/620202/description (5) Information and Management http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/505553/description #description Information, Communication, and Society http://www.tandf.co.uk/journals/titles/1369118x.asp (13) Information Processing & Management (IP&M) http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/03064573 (14) The Information Society http://search.epnet.com/direct.asp?db=aph&jn=%221HQ%22&scope=site (4) Information Systems Research (ISR) http://isr.katz.pitt.edu/ (45) Information Technology and Libraries http://www.ala.org/Template.cfm?Section=periodicals&template=/ContentManageme nt/ContentDisplay.cfm&ContentID=78982 (23) Journal of Academic Librarianship (JAL) http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/620207/description #description Journal of Communication Copyright Philip Doty, UT-Austin, July 2007 67 http://search.epnet.com/direct.asp?db=buh&bquery=is+00219916&scope=site (15) Journal of Documentation (JDoC) http://ariel.emeraldinsight.com/vl=1648860/cl=23/nw=1/rpsv/jd.htm Journal of Education for Library and Information Science (JELIS) http://www.alise.org/publications/jelis.html (54) Journal of Information Ethics http://www.mcfarlandpub.com/book-2.php?isbn=JIE0000028 (12) Journal of Information Science http://ejournals.ebsco.com/Journal.asp?JournalID=103633 (2) Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association (JAMIA) http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/tocrender.fcgi?journal=76 (6) Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology (JASIST) http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/jtoc?ID=76501873 Formerly the Journal of the American Society for Information Science (JASIS) http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/jtoc?ID=27981 (52) Journal of Government Information: An International Review of Policy, Issues and Resources (formerly Government Publications Review) http://www.lib.auburn.edu/madd/docs/jgi/contents.html Now merged with Government Information Quarterly (19) Journal of Information Science http://jis.sagepub.com/ Knowledge, Technology & Policy (formerly Knowledge in Society) http://weblinks1.epnet.com/authHjafDetail.asp?tb=1&_ua=bo+B%5F+db+aphjnh+bt+I D++F90+1631&_ug=sid+D47B8228%2DBBD4%2D4295%2D9239%2DF1DAA8E7B68D%40session mgr2+dbs+aph+6E52&_us=hd+False+sm+ES+1C03&_uso=st%5B0+%2DID++F90+tg%5B0+%2D +db%5B0+%2Daph+op%5B0+%2D+hd+False+DE02&_uh=btn+N+6C9C&tlog=1&lfr=Persistent+ Link (19) Library and Information Science Copyright Philip Doty, UT-Austin, July 2007 68 http://wwwsoc.nii.ac.jp/mslis/journal-e.html (54) Library & Information Science Research (LISR) http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/07408188 (21) Library Quarterly (LQ) http://search.epnet.com/direct.asp?db=aph&jn=%22LIQ%22&scope=site (27) Library Resources & Technical Services (LRTS) http://www.ala.org/ala/alcts/alctspubs/librestechsvc/Default2594.htm (36) Library Trends http://search.epnet.com/direct.asp?db=aph&jn=%22LIT%22&scope=site (49) Libri http://www.librijournal.org/ Minerva: A Review of Science, Learning and Policy http://www.springerlink.com/app/home/journal.asp?wasp=af75067e342d44f6af170c3e 8853d79c&referrer=parent&backto=linkingpublicationresults,1:102961,1 (1) MIS Quarterly (MISQ) http://www.misq.org/ Organization Science http://pubsonline.informs.org/main/index.php?user=52882 (37) Restaurator http://www.saur.de/index.cfm?content=kurzanzeige.cfm?show=0000006512&menu=ca talog1 Science http://www.jstor.org/journals/00368075.html http://www.sciencemag.org/contents-by-date.0.shtml Scientific American http://proquest.umi.com/pqdlink?Ver=1&Exp=06-222010&RQT=318&PMID=42280&VType=PQD&VInst=PRODUCTION&VName=HNP http://weblinks2.epnet.com/authHjafDetail.asp?tb=1&_ua=bo+B%5F+db+aphjnh+bt+I D++SIA+FACB&_ug=sid+D74F617B%2D6D06%2D47AC%2D919C%2D5EAC0F7073B1%40sessio Copyright Philip Doty, UT-Austin, July 2007 69 nmgr2+dbs+aph+4124&_us=hd+False+sm+ES+1C03&_uso=st%5B0+%2DID++SIA+tg%5B0+%2 D+db%5B0+%2Daph+op%5B0+%2D+hd+False+7D3F&_uh=btn+N+6C9C&tlog=1&lfr=Persisten t+Link (5) Scientometrics http://www.springerlink.com/app/home/journal.asp?wasp=b352ae0c80354c8f8362870 2efb2e6a2&referrer=parent&backto=subject,212,241; Science, Technology, & Human Values http://www.jstor.org/journals/01622439.html Social Epistemology http://www.tandf.co.uk/journals/titles/02691728.asp (43) Social Science Information http://www.sagepub.co.uk/journal.aspx?pid=105779 Technology Review http://www.techreview.com/ (32) Telecommunications Policy http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/30471/description# description Wired http://www.wired.com/wired/index.html Electronic journals D-Lib Magazine -- http://www.dlib.org/ First Monday -- http://www.firstmonday.dk/ Information Research -- http://InformationR.net/ir/ JoDI: Journal of Digital Information-- http://jodi.tamu.edu/ Proceedings of important meetings CoLIS – Conference on the Future of Library and Information Science CoLIS 5 (June 2005): http://www.cis.strath.ac.uk/external/colis5/colis.html Copyright Philip Doty, UT-Austin, July 2007 70 ISIC – Conferences on Information Seeking in Context ISIC 2004 (September): http://www.eirviaservlets.com/isic2004/index.jsp JCDL – Joint Conferences on Digital Libraries http://www.jcdl.org/ (54) Proceedings of the American Society for Information Science and Technology (ASIST Annual Meeting) http://www.asis.org/am05call.htm Copyright Philip Doty, UT-Austin, July 2007 71 V. 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Also available at http://vnweb.hwwilsonweb.com/hww/shared/shared_main.jhtml?_requestid=14159 Copyright Philip Doty, UT-Austin, July 2007 92 IMPORTANT PROFESSIONAL ASSOCIATIONS AND ORGANIZATIONS There are many organizations of special interest to the researchers, faculty members, and practitioners in our field. This very selective list gives some indications of professional associations and organizations to consider for membership, and to be aware of when looking for publication venues, making professional presentations, searching for jobs, expanding your professional travel, applying for research and other grants, and the like. American Association of University Professors (AAUP) http://www.aaup.org/ American Library Association (ALA) http://www.ala.org/ American Association of School Librarians (AASL) http://www.ala.org/ala/aasl/aaslindex.htm Association of College & Research Libraries (ACRL) http://www.ala.org/ACRLTemplate.cfm?Section=acrl&Template=/TaggedPage/Tagge dPageDisplay.cfm&TPLID=15&ContentID=7768 Library & Information Technology Association (LITA) http://www.ala.org/ala/lita/litahome.htm American Society for Information Science & Technology (ASIS&T) http://www.asis.org/ See list of Special Interest Groups (SIGs) http://www.asis.org/AboutASIS/asis-sigs.html#SIGAH Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) http://www.acm.org/ See list of SIGs http://www.acm.org/sigs/guide98.html Association for Library and Information Science Education (ALISE) http://www.alise.org/ Coalition for Networked Information (CNI) http://www.cni.org/ Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility (CPSR) http://www.cpsr.org/ Educause http://www.educause.edu/ Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF) http://www.eff.org/ Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) http://www.ieee.org/portal/site International Federation of Library Associations (IFLA) http://www.ifla.org/ Society of American Archivists (SAA) http://www.archivists.org/ Special Libraries Association (SLA) http://www.sla.org/ Texas Library Association (TLA) http://www.txla.org/ Copyright Philip Doty, UT-Austin, July 2007 93 Copyright Philip Doty, UT-Austin, July 2007 94