UNIT 2
Organization of the Body
Body System
*Cells : Individual units are composed all the parts of the body
.e.g Muscle, nerve, and skin .
* Tissue : Similar cells grouped together .
e.g groups of muscle cells are muscle tissue .
* Organs : Collections of different tissues working together . e.g
stomach .
*Systems : Group of organs working together . e.g The digestive
system includes : mouth , throat , esophagus , stomach .
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Systems Of The Body
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* The Circulatory System.
Parts ( heart, blood ,and blood vessels such as arteries , veins ,
and capillaries )
Functions :
1. Transports blood throughout the body.
2. The lymphatic system include lymph vessels and nodes
carry
a clear fluid called lymph . That contains white blood cell that
fight against diseases and play role in immunity .
* The Digestive System .
Parts ( mouth , throat , stomach , intestines )
Functions :
1. break down the food .
2. remove the waste outside the body .
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*The Endocrine System .
Parts ( glands )
Functions :
1. Sends Chemical messengers called hormones into the
blood to act on other glands .
* The Musculoskeletal System
Parts ( muscles , bones , joints , and connective tissues )
Function :
1. supports the body and allows it to move .
* The Female and Male Reproductive System .
Parts ( Male testis ,and Female Ovary sex organs )
Function :
1.produce the cells that join to form hormones .
* The Nervous System .
Parts ( brain , spinal cord )
Function :
1. Carries electrical messages to and from the brain and spinal cord to
other parts of the body .
* The Respiratory System .
Parts ( nose , mouth , lungs )
Function :
1. control breathing ( air enters and leaves the body )
* The Skin and Sense Organ System .
Parts ( skin, eyes , and ears .)
Function :
Receives messages from the environment and send them to the brain.
* The Urinary System .
Parts ( urinary bladder, kidneys , urethra )
Function:
1. Produces urine and sends it out of the body .
Body Cavities
Body cavity : is a space that contains organs.
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The cranial cavity : is located in the head and is
surrounded by the skull ( CRANI/O means skull )
The brain and other organs e.g pituitary gland
Below the brain .
The Thoracic Cavity
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Is the chest cavity which is surrounded by the
breastbone and ribs .the lungs , heart, windpipe
( trachea) , bronchial tubes .
Pleura : double membrane surround the lungs .
Pleura cavity : the space between the pleura and
surrounding each lung .
Mediastinum : the large space between the lungs
and the heart , esophagus , trachea , and bronchial
tubes are organs within the mediastinum
Respiratory System
Abdominal Cavity
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Abdominal cavity : is the space below the
thoracic cavity .
The diaphragm : is the muscle that separates
the abdominal and the thoracic cavities .
The peritoneum attaches the abdominal
organs to the abdominal muscles and
surrounds each organ to hold it in place .
Divisions of the Back
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Spinal Column : is a long row of bones from the
neck to the tailbone.
Vertebra : bone in the spinal column ( backbones
).
Disk or disc : is a piece of flexible connective
tissue , lies between each backbone. The disk ,
composed of cartilage .
Cartilage : is a cushion between the bones . If the
disk slips or moves out of its place , it can press
on the nerves that enter or leave the spinal cord ,
causing pain .
Division
Bones
Abbreviation
Cervical ( neck )
region
7 bones
C1-C7
Thoracic ( chest )
12 bones
T1-T12
Lumbar ( waist)
5 bones
L1-L5
Sacral (sacrum or
lower back )
5 fused bones
S1-S5
Coccygeal ( tailbone
or coccyx)
4 fused bones
Planes of the Body
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Plane is an imaginary flat surface . Organs appear in different relationships
to one another according to the plane of the body which they are viewed .
1. Frontal ( coronal) plane : up and down plane that divides the body , or
body part such as organ in front and back portions in this anatomical sense ,
anterior means the front and posterior means the back .
2. Sagittal ( lateral) plane : another type of up and down plane that divide
the body into right and left side . The midsagittal plane divides the body
vertically into right and left halves .
3. Transverse ( axial ) plane : a horizontal plane that divides the body into
upper and lower portions , as cross-section
X-ray
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The x-ray images are used to produce images of the body with
all planes Frontal, Sagittal , and axial (CT) slice ( like snapshot
of structures at a certain level ).
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* MRI Magnetic resonance imaging is another technique for
producing images with MRI magnetic waves instead of x-rays
, which show organs and other structures in specialized detail
and in all three planes of the body .
Combining
Form a
Meaning
Medical Term
Meaning
Abdomin/o
abdomen
Abdominal
Pertaining to the abdomen
Anter/o
front
Anterior
Located in the front ( of the body or of
suffix ior means a structure )
pertaining to)
Bronch/o
Bronchial
tubes
( leading from
the windpipe to
the lungs )
bronchoscopy
Visual examination of bronchial tubes
by passing an endoscope through the
trachea into the bronchi
Cervic/o
Neck of the
body or
Neck ( cervix)
of the uterus .
Cervical
Pertaining to the neck of the body .
Cervix
Lower portion of the uterus .
Cartilage
Hypochondriac
Pertaining to the lateral regions of the
upper abdomen beneath the lower ribs .
Also , the term describes a person who
has chronic concern about his / her
health body function .
Chondr/o
Coccyg/o
Coccyx,
tailbone
Coccygeal
eal- means
pertaining to
Pertaining to the tailbone.
Crani/o
skull
Craniotomy
Incision of the skull
Epitheli/o
Skin ,surface
tissue
Epithelial
Epi – means upon
Theli/o means
nipple
Pertaining to the skin cell ,
Describe cells upon the breast nipples
Esophag/o
Esophagus (
tube from the
throat to the
stomach )
Esophageal
Pertaining to the esophagus
Hepat/o
Liver
Hepatitis
Inflammation of the liver
Lapar/o
Abdomen
Laparoscopy
Visual examination of the abdomen , a
small incision is made by near the
navel , and an instrument ( endoscope)
is inserted to view the abdomen organs
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Combining Form a
Meaning
Medical Term
Meaning
Laryng/o
Larynx ( voice box )
Found in the upper
part of the trachea .
Laryngeal
Pertaining to the larynx
Laryngectomy
Removal of the larynx
Laster/o
side
Lateral
Pertaining to the side
Lumbe/o
Loin ( waist )
Lumbar
Ar –means
pertaining to
Pertaining to the loin ; part of
the back and sides between
the chest and hip.
Lymph/o
Lymph ( clear fluid in Lymphocyte
tissue spaces and
lymph vessels )
White blood cells
Mediastin/o
Mediastinum( space
between the lungs )
mediastinal
Pertaining to the
Mediastinum( contains heart,
large blood vessels , trachea ,
thymus gland ….)
Pelv/o
Pelvis( bones of the
hip)
Pelvic
Pertaining to the bones of the
hip area .
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Ascites : abnormal intraperitoneal fluid can result from conditions such as liver disease ,
peritonitis, and ovarian cancer .
Peritone/o
Peritoneum (membrane
surrounding the abdomen
)
Peritoneal
Pertaining to the
peritoneum
( membrane that
surrounds bone
Pharyng/o
Pharynx( throat )
Pharyngeal
Pertaining to the
pharynx ( throat )
Pharynx: notes that the epiglottis closes over the trachea during swallowing so that the
bolus of food travels down the esophagus and not the windpipe
Pleur/o
pleura
Pleuritis
Inflammation of pleura
( double membrane that
surround the lungs
Poster/o
Back, behind
Posterior
Located in the portion of
a structure or of the body
Sacr/o
Sacrum( five fused bones in the
lower back )
sacral
Pertaining to the sacrum
( triangular bone in the
lower back )5 fused
Spin/o
Spine ( backbone)
spinal
Pertaining to the spine
( backbones )
Thorac/o
chest
Thoracotomy
Incision of the chest
Thoracic
Pertaining to the chest
Trache/o
trachea
tracheotomy
Incision of the trachea
Vertebra/o
Vertebra( backbone )
Vertebral
Pertaining to the
backbones
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Note : sarc /o means flesh and is used in
sarcoma , a malignant tumor of flesh or
connective tissue .