C++ Programming:
From Problem Analysis
to Program Design, Fourth Edition
Chapter 5: Control Structures II
(Repetition)
Objectives
In this chapter, you will:
• Learn about repetition (looping) control
structures
• Explore how to construct and use countcontrolled, sentinel-controlled, flag-controlled,
and EOF-controlled repetition structures
• Examine break and continue statements
• Discover how to form and use nested control
structures
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition
2
Why Is Repetition Needed?
• Repetition allows you to efficiently use
variables
• Can input, add, and average multiple
numbers using a limited number of variables
• For example, to add five numbers:
− Declare a variable for each number, input the
numbers and add the variables together
− Create a loop that reads a number into a variable
and adds it to a variable that contains the sum of
the numbers
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition
3
cin >> num1 >> num2 >> num3 >> num4 >> num5; //read five numbers
sum = num1 + num2 + num3 + num4 + num5;
//add the numbers
average = sum / 5;
//find the average
Int num, sum;
sum = 0;
cin >> num;
sum = sum + num;
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition
4
while Looping (Repetition)
Structure
• The general form of the while statement is:
while is a reserved word
• Statement can be simple or compound
• Expression acts as a decision maker and is
usually a logical expression
• Statement is called the body of the loop
• The parentheses are part of the syntax
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition
5
while Looping (Repetition)
Structure (continued)
• Infinite loop: continues to execute endlessly
− Avoided by including statements in loop body
that assure exit condition is eventually false
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition
6
while Looping (Repetition)
Structure (continued)
i = 0;
while (i <= 20) {
i = i + 5;
cout << i << " ";
}cout << endl;
???
7
Designing while Loops
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition
8
Case 1: Counter-Controlled
while Loops
• If you know exactly how many pieces of data
need to be read, the while loop becomes a
counter-controlled loop
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition
9
//Program: Counter-Controlled Loop
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
int limit; //store the number of data items
int number; //variable to store the number
int sum; //variable to store the sum
int counter; //loop control variable
cout << "Line 1: Enter the number of "<< "integers in the list: ";
cin >> limit;
cout << endl;
sum = 0;
counter = 0;
cout << "Line 6: Enter " << limit<< " integers." << endl;
while (counter < limit)
{
cin >> number;
sum = sum + number;
counter++;
}
cout << "Line 11: The sum of the " << limit<< " numbers = " << sum << endl;
if (counter != 0)
cout << "Line 13: The average = "<< sum / counter << endl;
else
cout << "Line 15: No input." << endl;
return 0;
}
//Line
//Line
//Line
//Line
//Line
//Line
//Line
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
//Line 8
//Line 9
//Line 10
//Line
//Line
//Line
//Line
//Line
//Line
11
12
13
14
15
16
10
Case 2: Sentinel-Controlled
while Loops
• Sentinel variable is tested in the condition
and loop ends when sentinel is encountered
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition
11
//Program: Sentinel-Controlled Loop
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
const int SENTINEL = -999;
int main()
{
int number;
//variable to store the number
int sum = 0;
//variable to store the sum
int count = 0;
//variable to store the total numbers read
cout << "Line 1: Enter integers ending with “ << SENTINEL << endl;
//Line 1
cin >> number;
//Line 2
while (number != SENTINEL)
//Line 3
{
sum = sum + number;
//Line 4
count++;
//Line 5
cin >> number;
//Line 6
}
cout << "Line 7: The sum of the " << count << " numbers is " << sum << endl;
//Line 7
if (count != 0)
//Line 8
cout << "Line 9: The average is “ << sum / count << endl;
//Line 9
else
//Line 10
cout << "Line 11: No input." << endl;
//Line 11
return 0;
}
12
Telephone Digits
• Example 5-5 provides an example of a sentinelcontrolled loop
• The program converts uppercase letters to their
corresponding telephone digit
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
char letter;
//Line
cout << "Program to convert uppercase "<< "letters to
their corresponding " << "telephone digits." << endl;
//Line
cout << "To stop the program enter #."<< endl; //Line
cout << "Enter a letter: ";
//Line
cin >> letter;
//Line
cout << endl;
//Line
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition
1
2
3
4
5
6
13
while (letter != '#')
{
cout << "The letter you entered is: " << letter << endl;
cout << "The corresponding telephone " << "digit is: ";
if (letter >= 'A' && letter <= 'Z')
switch (letter)
{
case 'A':
case 'B':
case 'C':
cout << 2 <<endl;
break;
case 'D':
case 'E':
case 'F':
cout << 3 << endl;
break;
case 'G':
case 'H':
case 'I':
cout << 4 << endl;
break;
}
//Line 7
//Line 8
//Line 9
//Line 10
//Line 11
//Line 12
//Line 13
//Line 14
//Line 15
//Line 16
//Line 17
14
else
cout << "Invalid input." << endl;
cout << "\nEnter another uppercase "<< "letter to find its "
<< "corresponding telephone digit." << endl;
cout << "To stop the program enter #." << endl;
cout << "Enter a letter: ";
cin >> letter;
cout << endl;
}
return 0;
}
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition
//Line 27
//Line 28
//Line 29
//Line 30
//Line 31
//Line 32
//Line 33
//end while
15
Case 3: Flag-Controlled while
Loops
• A flag-controlled while loop uses a bool
variable to control the loop
• The flag-controlled while loop takes the
form:
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition
16
Number Guessing Game
• Example 5-6 implements a number guessing
game using a flag-controlled while loop
• The program uses the function rand of the
header file cstdlib to generate a random
number
− rand() returns an int value between 0 and
32767
− To convert it to an integer greater than or
equal to 0 and less than 100:
• rand() % 100
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition
17
#include <iostream>
#include <cstdlib>
#include <ctime>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
int num;
//variable to store the random number
int guess;
//variable to store the number guessed by the user
bool isGuessed;
//boolean variable to control the loop
srand(time(0));
//Line 1
num = rand() % 100;
//Line 2
isGuessed = false;
//Line 3
while (!isGuessed)
//Line 4
{
//Line 5
cout << "Enter an integer greater" << " than or equal to 0 and " << "less than 100: ";
//Line 6
cin >> guess;
//Line 7
cout << endl;
//Line 8
if (guess == num)
//Line 9
{
//Line 10
cout << "You guessed the correct " << "number." << endl;
//Line 11
isGuessed = true;
//Line 12
}
//Line 13
else if (guess < num)
//Line 14
cout << "Your guess is lower than the " << "number.\n Guess again!" << endl;
//Line 15
else
//Line 16
cout << "Your guess is higher than " << "the number.\n Guess again!" << endl;
//Line 17
}
//end while
//Line 18
return 0;
}
18
Case 4: EOF-Controlled while
Loops
• Use an EOF (End Of File)-controlled while loop
• The logical value returned by cin can determine
if the program has ended input
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition
19
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
int sum = 0;
int num,c=0;
double av;
cin >> num;
while (cin)
{
sum = sum + num; //Add the number to sum
cin >> num; //Get the next number
c++;
}
av=sum/c;
cout << "Sum = " << sum << “ “ << av <<endl;
C++0;
Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition
return
20
eof Function
• The function eof can determine the end of
file status
• Like other I/O functions (get, ignore,
peek), eof is a member of data type
istream
• The syntax for the function eof is:
where istreamVar is an input stream
variable, such as cin
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition
21
#include <iostream>
#include <fstream>
#include <string>
#include <iomanip>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
string firstName;
string lastName;
double testScore;
char grade = ' ';
double sum = 0;
int count = 0;
ifstream inFile;
ofstream outFile;
inFile.open("Ch5.txt");
outFile.open("Ch5_1.txt");
outFile << fixed << showpoint << setprecision(2);
inFile >> firstName >> lastName;
inFile >> testScore;
while (testScore<=100 &&inFile)
26
{
sum = sum + testScore;
count++;
//Line 1
//Line 2
//Line 3
//Line 4
//Line 5
//Line 6
//Line 7
//Line 8
//Line 9
//Line 10
//Line 11
//Line 12
//Line 13
//Line 14
//Line 15
//Line 16
//Line 22
//Line 23
//read the name Line 24
//read the test score Line 25
//Line
//Line 27
//update sum Line 28
//increment count Line 29
22
switch (static_cast<int> (testScore) / 10)
{
case 0:
case 1:
case 2:
case 3:
case 4:
case 5:
grade = 'F';
break;
case 6:
grade = 'D';
break;
case 7:
grade = 'C';
break;
case 8:
grade = 'B';
break;
case 9:
case 10:
grade = 'A';
break;
default:
cout << "Invalid score." << endl;
}
//end switch
//Line 30
//Line 31
//Line 32
//Line 33
//Line 34
//Line 35
//Line 36
//Line 37
//Line 38
//Line 39
//Line 40
//Line 41
//Line 42
//Line 43
//Line 44
//Line 45
//Line 46
//Line 47
//Line 48
//Line 49
//Line 50
//Line 51
//Line 52
//Line 53
//Line 54
//Line 55
23
outFile << left << setw(12) << firstName << setw(12) << lastName
<< right << setw(4) << testScore<< setw(2) << grade << endl; //Line 56
inFile >> firstName >> lastName;
//read the name Line 57
inFile >> testScore;
//read the test score Line 58
}
//end while
//Line 59
outFile << endl;
//Line 60
if (count != 0)
//Line 61
outFile << "Class Average: " << sum / count <<endl;
//Line 62
else
//Line 63
outFile << "No data." << endl;
//Line 64
inFile.close();
//Line 65
outFile.close();
//Line 66
return 0;
//Line 67
}
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition
24
More on Expressions in while
Statements
• The expression in a while statement can be
complex
− For example:
while ((noOfGuesses < 5) && (!isGuessed))
{
…
}
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition
25
Fibonacci Number
1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, ....
26
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main(){
int p1=1, p2=1, current, counter, nth;
cout << "Enter the position of the desired Fibonacci number: ";
cin >> nth;
if (nth == 1)
current = p1;
else if (nth == 2)
current = p2;
else {
counter = 3;
while (counter <= nth)
{
current = p2 + p1;
p1 = p2;
p2 = current;
counter++;
cout << "The Fibonacci number at position "<< nth << " is " << current<< endl;
}
}
return 0;
//end while
//end else
27
Programming Example: Checking
Account Balance
• A local bank in your town needs a program to
calculate a customer’s checking account
balance at the end of each month
• Data are stored in a file in the following form:
467343 23750.40
W 250.00
D 1200
W 75.00
I 120.74
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition
28
Programming Example: Checking
Account Balance (continued)
• The first line of data shows the account
number followed by the account balance at
the beginning of the month
• Thereafter each line has two entries:
− Transaction code
− Transaction amount
• Transaction codes
− W or w means withdrawal
− D or d means deposit
− I or i means interest paid by the bank
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition
29
Programming Example: Checking
Account Balance (continued)
• Program updates balance after each
transaction
• During the month, if at any time the balance
goes below $1000.00, a $25.00 service fee is
charged
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition
30
Programming Example: Checking
Account Balance (continued)
• Program prints the following information:
−
−
−
−
−
−
−
−
−
Account number
Balance at the beginning of the month
Balance at the end of the month
Interest paid by the bank
Total amount of deposit
Number of deposits
Total amount of withdrawal
Number of withdrawals
Service charge if any
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition
31
Programming Example: Input and
Output
• Input: file consisting of data in the previous
format
• Output is of the following form:
Account Number: 467343
Beginning Balance: $23750.40
Ending Balance: $24611.49
Interest Paid: $366.24
Amount Deposited: $2230.50
Number of Deposits: 3
Amount Withdrawn: $1735.65
Number of Withdrawals: 6
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition
32
Programming Example: Program
Analysis
• The first entry in the input file is the account
number and the beginning balance
• Program first reads account number and
beginning balance
• Thereafter, each entry in the file is of the
following form:
transactionCode transactionAmount
• To determine account balance, process each
entry that contains transaction code and
transaction amount
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition
33
Programming Example: Program
Analysis (continued)
• Begin with starting balance and then update
account balance after processing each entry
• If transaction code is D, d, I, or i, transaction
amount is added to the account balance
• If the transaction code is W or w, transaction
amount is subtracted from the balance
• Keep separate counts of withdrawals and
deposits
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition
34
Programming Example: Analysis
Algorithm
• Algorithm:
− Declare the variables
− Initialize the variables
− Get the account number and beginning
balance
− Get transaction code and transaction amount
− Analyze transaction code and update the
appropriate variables
− Repeat Steps 4 and 5 for all data
− Print the result
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition
35
Programming Example: Variables
and Constants
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition
36
Programming Example: Steps
• Declare variables as discussed previously
• Initialize variables
− isServiceCharged is initialized to false
− Read the beginning balance in the variable
beginningBalance from the file and
initialize the variable accountBalance to the
value of the variable beginningBalance
− Since the data will be read from a file, you
need to open input file
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition
37
Programming Example: Steps
(continued)
• Get account number and starting balance
infile >> acctNumber >> beginningBalance;
• Get transaction code and transaction amount
infile >> transactionCode
>> transactionAmount;
• Analyze transaction code and update
appropriate variables
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition
38
Programming Example: Steps
(continued)
• Repeat Steps 4 and 5 until there is no more
data
− Since the number of entries in the input file is
not known, use an EOF-controlled while loop
• Print the result
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition
39
Programming Example: Main
Algorithm
•
•
•
•
•
•
Declare and initialize variables
Open input file
If input file does not exist, exit
Open output file
Output numbers in appropriate formats
Read accountNumber and
beginningBalance
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition
40
Programming Example: Main
Algorithm (continued)
• Set accountBalance to beginningBalance
• Read transactionCode and
transactionAmount
while (not end of input file)
if transactionCode is 'D' or 'd'
Add transactionAmount to accountBalance
Increment numberOfDeposits
if transactionCode is 'I' or 'i'
Add transactionAmount to accountBalance
Add transactionAmount to interestPaid
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition
41
Programming Example: Main
Algorithm (continued)
if transactionCode is 'W' or 'w'
Subtract transactionAmount from
accountBalance
Increment numberOfWithdrawals
if (accountBalance < MINIMUM_BALANCE
&& !isServicedCharged)
Subtract SERVICE_CHARGE from accountBalance
Set isServiceCharged to true
if transactionCode is other than 'D', 'd', 'I',
'i', 'W', or 'w', output an error message
• Output the results
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition
42
for Looping (Repetition)
Structure
• The general form of the for statement is:
• The initial statement, loop
condition, and update statement are
called for loop control statements
− initial statement usually initializes a
variable (called the for loop control, or for
indexed, variable)
• In C++, for is a reserved word
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition
43
for Looping (Repetition)
Structure (continued)
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition
44
for Looping (Repetition)
Structure (continued)
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition
45
for Looping (Repetition)
Structure (continued)
• C++ allows you to use fractional values for
loop control variables of the double type
− Results may differ
• The following is a semantic error:
• The following is a legal for loop:
for (;;)
cout << "Hello" << endl;
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition
46
for Looping (Repetition)
Structure (continued)
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition
47
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition
48
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition
49
For loop and While loop
Fibonacci Number With For Loop
for (counter=3;counter<=nth; counter++)
{
current = p2 + p1;
p1 = p2;
p2 = current;
//counter++;
}
//end For
50
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition
51
do…while Looping (Repetition)
Structure
• General form of a do...while:
• The statement executes first, and then the
expression is evaluated
• To avoid an infinite loop, body must contain a
statement that makes the expression false
• The statement can be simple or compound
• Loop always iterates at least once
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition
52
do…while Looping (Repetition)
Structure (continued)
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition
53
do…while Looping (Repetition)
Structure (continued)
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition
54
Divisibility Test by 3 and 9
int main()
{
int num, temp, sum;
cout << "Enter a positive integer: ";
cin >> num;
temp = num;
56
Choosing the Right Looping
Structure
• All three loops have their place in C++
− If you know or can determine in advance the
number of repetitions needed, the for loop is
the correct choice
− If you do not know and cannot determine in
advance the number of repetitions needed,
and it could be zero, use a while loop
− If you do not know and cannot determine in
advance the number of repetitions needed,
and it is at least one, use a do...while loop
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition
57
break and continue Statements
• break and continue alter the flow of control
• break statement is used for two purposes:
− To exit early from a loop
• Can eliminate the use of certain (flag) variables
− To skip the remainder of the switch structure
• After the break statement executes, the
program continues with the first statement
after the structure
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition
58
break & continue Statements
(continued)
• continue is used in while, for, and
do…while structures
• When executed in a loop
− It skips remaining statements and proceeds
with the next iteration of the loop
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition
59
break Statement
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition
60
Continue Statement
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition
61
Nested Control Structures
• To create the following pattern:
*
**
***
****
*****
• We can use the following code:
for (i = 1; i <= 5 ; i++)
{
for (j = 1; j <= i; j++)
cout << "*";
cout << endl;
}
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition
62
Nested Control Structures
(continued)
• What is the result if we replace the first for
statement with the following?
for (i = 5; i >= 1; i--)
• Answer:
*****
****
***
**
*
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition
63
Summary
• C++ has three looping (repetition) structures:
− while, for, and do…while
• while, for, and do are reserved words
• while and for loops are called pretest
loops
• do...while loop is called a posttest loop
• while and for may not execute at all, but
do...while always executes at least once
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition
64
Summary (continued)
• while: expression is the decision maker, and
the statement is the body of the loop
• A while loop can be:
− Counter-controlled
− Sentinel-controlled
− EOF-controlled
• In the Windows console environment, the
end-of-file marker is entered using Ctrl+z
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition
65
Summary (continued)
• for loop: simplifies the writing of a countercontrolled while loop
− Putting a semicolon at the end of the for loop
is a semantic error
• Executing a break statement in the body of a
loop immediately terminates the loop
• Executing a continue statement in the body
of a loop skips to the next iteration
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition
66