CH. 12 SETTLEMENTS AND SERVICES
Developed by Joe Naumann
UMSL
The regular distribution observed over North
America and over other MDCs (more
developed countries) is not seen in LDCs
(less developed countries).
Regular Distribution
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Distribution of Cities
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Distribution of Cities
• The world has 22 cities with at
least 10 million inhabitants.
• Surprisingly, seven of the 10
largest cities are in LDCs.
4
5
Look at the air pollution
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Details: According to Demographia
• 177 urban areas have at least 2
million inhabitants
• 100 at least 3 million
• 55 at least 5 million,
• 22 at least 10 million
• 3 (Tokyo, New York, and Seoul) at
least 20 million
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Cities in
History
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Ancient World Cities
Oldest cities are found in
Mesopotamia, Egypt, China and
Indus Valley.
Mesopotamia (Jordan/Iraq)
Jericho 10,000 B.C.
Ur 3,000 B.C. (Iraq)
Walled cities based
on agricultural trade
Ziggurat (stepped temple)
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Ancient Ur in Mesopotamia
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Ancient Athens
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Cities in
History
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Largest OLD World Cities
From fall of Rome until the Industrial Revolution
5 Most Populous
by C.E. 900
Baghdad (Iraq)
Constantinople
(Istanbul,
Turkey)
Kyoto (Japan)
Changan
(China)
Hangchow
(China)
Before Industrial
Revolution







Canton (China)
Beijing (China)
Agra (India)
Cairo (Egypt)
Canton (China)
Isfahan (Iran)
Osaka (Japan)
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Historic City Functions
 Commercial Centers - Fresno, Venice, New
York
 Industrial Cities - Manchester, Detroit, Los
Angeles
 Primary Resources - Scotia, Minas Gerais,
Nevada City
 Resort Cities - Santa Barbara, Las Vegas,
Marseille
 Government / Religious Centers - Monterey,
D.C., Brasilia
 Education Centers - Palo Alto, Berkeley
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Urbanization
Percent
urban by
world region
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Urbanization
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Urbanization
• A large percentage of people living in
urban areas is a measure of a country’s
level of development
• higher percentage of urban residents in
MDCs is a consequence of changes in
economic structure
– Rural residents migrated to cities
– 19th century Industrial Revolution
– 20th century growth of services
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Urban
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Urban/Industrial
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Economic base of cities
• basic industries, which export primarily to
consumers
• Nonbasic industries are enterprises
whose customers live in the same
community, essentially consumer services
• A community’s unique collection of basic
industries defines its economic base.
• Multiplier Effect – for each new job in
basic industries, approximately two new
jobs are created in the nonbasic industries
• Examples in St. Louis metro. area
– Basic Industries – GM plant, Boeing, etc.
– Nonbasic industries – Dierberg’s Markets,
Handyman Hardware, etc.
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Types of Services
• Service Sector
– Consumer, business, & public
• Consumer Services
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Consumer Services
Nearly one-half of all jobs
in the United States are in
consumer services
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Services
• % of GDP from the Service Sector
• Usually higher in MDCs
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Employment
• The growth in
employment in the
United States has
been in services,
• Employment in
primary-sector
activities declined
• Employment in
secondary-sector
activities has declined
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Public Sector Activities
• Public services provide security and
protection for citizens and businesses
– 9% public school teachers are not counted in
this category
– 1/6 (16.7%) work for Federal Government
– ¼ (25%) work for state governments
– 3/5 (60%) work for local governments
16%
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Hierarchy of Business Services
• A hierarchy of world cities can be identifi
ed based on business services
• A hierarchy of cities also exists inside the
United States
• World Cities
– London, New York, Paris, and Tokyo are the
four leading world cities
– Chicago, Frankfurt, Hong Kong, Los Angeles,
Milan, and Singapore are world cities of
somewhat lower importance than the Big Four
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World Cities
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Lloyds of London
Multifaceted Centers
• World cities are predominantly in
MDCs because they are home to
a large percentage of the world’s
global-scale business services,
including :
– Financial services such as banking
and insurance
– Information-gathering services such
as publishing and media
– Professional services such as law,
medicine, science, and education
– contain a disproportionately high
share of the world’s arts, culture,
consumer spending on luxury
goods, and political power
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Hierarchy of U.S. Cities
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2nd Tier: Command & Control Centers
Orlando, Florida
• Headquarters of many large
corporations, well-developed
banking facilities, and concentrations
of other business services
• 3rd Tier Centers - Offer narrower
and more highly specialized services
– Motor vehicles, steel, office equipment,
etc.
• 4th Tier centers generally provide
less skilled jobs
–
–
–
–
Resort, retirement, residential centers
Manufacturing centers
Industrial & military centers
Mining and industrial centers
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Coolness & Innovation
• Talent is not distributed uniformly among
cities.
• Talent is attracted to cities that are diverse
and “cool”
• Talent level based on percentages of:
– College graduates
– Scientists & engineers
– Employment in technical & professional jobs
• “Coolness” is related to cultural diversity
• Florida discovered that talented individuals
were not attracted by climate or proximity
to sports
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Measures of Diversity
• Cultural facilities per capita
• % of gay men
• “coolness index”
– Percent of population in 20s
– Number of bars & nightlife facilities per capita
– Number of art galleries per capita
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Talent
Cultural Diversity
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Central Place Theory
• Central place theory explains the location
of consumer services (a model)
• Central place has a market area, range,
and threshold.
Market Area
Node
Range – distance from the
node
Threshold – the periphery of
the market area (a transition
zone between market areas)
Market Area – or hinterland –
a nodal region
Distance Decay – the farther
from the node, the weaker the
connection
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Why Hexagons?
• No gaps or overlaps &
approximates the ideal
shape – a circle!
• Reality more or less
approximates the model.
• Factors affecting the range
and shape of a hinterland
– Irregularities in topography
– Natural divisions – rivers,
canyons, etc.
– Political boundaries
– Cultural and/or linguistic
transition zones
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Services
• Larger centers offer more services and
more specialized services than smaller
centers
–
–
–
–
–
–
Health care
Wholesale distribution
Retail – consumer goods
Hospitality
Entertainment
Education
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Nesting of Settlements & Services
• Large settlements offer
services with large
thresholds, ranges &
market areas.
• Small settlements
provide services with
small thresholds, ranges,
and market areas.
• The size of settlements
follows the rank-size rule
more closely in MDCs
than in LDCs.
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Central Place Theory and Reality
Transportation
Effect
• Transportation and border effects
can shift the distribution of towns
away from theoretical uniformity
Border Effect
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Some less than precise terms
• Metropolis - a large and densely
populated urban area; may
include several independent
administrative districts; a large
city, especially the chief city of a
country
• World City (Global City) - A fairly
large population (the centre of a
metropolitan area with a
population of at least one million,
typically several million) having
active influence and participation
in international events and world
affairs (political & economic)
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Some less than precise terms
• City - primarily used to designate an urban
settlement with a large population.
However, city may also indicate a special
administrative, legal, or historical status.
• Town - a community of people ranging
from a few hundred to several thousands,
although it may be applied loosely even to
huge metropolitan areas. Usually, a "town"
is thought of as larger than a village but
smaller than a "city“
• Village - a clustered human settlement or
community, larger than a hamlet, but
smaller than a town or city, generally
located in rural areas,
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Town
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Village
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Town: Orange Walk, Belize
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Town: Herman, MO, U.S.A.
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Town: Warri, Nigereia
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African Village
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German Village
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U.S. village – Elsah, IL
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Some less than precise terms
• Hamlet - a small rural settlement, too
small to be considered a village.
• Metropolitan area - a large population
centre consisting of a large metropolis and
its adjacent zone of influence, or of more
than one closely adjoining neighboring
central cities and their zone of influence.
One or more large cities may serve as its
hub or hubs. In practice the parameters, in
both official and unofficial usage, are not
consistent. Sometimes they are little
different from an urban area, and in other
cases they cover broad regions larger than
a single urban settlement.
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Hamlet
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Hamlet
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Hamlet
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Swiss Hamlet
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A Cluster of Rural Farm Hamlets
Eastern Hemisphere model: live in the
hamlet and go out to the fields to work
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Alternate Rural Farm Settlement
U.S.A., Canada, Australia
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Megalopolis
• Illustrates the difference
between strict city
proper definitions and
broader urban
agglomerations.
• To define urbanized
areas, the U.S. Census
Bureau uses the term
Metropolitan Statistical
Area (MSA) or
Consolidated MSA
(CMSA) if two of them
overlap.
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Transportation & Settlement Size
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U.S. Urban Growth Stages
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Rank-Size Settlement Distribution
• Primate city – largest
in a country & two or
more times the size of
the second largest city
• Rank-Size Rule: in
which the country’s nthlargest settlement is
1/n the population of
the largest settlement.
• A country that follows
the rank-size rule will
graph as a straight line
(U.S. comes very
close)
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Primate City Rule
• Largest
settlement in a
country has more
than twice the
number as the
second ranking
city. These cities
tend to represent
the perceived
culture of the
country.
Largest City
Paris
London
Population
9 million
9 million
Second-largest City Population
Marseille
Birmingham
2 million
2 million
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Rank-Size Rule
• The n th-largest
settlement is 1/n
the population of
the largest
settlement. In
other words, 2nd
largest is 1/2 the
size of largest.
Works best in
most developed
countries that
have full
distribution of
services
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Market Area Analysis
Elder-Beerman
Department
Stores
• Retailers determine profitability of a site by
calculating the range and threshold.
• Site selection is done by placing consumer
behavior data on GIS (Geographic
Information System computer software)
• The best location will be the one that
minimizes the distances that all potential
customers must travel to reach the
service.
• The gravity model predicts that the
optimal location of a service is directly
related to the number of people in the area
and inversely related to the distance
people must travel to access it.
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Locating a new retail unit
• Assess the market area
for a proposed new unit
• Hierarchy of store ranges
– The market area of
Nordstroms is larger than
the market area of Macy
department store
– Market area of Schnucks at
Grandview is larger than
the market area of
Duchesne Tomboy grocery
store
UDF convenience stores
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Characteristics of European Cities
 Complex street patterns - prior to
automobile, weird angles
 Plazas and Squares - from Greek,
Roman, Medieval
 High density and compact form - wall
around city or low-growth zoning
 Low skylines - many built before
elevators, others required cathedral or
monument to be highest structure
 Lively downtowns - center of social life,
not just office work
 Neighborhood stability - Europeans
moved less frequently than we do.
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Characteristics Continued
 Scars of War - many wars , many cities
originally defensive
 Symbolism - gothic cathedrals, palaces,
and castles
 Municipal Socialism - many residents live
in buildings that are owned by city gov’t.
Some of these are massive housing
projects, others small scale apartment
buildings.
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U.S. vs. European Cities
European cities, including this hypothetical U.K. example, tend to
restrict suburban development, thereby concentrating new
development in and around existing concentrations. This leaves
large rings of open space, so-called greenbelts
What are the social costs of sprawl?
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Changes in U.S. Cities
U.S. population
has been moving
out of the city
centers to the
suburbs:
suburbanization and
counterurbanization
U.S. intraregional migration during 1990s.
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MDC Cities
•




•



Developed Countries: suburbanization
wealthy move to suburbs
automobiles and roads; ‘American Dream’
better services
wealthy move to suburbs
counterurbanization
idyllic settings
cost of land for retirement
slow pace, yet high tech connections to
services and markets
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Changes in Cities in LDCs
Rio De Janeiro, Brazil
Populations of
cities in the less
developed world
have been
surging:
urbanization,
migration, natural
increase
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Urbanization in LDCs:
 driven by changes in economy
 the poor live in the suburbs, rich live
in CBD
 cities struggle to provide jobs and
housing
 services overtaxed
 squatter settlements common
 crime on the rise
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