1430 ,‫ جمادى األولى‬05
‫ ص‬11:47
)Educational Research(
NONWOVEN FABRICS POLYESTER FIBERS
Nonwovens Education
donated to the Apparel Search The Educational information in this section has been graciously
.Company by Professor Kermit Duckett
Ramaiah Kotra and Xiao Gao
worldwide. In 1996, 24.1 million metric tons of manmade fibers were produced
took place This was 4% more than in the previous year. The main volume gain
The primary .]in production of PET fibers (PET filament 9%, PET staple 4%) [1
Seventy five .drive for this growth is demand for fiber and container resin
manufacturing. percent of the entire PET production is directed toward fiber
polyester producers. Hoechst, DuPont and Eastman are the three world largest
Acordis Industrial Fibers, :Additional current U.S. Polyester Fiber Producers are
Kg5A; Intercontinental Polymers, ;.Inc.; AlliedSignal Inc; Cookson Fibers, Inc
Corp., Wellman, Inc. [24] Dramatic growth Inc., Martin Color-Fi. Nan Ya Plastics
.]in Asia in the near future [22 in PET fiber production is foreseen
strength and The cost of polyester, with the combination of its superior
hydrophobic, which is resilience, is lower than that of rayon. Polyester fibers are
disposable industry. They desirable for lightweight facing fabrics used in the
when the inner absorbent provide a perceptible dry feel on the facing, even
bonding of PET are media is saturated. As new methods of processing and
market. According to developed, rayon is being replaced by polyester on the
share in the USA David Harrison [2], 49% of the total nonwovens market
and ranking 1996 belongs to polyester staple, reaching 291 million pounds in
assume that the number one among all kind of fiber supplies. If one were to
total PET consumption in filament fiber consumption is half of that of staple, the
million pounds. Even if the USA nonwovens industry alone would be over 450
has become the most the estimate is not be completely accurate, polyester
The next most .1995 widely used polymer in the nonwovens industry since
poly-olefins and particularly ,1996 popular was polypropylene [2]. But in
fibers. They had 46% market shares in polypropylene(PP) moved ahead of PET
had a 45% share. By the end of fibers used for nonwovens, whereas, PET
.]and PET dropped to 42%[25 %49 1998, olefin fibers increased their share to
parameters, Mechanical properties of nonwoven fabrics depend on many
therefore, useful ,including fiber properties, web structure and processing. It is
properties and other to review some of the elementary knowledge of fiber
What follows is a brief .factors like web processing techniques and structure
background information review of PET fiber properties, which should serve as
.for better understanding the subject
POLYESTER FIBERS
forming substance is manufactured fiber in which the fiber " Polyester fiber is a
by weight of an ester any long chain synthetic polymer composed at least 85%
")p-HOOC-C6H4COOH( of a dihydric alcohol (HOROH) and terephthalic acid
from the linear polymer poly The most widely used polyester fiber is made .]3[
class is generally referred to simply (ethylene terephtalate), and this polyester
low _shrinkage, heat set stability, light ,as PET. High strength, high modulus
.account for the great versatility of PET fastness and chemical resistance
Equation 1
1. POLYMER FORMATION
Polyethylene Teraphthalate (PET) is a condensation polymer and
is industrially produced by either terephthalic acid or dimethyl
terephthalate with ethylene glycol. [26] Other polyester fibers of
interest to the nonwovens field include:
( a ) Terephthalic Acid (PTA), produced directly from p-xylene with
bromide-controlled oxidation.
( b ) Dimethyl Terephthalate (DMT), made in the early stages by
esterification of terephthalic acid. However, a different process
involving two oxidation and esterification stages now accounts for
most DMT.
( c ) Ethylene Glycol ( EG ), initially generated as an intermediate
product by oxidation of ethylene. Further ethylene glycol is
obtained by reaction of ethylene oxide with water.
Equation 4
2. SYNTHESIS OF POLYMER
Linear Polyesters ) 1 (
the following A representative linear polyester, PET is polymerized by one of
terephthalate and two ways: Ester Interchange: Monomers are dimethyl
terephthalic acid and ethylene glycol. Direct Esterification: Monomers are
esterification processes are ethylene glycol. Both ester interchange and direct
batch-wise or continuously. Batch- combined with polycondensation steps either
for esterification or ester wise systems need two reaction vessels- one
Continuous systems need at least .interchange, the other for polymerization
shear interchange, another for reducing three vessels - one for esterification or
.polymerization excess glycols, the other for
process, a Another way to produce PET is solid-phase polycondensation. In the
Intrinsic melt polycondensation is continued until the pre-polymer has an
solid firm. The pre- Viscosity of 1.0-1.4, at which point the polymer is cast into a
until the desirable )crystallization is carried out by heating (above 200oC
polymer is melted for molecular weight is obtained. Later the particulate
fibers but is used for some spinning. This process is not popular for textile PET
.industrial fibers
Branched and Crosslinked Polyesters ) 2 (
each glycerol will If glycerol is allowed to react with a diacid or its anhydride
high molecular generate one branch point. Such molecules can grow to very
group and an acid weight. If internal coupling occurs ( reaction of a hydroxyl
the polymer will ,)function from branches of the same or different molecule
unaffected by become crosslinked. Rigidly crosslinked polymers are totally
.solvents
FIBER FORMATION .3
different The sequences for production of PET fibers and yarns depend on the
and spinning )ways of polymerization (continuous, batch-wise, and solid-phase
.(low or high windup speed) processes
Spinning Process ) 1 (
its end-uses. The degree of polymerization of PET is controlled, depending on
polymerization, higher molecular PET for industrial fibers has a higher degree of
molecular weight range lies between weight and higher viscosity. The normal
extrusion temperature (280-290oC), it has 15,000 and 20,000. With the normal
poise. Low molecular weight PET is spun at a low shear viscosity is 1000-3000
weigh PET is spun at 300oC or above. The 265oC, whereas ultrahigh molecular
proportional to the wind-up speeds in the degree of orientation is generally
the maximum orientation along with increase in ,spinning process. Theoretically
wind-up speed of 10,000m/min. Although due to a productivity is obtained at a
.may appear at wind-up speeds above 7000m/min voided skin, adverse effects
Drawing Process ) 2 (
temperature To produce uniform PET, the drawing process is carried out at
drawing process above the glass transition temperature (80-90oC). Since the
vary according )6:1-3:1( gives additional orientation to products, the draw ratios
higher draw ratios are required. to the final end-uses. For higher tenacities, the
may be developed during the drawing at In addition to orientation, crystallinity
]26[ .the temperature range of 140-220oC
Polyester Fiber Flow Chart )3(
Chart 1
The latest Polyester production (Research )4(
)Method
scientists Dr Boncella and Dr Wagner at The University of Florida are two
polyester from two involved with the study to reveal a method for manufacturing
.inexpensive gases: carbon monoxide and ethylene oxide
polyethylene The polyester most commonly used today is referred to as PET or
molecular weight terepthalate. Scientists have been successful in producing low
researchers still lack polyester using carbon monoxide and ethylene oxide, but
reactions - needed to make the catalyst - a substance that speeds up chemical
looking for the chemical compound the reaction work more efficiently. They are
create 1arger ones. Although they have that will take molecules of low DP and
have yet to produce a commercially had success in the research so far, they
gases. If this is successful, then these useable polyester from the inexpensive
replace the current polyester product, getting research findings can be used to
we all know that research ,lower price. Finally the same performance for a
]long-term effort.[27 requires patience and a
COMPOSITION OF PET STRUCTURAL
to the benzene The one of the distinguishing characteristics of PET is attributed
chain stiffness, rings in the polymer chain. The aromatic character leads to
results in weak van der preventing the deformation of disordered regions, which
PET is difficult to be ,Waals interaction forces between chains. Due to this
composed of crystalline, crystallized. Polyester fibers may be considered to be
amorphous) regions. The aromatic, ( oriented semicrystalline and noncrystalline
are nearly planar in configuration and carboxyl and aliphatic molecular groups
Stabilization distances between atoms in .exist in a side-by-side arrangement
van der Waals contact distances, and there neighboring molecules are usually
abnormally strong forces among the molecules. is no structural evidence of any
point of PET (compared to aliphatic polyesters) is The unusually high melting
unusual intermolecular forces, but is attributed to ester not the result of any
cohesion of PET chains is a result of hydrogen bonds and van der linkages. The
interactions, caused by dipole interaction, induction and dispersion forces Waals
among the chains. The capacity to form useful fibers and the tendency to
.crystallize depend on these forces of attraction
macromolecules, The interactive forces create inflexible tight packing among
dyestuffs and ,showing high modulus, strength, and resistance to moisture
mainly due to the solvents. The limited flexibility in the macromolecule is
any early ethylene group. The extended quenched fiber does not show
occur upon drawing. development of crystallinity; the growth of crystals starts to
represent the different A number of basic structural models are required to
extrusion, amorphous (no states of the fiber: amorphous (no orientation) after
orientation after thermal treatment and orientation) after cold drawing, crystalline
annealing. The crystalline oriented form can after hot drawing, stretching and
.high-speed) spinning( also be obtained by high stress
measured by Crystallinity and molecular orientation within the fibers can be
based on Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). This type of analysis is
and noncrystalline distinctly different values of the heats of fusion for crystalline
compared with a forms of the polymer. The heat of fusion of the sample is
following relationship calibration standard. The crystallinity is determined by the
Equation 2 = Crystallinity %
polymer, reported in the Hf* is the heat of fusion of a 100% crystalline ) where
The Tg (glass transition .]4[ )literature to be about 33.45 cal/g (equal to 140 J/g
fibers can also be determined by temperature) and Tm (melting point) of the
DSC measurements are shown in DSC analysis. The results of the density and
.Table 1
Table 1
temperature range The rapid quenched PET without drawing is amorphous. The
point to the of crystallization for PET is from 10oC below the melting
temperature, 250-100oC. temperature a little higher than the glass transition
of PET is 1.075 nm and is Typical PET has a 50% crystallinity. The repeat unit
extended chain (1.09 nm). Therefore, slightly shorter than the length of a fully
crystal unit cell is triclinic with dimensions a = the chains are nearly planar. The
o and ( = 112o.[11] 118 = ‫ ك‬,nm , ( = 98.5o1.075 = 0.456nm, b = 0.594nm, c
structure is illustrated in Fig. 1. Another factor for crystallization is PET crystal
position of the benzene rings. If benzene rings are placed on the chain axis the
.c), then close packing of the molecular chains eases polymer crystallization(
Figure 1
]Characteristics:[24 General Polyester Fiber










Strong
Resistant to stretching and shrinking
Resistant to most chemicals
Quick drying
Crisp and resilient
Wrinkle resistant
Mildew resistant
Abrasion resistant
Retains heat-set pleats and crease
Easily washed
OF POLYESTER MELT-BLOWN PROCESS
melt-blown polyester determine the The IV (intrinsic viscosity) and crystallinity levels of a
higher IV leads to an increased level of crystallinity, performance of the finished product. A
barrier properties of the polyester melt-blown structure. However, it which improves the
using and elongation. The advantage of significantly reduces modulus, toughness
greater chemical polyester over such polymers as polyolefins is its heat resistance and
.resistance. Polyesters also offer a moderate oxygen barrier
STRUCTURE, PROPERTIES RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN
PARAMETERS OF PET FIBERS AND PROCESSING
structure. The fiber structure, Properties of polyester fibers are strongly affected by fiber
applicability of the fiber, depends heavily on the which has a strong influence on the
fiber formation such as spinning speed (threadline stress), hot process parameters of
.stretching), stress relaxation and heat setting (stabilization) speed( drawing
wind-up speed, the PET As the stress in the spinning threadline is increased by higher
uniformity, lower elongation and higher molecules are extended, resulting in better as-spun
high crystallinity. Hot drawing accomplishes the same strength, greater orientation and
higher degrees of orientation and crystallinity. Relaxation is the effect and allows even
of strains and stresses of the extended molecules, which results in reduced releasing
the molecular "set" shrinkage in drawn fibers. Heat stabilization is the treatment to
further dimensional changes. Final fiber structure structure, enabling the fibers to resist
,)the temperature, rate of stretching, draw ratio (degree of stretch depends considerably on
noncrystalline orientation relaxation ratio and heat setting condition. The crystalline and
adjusted significantly in response to these and the percentage of crystallinity can be
.process parameters
Mechanical Properties
crystallinity and molecular As the degree of fiber stretch is increased (yielding higher
strength and initial Young's modulus. At the orientation), so are properties such as tensile
extensibility, i.e., elongation, is usually reduced. An increase of same time, ultimate
Typical .weight further increases the tensile properties, modulus, and elongation molecular
and stress-strain .2 physical and mechanical properties of PET fibers are given in Table
represented by curve C has a much higher curves in Fig. 2. It can be seen that the filament
tenacity staple shown in curve D. On the other hand, The initial modulus than the regular
greater tenacity and elongation. High tenacity filament and staple (curve A latter exhibits a
elongations. and B) have very high breaking strengths and moduli, but relatively low
low strength but very high Partially oriented yarn (POY) and spun filament yarns, exhibit
repeated compression (for example, elongation (curve E). When exposing PET fiber to
start to form, finally resulting in breakage of the repeated bending), so-called kink bands
It has been shown in [5] that the compressibility stability of PET is .kink band into a crack
.superior to that of nylons
2 Table
stress and strain in the Shrinkage varies with the mode of treatment. If relaxation of
during fiber manufacture, then oriented fiber is allowed to occur through shrinkage
reduced and initial modulus is lowered. shrinkage at the textile processing stage is
length under tension during heat treatment are less affected Polyester yarns held to a fixed
modulus, and reduced shrinkage values can still be obtained. This is very with change in
.important in fiber stabilization
recovers well from stretch, PET shows nonlinear and time-dependent elastic behavior. It
relatively high initial modulus. Extensional compression, bending, and shear because of its
subsequent delay in recovery upon removal of the load. But creep occurs under load, with
.other melt-spun fibers, the creep is small compared with
Figure 2
the fabric surface can be a The formation of small fuzz balls of entangled fibers (pills) on
by friction, stiffness, breaking strength serious problem. Fuzz formation may be affected
fineness, stiffness, recovery, friction and elongation ,and abrasion resistance. Shape
of fibers. After the pills have been formed, their rate of wear-off can influence entanglement
strength and flex life. affect the fabric appearance. Wear-off is a function of fiber breaking
resistance, flex life, and breaking Reducing the molecular weight which affects the abrasion
pilling tendency of PET fiber. However, spinning low strength, results in a decrease in
PET fiber is difficult. As the molecular weight is reduced, the melt molecular weight linear
spinning cannot be viscosity decreases and a uniform fiber with satisfactory continuity of
a cross-linking compound, which produced. Melt viscosity can be raised by the addition of
property, important especially to the apparel industry, is prone to hydroxyl groups. Another
crimp compression. Generally, the tighter the packing of molecular is crimp stability or
the fiber the stiffer and more mechanically resistant the fiber is. Crimp stability of ,chains
addition, crimp compression can be improved with an increase in heating temperature. In
.]ratio when the fiber is produced [6 of the fiber can be decreased by increasing draw
Chemical Properties
at boiling temperature, Polyester fibers have good resistance to weak mineral acids, even
dissolved with partial decomposition and to most strong acids at room temperature, but are
Hydrolysis is highly dependent on temperature. Thus .by concentrated sulfuric acid
soaked in water at 70oC for several weeks do not show a conventional PET fibers
strength, but after one week at 100oC, the strength is reduced by measurable loss in
.approximately 20%
and methylamine, which Polyesters are highly sensitive to bases such as sodium hydroxide
Methylamine penetrates the structure initially .serve as catalysts in the hydrolysis reaction
regions, causing the degradation of the ester linkages and, thereby, through noncrystalline
to physical properties. This susceptibility to alkaline attack is sometimes used loss in
structures produced process. The porous modify the fabric aesthetics during the finishing
wettability and better wear on the fiber surface by this technique contribute to higher
.]properties [7
as conventional textile Polyester displays excellent resistance to oxidizing agents, such
surfactants. Also, PET is insoluble in bleaches, and is resistant to cleaning solvents and
polyhalogenated acetic acids and phenols. Concentrated most solvents except for some
.acid and o-phenylphenol have a swelling effect solutions of benzoic
imparts water repellency PET is both hydrophobic and oleophilic. The hydrophobic nature
property, removal of oil stains is difficult. and rapid drying. But because of the oleophilic
polyester fibers have a low moisture regain of around 0.4%, ,Under normal conditions
to good electrical insulating properties even at high temperatures. The which contributes
low moisture content, tensile properties of the wet fiber are similar to those of dry fiber. The
.processing and soiling however, can lead to static problems that affect fabric
Optical Properties
characteristics of many thermoplastics, providing bright, shiny Figure 2 PET has optical
desirable for some end uses, such as silk-like apparel. Recently developed effects
filament (dpf), achieves polyester microfiber with a linear density of less than 1.0 denier per
.]the feel and luster of natural silk [23
Thermal Properties
manufacture. The DTA (Fig. The thermal properties of PET fibers depend on the method of
different speeds show peaks corresponding to 3.) and TMA (Fig. 4) data for fibers spun at
crystallization, and melting regions. Their contours depend on the ,glass transition
and crystalline content. The curves shown for 600 m/min and above are amorphous
range of 75oC; characteristic of drawn fiber. The glass transition range is usually in the
.respectively ,crystallization and melting ranges are around 130oC and 260oC
Figure 3
with random chain The thermal degradation of PET proceeds by a molecular mechanism
has also been proposed. A chain- scission at ester linkages, although a radical mechanism
:scission scheme is shown below
Equation 3
ordinary processing The degradation products can undergo further changes, but at
introduced into the polymer temperatures a certain proportion of carboxyl groups is
been attributed to the formation of structure. Color formation upon degradation has
.from a further breakdown of poly(vinyl ester)s polyenaldehydes from acetaldehyde and
DYEING PROPERTIES
Dyeing Properties
lack of reactive dyesites, PET Because of its rigid structure, well-developed crystallinity and
systems. This is particularly true for the highly absorbs very little dye in conventional dye
high tenacity-high modulus fibers. Polyester fibers are therefore ,)crystalline (highly drawn
.exclusively with disperse dyes dyed almost
the dyeability of PET A considerable amount of research work has been done to improve
ester, has successfully produced a fibers. Polymerizing a third monomer, such as dimethyl
macro-molecular chain. This third monomer has cationic dyeable polyester fiber into the
the sites to which the cationic dyes can be attached [8]. introduced functional groups as
also contributes to disturbing the regularity of PET polymer chains, so The third monomer
normal make the structure of cationic dyeable polyester less compact than that of as to
dyes into the fiber. The PET fibers. The disturbed structure is good for the penetration of
.decrease of the tensile strength disadvantage of adding a third monomer is the
and below) has been A new dyeing process for polyester fiber at low temperature (40(C
microemulsion of a small proportion reported [9]. This method employs a disperse dye in a
The main advantage of this method is low .of alkyl halogen and phosphoglyceride
remains the environmental problem that is produced by temperature processing, but there
.using toxic carriers
textile industry uses large Another approach has been introduced by Saus et al [20]. The
organic compounds into the environment. amounts of water in dyeing processes emitting
for polyester fiber was developed , in which Due to this problem a dying process
transfer medium [21]. This gives an option avoiding water supercritical CO2 is used as a
low in cost, non-toxic, non-flammable and recyclable. When dyed in an discharge. It is
which ,medium, reduction clearing is to be carried out to stabilize color intensity aqueous
following supercritical produces more waste water. Reduction clearing is not carried out
dying process and better quality of dyeing. Other advantages are better control of the
.application achieved
and (N2+H2+He) Spunbond PET nonwoven webs have been treated by (SO2+O2) plasma
results show that spunbond plasma at the University of Tennesse, Knoxville. The research
water soluble acid dyes [10]. Plasma PET nonwovens web can be colored by conventional
PET fabrics and are sure to be more evident in techniques open new avenues for coloring
.fibers in the future the coloring of polyester
Other Properties
degradation appears to Polyester fibers display good resistance to sunlight but long-term
protected from daylight by glass, PET fiber be initiated by ultraviolet radiation. However, if
enhanced by an UV stabilizer, in curtains and gives excellent performance, when
PET is flammable, the fabric usually melts and drops away automobile interiors.Although
which ,spreading the flame. PET fiber will burn, however, in blends with cotton instead of
.supports combustion
species are produced Polyester has good oxidative and thermal resistance. Color forming
both oxidative and thermal and carboxyl end groups are increased. The resistance to
Mechanical properties are not affected by .degradation may be improved by antioxidants
radiation. At doses of more than 0.5Mgy (Mrad), the tensile moderate doses of high-energy
Mgy(100- ultimate elongation decrease, and deteriorate rapidly at 1-5 strength and
and abrasion is 500Mrad). Finally the resistance of polyester fibers to mildew, aging
lubricants or finishes, but do excellent. Molds, mildew and fungus may grow on some of the
.not attack the fiber
of PET fibers for nonwovens/fiberfill(in million Consumption
]pounds)[25
Graph
APPLICATIONS
Company in 1953. The first U.S. commercial polyester fiber was produced by DuPont
most of them are used in the ,Since polyester fiber has a lot of special characteristics
]following three major areas:[24



Apparel:
Home
Furnishings:
Other Uses:
Every form of clothing
Carpets, curtains, draperies, sheets and pillow cases, wall
coverings, and upholstery
Hoses, power belting, ropes and nets, thread, tire cord, auto
upholstery, sails, floppy disk liners, and fiberfill for various
products including pillows and furniture
for the most part Surgeon's gowns ,for example, were once woven linen but are now
on spunbond melt blown repellant treated entangled polyester fiber pulp composites
older material in providing a breathable laminates. These new gowns are far superior to the
patient, which serves to significantly reduce hospital barrier between the surgeon and the
mattress pad facing of 100% polyester continues to be the infections. Spunlace
spunbond material because of the textile-like character of entangled fiber replacement of
prostheses. It is fabrics. PET has become the most important polymer type of fibrous
has an appropriate level of tissue reasonably inert, bio-compatible, flexible, resilient and
initiators, antioxidants, titanium dioxide and other acceptance. But, polymerization
.minimized to improve its bio-compatability impurities should be
flammable than cellulosic Thermoplastics such as polyester are usually considered less
from the flame. Polyester resin such as fibers because they melt and shrink of drip away
to produce spunbonded polyester in a variety of Crystar, a DuPont trade name, is used
sheet fabric, fabric softener dryer sheets filtration media, apparel applications: a nonwoven
agricultural crop interlining, carpet backing, furniture and bedding, automotive seats and
.covers
bicomponent fibers. To increase One of the important applications of PET is in the form of
maintaining the soft hand of LLDPE, PET is the strength of the nonwoven fabric, in while
filaments having a sheath component made of LLDPE used in continuous bicomponent
of PET. The tensile strength of the fabrics is improved and a core component made
bicomponent filaments and depends on the LLDPE/PET ratio. The remarkably by the
bonded polyester/polypropylene blend like Matarh's Ultraskin, the protective ultrasonically
breathability needed to clothing, is said to protect wearers from rain while offering the
.provide comfort
inorganic fibers are used Dry and wet laid nonwovens made from a range of synthetic and
A series of nonwoven polyester fiber mats .in various insulation and industrial applications
flexible electrical insulation laminates and electrical tape are used in class F(155 c)DMD
applications. Nonwoven mats made of polyester fibers and high temperature backing
in class resistant m-aramid are used as a cost effective replacement for aramid paper
]H(180 C) flexible electrical insulation composites.[28
filtration media. Its layered Composites made of 100% polyester fibers are widely used as
smooth, fiber free surface and edge stability. structure gives excellent tear strength, a
filtration efficiencies than spunbonded media that has not These products provide higher
The main advantage of these products is that they have no short fibers to .been calendered
]carried downstream and contaminate the filtrate.[29 be
cushions, back pillows, In Fiberfill applications polyester fibers are used inside seat
pillows, outdoor furniture and even hand- mattresses and waterbeds, decorative and throw
]stuffed custom upholstery.[30
REFERENCES
1.
Frohlich, Fritz W.: "Restructuring, Innovation See Akzo Nobel Through Difficult
Business Environment ", International Fiber Journal, (12), 3, 1997
2.
Harrison, David: "Synthetic Fibers for Nonwovens Update" Nonwovens Industry,
28 (6) 32- 39 (1997)
3.
Education Department, Man-made Fiber Producers Association, Inc.: "Man-made
Fiber Fact Book", Page 20, (1978)
4.
Mehta, Aspy et al., "Equilibrium Melting Parameters of Poly (ethylene
terephtalate)" J. of Polym. Sci., Polym. Phys. Ed. 16 (1978) 289
5.
Hearle, J.W.S., Miraftab, M.: "The Flex Fatigue of Polyamide and Polyester
Fibers. Part II : The Development of Damage Under Standard Conditions" Journal
of Materials Science 30(4) 1661-70 (1995)
6.
Pal, S. K., et al, "Draw-texturing of Microfiber Polyester yarn", Text. Res. J.,
66(12) 770-776 (1996)
7.
Hsieh, Y.L. et al: "Wetting, Pore Structure, and Liquid Retention of Hydrolyzed
Polyester Fabrics "Text. Res. J., 66(1) 1-10 (1996)
8.
Pal, S. K., et al, "Draw-texturing of Cationic Dyeable Polyester Yarn" Text. Res.
J., 63(2) 71-79 (1993).
9.
Fite, G., F., J. et al.,: "Dyeing Polyester at Low Temperatures: Kinetics of Dyeing
with Disperse Dyes", Text. Res. J, 65, (6), 362-368, (1995)
10. Zhao, R., et al.: "Preliminary Research Report: Effects of Plasma Treatment on
the Dyeability of PET Nonwoven Webs" , TANDEC document, University of
Tennessee, Knoxville, 1997
11. Lewin, M.,. Pearce, E. M .: Fiber Chemistry: Handbook of Fiber Science and
Technology (IV), Marcel Dekker Inc., 1985.
12. Moncrieff, R. W.: Man-made Fibers, 6th Ed., Newnes-Butterworths, 1975.
13. Morton ,W. R., Hearle, J. W. S.: Physical Properties of Textiles Fibers, The Textile
Institute, 1975.
14. Peters, R. H.:Textile Chemistry: The Chemistry of Fibers, vol. I, Elsevier
Publishing Co., 1963.
15. Durso, D. F. et al: The Technical Needs: Nonwovens for Medical/Surgical and
Consumer Uses, TAPPI Press, Atlanta, GA, 1986.
16. DuPont Magazine, 1997.
17. Wood, Dennis E.: " Melt-blowing process for production of Microfibers ", TANDEC
Conference, University of Tennessee at Knoxville, 1991.
18. Kubo, Eichi: "Bicomponent Spunbond Fabric", TANDEC Conference, University of
Tennesse, Knoxville, 1991.
19. Acock, Harry R., Lampe, Frederick W.: "Contemporary Polymer Chemistry",
Second Edition, Prentice Hall Inc., New Jersey, 1990.
20. Saus, W., Krittel, D., Schollmeyer, E.: "Dyeing of Textiles in Supercritical CO2",
Text. Res. J.,1993, 63, 135-142
21. Saus, W., Krittel, D., Schollmeyer, E.: "Dyeing with Superficial CO2 An Alternative
to High Temperature Dyeing of Polyester", Textile, 1992, 47, 1052-1054
22. Harris, W.B.: "Is There a Future for Polyester Investments Outside Asia?",
International Fiber Journal, (11), 5, Oct.1996
23. Fukuhara, Mototada: "Innovation in Polyester Fibers: from Silk-like to New
Polyester", Text. Res.J. 63, July 1993, 387-91
24. http://www.fibersource.com/f-tutor/polyester.html
25. David Harrison: "Shipments of fibers to nonwovens reported for 1998", Nonwoven
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
Industry, June 1999, 52
J Gordon Cook: "Handbook of textile fibers", Fourth Edition, 1968, P358 and P361
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http://www.dupont.com/fiberfill/dacron-main.html
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Medical Fabrics Gain New Attention in Era of SARS
By Kelly M. Pyrek
The protective properties of medical fabrics are gaining newfound interest as
healthcare professionals and public health officials are mandating barriers against
highly communicable bacteria and viruses, including severe acute respiratory
syndrome (SARS).
For example, in May, DuPont stepped up supply efforts for DuPont Tyvek
protective disposable garments in mainland China and Hong Kong to help frontline
workers combat SARS.
In an effort to slow the spread of SARS, the Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention (CDC) and the World Health Organization (WHO) have recommended
detailed infection control methods, including the use of appropriate disposable
protective garments and breathing equipment. Because of the SARS outbreak,
China’s government requested 1 million protective Tyvek disposable garments for
healthcare workers (HCWs) and other professionals.
The structure of Tyvek flash-spun non-woven fabric provides a barrier against a
range of microscopic substances, including fine dusts, particles and fibers, as well as
DVI BANKRUPTCY HAS non-hazardous water-based liquids at low applied pressure.
TEMPORARY
CHILLING EFFECT ON The use of protective apparel in the CDC and WHO infection control procedures is
to reduce the likelihood of skin contact with infectious materials, reduce
HEALTHCARE
transmission of the pathogens from patients to healthy individuals, and to permit
FINANCING
HCWs to readily dispose of materials worn in the presence of known or suspected
By Kelly M. Pyrek
SARS patients. Disposal of garments may help contain the presence of infectious
substances to designated areas within healthcare facilities, according to officials.
WHO’S WHO IN THE
AMBULATORY
“It’s important to note that protective garments are only part of a total system of
SURGERY INDUSTRY
precautions recommended by the CDC and WHO to address SARS,” says Jim
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SURGI STRATEGIES
Zeigler, DuPont personal protection researcher. “We hope the precautions and
procedures recommended by these organizations help deter the spread of this
disease as world health leaders search for more permanent solutions.”
New Technology
While the majority of SARS cases are half a world away, the 63 reported cases in
the United States is riveting focus on better use of personal protective equipment
(PPE) such as gowns and surgical drapes for the fight against not only SARS, but
garden-variety bacteria and stronger multi-drug resistant strains.
To address disease-transmission concerns closer to home, DuPont has introduced a
new medical fabric, Suprel, created from a revolutionary composite technology
designed to provide advanced levels of protection and comfort for HCWs.
CAPITOL HILL
SURGI BUSINESS
IT I.Q.
SURGI LAW
INFECTION CONTROL
TODAY
CLINICAL UPDATE
SURGICAL SPECIALTIES
PRODUCT SHOWCASE
OPEN FORUM
STAFFING THE SUITE
DuPont researchers created Suprel by using the company’s proprietary Advanced
Composite Technology. Developing nearly 20 new patents for this technology,
DuPont can blend the ideal properties of two different raw materials to create
medical fabrics that meet specific needs. For example, Suprel is the only medical
fabric available that is made of polyester for strength and polyethylene for softness.
The fabric is designed to have less surface friction than other medical fabric
products, allowing for greater comfort and freedom of movement. It also transfers
heat away from the body quickly, adding to comfort in the operating environment.
Suprel is made from continuous filament fibers and is designed to be very low
linting. Using a market-focused approach as part of its research and development,
DuPont researchers developed Suprel by working closely with OR nurses who
participated in comfort studies conducted at North Carolina State University.
Feedback and input on protection and comfort from these HCWs were used in
developing the new medical fabric.
“Suprel is the first in a line of innovative products from DuPont that will raise the
bar for standards of protection and comfort in medical fabrics,” says Lori
Gettlefinger of DuPont Medical Fabrics. “Unlike the technology used with single
polymer fabrics, this composite fabric technology will allow us to create an array of
fabrics in direct response to the evolving needs of the medical industry.” Suprel will
be available for commercial distribution in late summer in the U.S. and later this
year in Europe and Asia Pacific regions.
Nonwoven Fabrics Make an Impact
It has been estimated that sales of medical textiles reached $7 billion, boosted by
advancements in nonwovens by companies such as Kimberly-Clark and DuPont.1
Since two-thirds of the production cost for surgical gowns is in the fabric, effective
fabric utilization is crucial.
Nonwoven fabrics were developed and introduced for use in surgical gowns, drapes
and sterilization wrapping materials in the 1960s in order to provide better barrier
properties against liquid and microbial penetration.2
Spunbond/Meltblown/Spunbond (SMS) material is comprised of three thermally
bonded of polypropylene fibers. The layers consist of continuous filaments that are
formed by a melt-spinning process. Chemical treatments can be applied to the fabric
to improve resistance to low surface tension liquids or enhance softness. The outer
spunbond layers of long, thick continuous fibers lend strength and abrasion
resistance to the finished material, while the middle layer is a dense mat of
randomly deposited meltblown microfibers that acts as a filtration material to resist
the penetration of infectious materials, particulates and bacteria, while still allowing
air or sterilizing gasses to pass through.
“The middle layer acts as a depth filter or ‘torturous path’ for contaminants and
bacteria,” explains Jay Sommers, PhD, director of clinical and scientific affairs for
Kimberly- Clark Corporation. “It’s the difference between SMS and other materials
that have a direct hole construction allowing liquids and microbes to penetrate. Not
all SMS fabrics are the same, however; variations in raw materials, manufacturing
and construction can vary, and the only way that product claims can be substantiated
is by conducting actual clinical or scientific studies on that product.”
Best Practices for Selecting Medical Fabrics
While there are numerous standards regarding best practices for the selection of
medical fabrics, surgical gowns and drapes, the basic principles, as outlined by the
Association of periOperative Registered Nurses (AORN) are as follows:








Materials used in surgical gowns and drapes should be safe, meet identified
needs and promote the safety of patients and HCWs
The selection of gown and drape products - both single-use and reusable should be based on criteria specific to the products’ function and use
Materials used for surgical gowns and drapes should be resistant to
penetration by blood and other body fluids, particulates and microorganisms
Surgical gowns and drapes should have an acceptable quality level and be
resistant to tears, punctures and abrasions
Materials used for surgical gowns and drapes should be appropriate to the
methods of sterilization, and reusable surgical products’ barrier properties
must be monitored after repeated processing
Surgical gowns and drapes should resist combustion
Surgical gowns and drapes should be comfortable and contribute to
maintaining the wearer’s desired body temperature
These surgical products should have a desirable cost-to-benefit ratio
Reusables and Disposables
Sommers makes a case for single-use, disposable gowns and drapes based on the
criteria of barrier properties, cost savings, quality, environment and logistics.
“When you compare reusables and disposables, single-use comes out on top,”
Sommers says. “It is well documented that the barrier properties of multiple-use
product degrade with time. The data we have shows single-use products as having
very effective barriers against not only fluids, but microbial transmission. I don’t
think the reusables companies have that data.”
Regarding financial savings, Sommers points out that single-use gowns can
eliminate reprocessing costs related to labor, chemicals and equipment; more
importantly, however, he says reusables may actually not be as clean as disposables
following the laundering process. “Several government agencies are promoting a
new laundering process using hydrogen peroxide instead of chlorine bleach,”
Sommers says. “For years, everyone banked on the chlorine bleach for its bacterial
kill. There is no corresponding data on hydrogen peroxide. The issue is, do we know
the products are coming clean in this new process? Government agencies are behind
hydrogen peroxide because it is less corrosive, doesn’t give off dioxins and is
energy efficient. But it doesn’t have the kill rate that bleach has.”
When it comes to logistics, Sommers says reusables are problematic because of
potential delivery glitches in laundry service and delivery, whereas single-use
products are more readily accessible. “Access issues are important,” Sommers says.
“If you use a laundry service and you’re in the middle of a blizzard and run short on
gowns, what do you do? When I was at another company, we heard about a hospital
that had a fire in its laundry department and it had no product. We rushed our
single-use product to them so healthcare delivery was minimally disrupted. How do
you deal with those situations with reusables?”
Sommers says another criteria, environment- related concerns, address water and air
pollution generated by laundry systems that reprocess reusable medical fabricproducts.
“You have to weigh the advantages and disadvantages of water and chemical usage
with reusuable products against medical waste generated by disposables. Many
surgical products, including ours, are biodegradable, can be recycled or burned
efficiently. There are a lot of things going for single-use that multiple use don’t
have.”
And finally, Sommers says disposables make financial sense because today’s
singleuse products are of such high quality that fewer products are used.
“We can show data reflecting cost savings by going to single-use because in a lot of
cases, with products like drapes, you don’t have to use as many. Our products are so
efficient, you don’t use as many of them as you would a reusable product. You also
are assured of the same product performance each time you use it.”
Sommers recalls an incident that demonstrates why disposable surgical products
have clear advantages over reusables.
“Many gowns and drapes have grids on them to indicate the number of times they
have been reprocessed,” Sommers explains. “A sales rep from a reusable gown
company sent me a gown that had nothing marked on it. I took it to a presentation
and said to the attendees, ‘With a gown like this, you have no idea how many times
it has been used.’ A laundry manager jumped up and pulled the gown out of my
hand and said, ‘You’re not supposed to have that.’ It drove home the idea that these
kinds of gowns can pose problems and people know it. Some companies use a
computer chip or a bar code to track usage and reprocessing, but how do you know
they work consistently? What if the chip is de-magnitized? The user won’t know
that. I don’t think that is acceptable. Say hospital A sends its reusable gowns to the
laundry service; the facility is not going to get the very same gowns back. You’re
going to get gowns from hospital B or C, and you don’t know what those gowns
were exposed to, if they were properly cleaned and processed, and how many times
they have been used.”
What the Medical Literature Says
There is an abundance of scientific studies addressing various aspects of medical
fabric effectiveness. Here’s a look at a few studies from the current body of medical
literature:

In “The Relationship of Selected Fabric Characteristics and the Barrier
Effectiveness of Surgical Gown Fabrics,” researchers Karen K. Leonas, PhD
and Renita S. Jinkins studied liquid strike-through and bacterial
transmission.3
In an evaluation of eight surgical gowns, five were disposable and were produced
from nonwoven fabrics. Three of the gowns were reusable and were produced from
woven fabrics.
Fabric characteristics evaluated included thickness, weight, pore size, and oil and
water repellency. Resistance of the fabrics to the penetration of microorganism
suspensions under a hydrostatic pressure was determined.
Microorganisms used in this study were Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus
aureus.
The study showed that fabric characteristics of construction, repellency and pore
size contributed to gown performance. Liquid strike-through was not always
accompanied by bacterial transmission. Researchers concluded that higher fabric
repellency ratings and smaller pore size generally corresponded with higher barrier
properties.


In “Methods for Determining the Barrier Efficacy of Surgical Gowns,” the
researcher evaluated the liquid and microbial barrier properties of 13
reusable and disposable gowns and investigated the cumulative effects of
laundering and sterilizing on the barrier efficacy of reusable gowns by
means of the impact penetration (splash) test, the synthetic blood resistance
test, the viral resistance test, and the elbow lean (demonstration) test.4 The
study showed that single-layer regular gowns and double-layer fabric
reinforced gowns offer different degrees of resistance to splashes and
pooling of liquids on the surface. Gowns reinforced with films, membranes
and coatings are generally liquid-proof, meaning that they resist visible
penetration of synthetic blood under pressure. Some of the gowns were also
resistant to viral penetration. The researcher concluded that healthcare
facilities should provide liquid-proof gowns that also offer microbial
resistance to their medical personnel for use in high-risk situations in which
optimum safety is required. Other gowns may be used when the risk of
exposure to body fluids is low. Hospital personnel should determine the type
of gown that should be worn in different operating room situations. Any
incidents of penetration would indicate that a higher level of protection is
required.
In “Effect of Laundering on the Barrier Properties of Reusable Surgical
Gown Fabrics,” researcher Karen Leonas, PhD, of the University of Georgia,
evaluated five commercially available reusable surgical gowns.5
Four of the gowns were produced from woven fabrics while one gown was
produced from a three-layer composite that contained a microporous membrane
between a woven and knit fabric. By using standard test methods, thickness, weight,
pore size, and oil and water repellency were evaluated. Gowns were laundered 25
and 50 times by a commercial laundry service that specialized in cleaning surgical
gowns. Gown fabrics were sterilized only before laboratory evaluation and not after
each laundering cycle. Resistance of the fabrics to the transmission of
microorganism suspensions under a hydrostatic pressure was determined.
Staphylococcus aureus was the microorganism used in the study. Leonas concluded
that a combination of fabric characteristics were associated with the barrier
properties of the surgical gown fabrics studied. Repellency and pore size contributed
to gown performance. Laundering reduced the ability of the fabric to prevent the
transmission of bacteria through the fabrics. Only one fabric showed no
transmission of bacteria after laundering, and this fabric retained the greatest degree
of repellency and had the greatest thickness. Higher repellency ratings generally
corresponded with higher barrier properties.
Two fabrics showed no significant increase in the amount of bacteria that
transmitted through the fabric after laundering. Both of these gowns were reinforced
with a second fabric layer.
References:
1. Plumlee TM and Pittman A. Surgical gown requirements capture: a design
analysis case study. Journal of Textile and Apparel, Technology and Management.
North Carolina State University. Vol. 2, Issue 2, Spring 2002.
2. Sommers JR. What is SMS and why is it used as a medical fabric. Kimberly-Clark
Corporation.
3. Leonas KK and Jinkins RS. The relationship of selected fabric characteristics and
the barrier effectiveness of surgical gown fabrics.
Am J Infect Control. 1997;25:16-23.
4. McCullough EA. Methods for determining the barrier efficacy of surgical gowns.
Am J Infect Control. 1993 Dec;21(6):368-74.
5. Leonas KK. Effect of laundering on the barrier properties of reusable surgical
gown fabrics. Am J Infect Control. 1998 Oct;26(5):495-501.
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12/16/2003
10 Cosmetic Plastic Surgery Predictions for 2004 From the American Society for Aesthetic
Plastic Surgery
12/15/2003
FDA Approves New Product for Facial Wrinkles
MGMA's Ambulatory Surgery Center Performance Report Highlights Larger
12/10/2003
When It Comes to Plastic Surgery, Extreme is Out, Subtle is In
Cardinal Health Introduces Medical Gloves Designed to Help Improve Skin, Relieve
Dermatitis
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LUBISOL THERMAL INSULATIONS
LUBISOL ENGINEERING is offering a lot of positive experience in the field of glass furn
crown insulation and hot repair of silica crowns, which is our main business area. The
LUBISOL insulating materials are in regular production and are applied world-wide since
1982. The main goal of our company is to encourage the glass producers to apply crown
insulation with maximum efficiency for reduction of the fuel consumption, offering in the
time some new solutions for increasing the furnace crown life and the safety factors aga
condensation corrosion and rat holing. By reducing the total fuel consumption due to the
better crown insulation, minimum by 1.0-1,5 %, we contribute for the reduction of the CO
emissions in the air, the greenhouse effect and the global warming.
1. Silica Crown
2. Si-Seal Patch
3. Light Silica Bricks
4. Lubisol-1
5. Lubisol-2
6. Lubisol-3 (Cover Coat)
Our Lubisol crown insulation package incorporates:
one layer of 15 mm Lubisol Si-Seal hermetic sealing
patch, applied over the whole silica crown, one layer
of Lubisol-#1 monolithic insulation (or light silica
bricks), one layer of Lubisol-#2-SL monolithic
insulation and 30 mm Lubisol-#3 Finishing Cement.
The monolithic insulation #1 and #2-SL coming as
wet mixes ready for use are applied by light ramming
or tamping. The Si-Seal and the finishing Cover Coat
are applied by patching. The application labor costs
are similar to the ones needed for conventional
crown insulation. The application is done during or
after the heating-up of the furnace.
The main advantage of our insulation is the VERY LOW specific weight and high efficie
of the insulation, due to the VERY LOW thermal conductivity factor, being much lowe
the one of the light silica bricks. The specific weight of Lubisol #2-SL insulation is only 0.
with a thermal conductivity 0.075 W/m.K. This contributes for reducing the needed thickn
of the insulation and the burden over the silica crown. In the same time, our selling price
lower than the price of the light silica bricks, so we are able to offer a light and highly effi
crown insulation with a heat loss under 1000 W/sq.m. and cold face temperature about 1
oC at a much lower competitive price.
Our clients can apply a crown insulation package with maximum efficiency at a rather lo
cost, bringing additional fuel savings of the total fuel costs. The technical advantages of
Lubisol insulation – reduced rat holing and long service life - are combined with
considerable fuel savings, a moderate budget and an early pay back. We offer the client
thickness of the insulation, heat losses and temperature distribution with a computer
calculation, according to the client’s requirements, or with a suggestion from us accordin
our positive experience.
The Lubisol Si-Seal hermetic sealing kit is a new product having unique properties. App
in only 15 mm thickness over the whole crown it acts as a barrier against corrosion and
holing.
The crown of a working glass furnace can be repaired and upgraded by applying a prote
layer, and so the service life can be prolonged almost with no limits. This new unique se
process giving as a result a very strong chemical bonding can be best described as Col
Chemical Welding of Silica Crowns.
We are offering a detailed Application Technology adapted every time with the specific c
requirements. The application is very easy and simple, and it is done by the local brick la
of the client. No special equipment is needed.
Thermal Foams has been proudly serving the Eastern United States and Canada sin
1959. We've earned our reputation for excellence, through our strong commitment t
providing only top quality products, and fast, courteous and professional service. W
locations in Buffalo, Rochester, Syracuse and Pittsburgh, we're able to meet our
customer's project needs quicker and at a better price.
In addition to manufacturing Expanded Polystyrene foam and Structural Insulated
Panels, Thermal Foams, Inc. is also one of the area's largest stocking distributors of
insulation & cushioning materials, as well as Exterior Insulation Finishing Systems
products. If your looking to fulfill your packaging needs, Thermal Foams also offers
in-house design department that is available to assist you in creating a product tailor
to your specific needs. Choose an area of interest from the links listed above to see
more detailed list of items available, or call our office for a quote. Our knowledgeabl
sales staff is always available to answer your questions.
While you're here be sure to check out our Mark Allen Associates site as well for
additional commercial building trade products and services.
All of us at Thermal Foams wish to thank all of you for your continued support over t
years. It's been your trust and confidence that has helped us achieve our goals of
providing our customers with only top quality products, at fair, competitive prices and
unsurpassed personal and professional service. Thank you for your business.
Pacer Home
March 2000
URI maps out
future with new
master plan
Kingston Campus
Master Plan
First makeover in
decades begins
on URI residence
halls
DYEING TO HELP: Graduate student Hon
Huang, right and Professor Martin Bide, wo
determine how effective textile techniques
fighting infection and rejection in artificial a
Narragansett Bay
Campus goals
and
recommendations
Textile scientist helps reduce problems with
artificial arteries
President brings
women's issues
to top of agenda
A University of Rhode Island researcher is using
techniques from textile science that in the near future
could reduce many of the problems associated with
artificial arteries.
New
environmental
studies center to
be built at URI
Students served
sumptuous meals
daily at URI
URI seeks help
from MBA grads
to meet Kresge
Challenge
The Champlin
Foundations
creates a
technological
legacy at URI
Dana Renee
Shugar
remembered
In Memoriam
Textile scientist
helps reduce
problems with
artificial arteries
New URI video
series shows
seniors on the
move
URI names
Martin Bide, URI professor of textiles, fashion
merchandising and design, has been working with a
team of vascular surgeons at Boston's Beth Israel
Deaconess Medical Center for the past 10 years on a
range of issues with the artificial arteries. Bide said
surgeons unable to use a vein from a patient who
needs heart surgery look to artificial materials like
polyester for solutions. However, these materials are
prone to complications like rejection, clot formation
and infection.
Bide said artificial arteries work well, but doctors are
calling on scientists like him to find ways to fight
infection when the arteries are implanted and avoid
clot formation later on.
Infection remains a problem in the cleanest of
hospitals. Many have tried to make these materials infection-resistant, Bide said, but a
surface antibiotic is quickly lost in the body. Previous attempts to prolong infection
resistance rely on the introduction of additional binding agents. However, Bide introd
techniques from textile dyeing and discovered means of using antibiotics as dyes. The
antibiotic is held in polyester arteries without the use of binding agents. More recently
researchers have turned their attention to other materials, and have discovered that
alternative dyeing methods can do the same thing for polyurethane, another widely us
medical material.
Bide said that the researchers used what would be considered a poor dye job in the tex
business, since the antibiotic is gradually lost. However, the slow leaching of the antib
is the key that provides infection resistance over extended periods of time.
Another major problem for artificial arteries is that they remain foreign, and the body'
own cells do not grow into them. They are also prone to generating blood clots. Bindi
specific proteins to the artery can potentially solve these problems, but the materials la
the chemical groups to allow binding. Bide introduced another textile technique, used
make polyester less water-repellent, to develop chemical groups on the surface. His
colleagues have now bound an age-old medicinal protein from leeches to the modified
polyester to develop clot-resistant arteries. They have also developed materials that ha
interim deans
shown a lessened tendency for rejection.
Dayle Joseph
appointed dean
of College of
Nursing
When the testing is complete, the goal is to bring products to market through CardioT
International in Woburn, Mass. CardioTech has a Small Business Technology Transfe
Grant from the National Institutes of Health, which it has used to fund Bide's work at
and the surgeons' work in Boston.
URI signs on with
Progreso Latino
Bide said many researchers are racing to find answers to problems with using artificia
arteries. "We think our approach is better," he said.
URI and Kent
County Mental
Health Center
partnership
By Dave Lavallee
ARTIFICIAL ARTERIES: Arteries used in experiments were sutured by surgeons
practicing with the materials.
New partnership
to help children
with
developmental
challenges
Exhibits
1999 URI
Foundation
Distinguished
Scholar Lecture
Alumni Chapters
© University of Rhode Island. All rights reserved. Produced by the
URI Division of University Advancement. 22 Davis Hall, 10 Lippitt
Rd., Kingston, RI 02881-2011 or call 874-2116 For the most upto-date Calendar, visit the URI Calendar of Events on-line at
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Click!
1.Outline
2.High Fashion
3.Industrial Materials & Home Furnishings
(1)Industrial Applications
(2)Consumer Goods Applications
(3)Home Furnishings
3.Industrial Materials & Home Furnishings
(1)Industrial Applications
New applications transcend the conventional concepts of fabrics in
unexpected corners of industry.
Pursuing higher quality and lower costs through global
business operations
Automobile manufacturers today demand highquality materials at lower costs. Our international
network allows us to meet such challenging
demands, and our automobile manufacturers. We
supply a wide range of industrial textile
materials, including car interior and seat fabrics,
rubber materials such as tire cords and V-belts,
air bags, and filters.
High-tech applications made possible through the use of
high-function materials
Super fibers include carbon fibers used for
bridge piers of MAGLEV cars and aramid
fibers for fire fighting uniforms. These high
value-added fibers demonstrate excellent
characteristics-high strength and resistance
to heat and chemicals. The application of
these fibers will sure to increase more and
more in the future. The Textile Company is
actively promoting the development of
applications for these super fibers.
Versatile business operations include participation in
construction projects.
Many manufacturers with close ties to us
are expanding their business fields. Their
business expansion has created greater
opportunity for the Textiel Company to
participate in construction projects. Today,
we are developing businesses that transcend
the conventional framework of the textile
business.
Revolutionary new fiber products contribute to growth in
new application fields
The Textile Comapny plays an important
role in the electronics and semiconductor
industries although there is no immediately
apparent relationship between printed
circuit boards and textiles or fibers. We
supply glass fiber, copper foil and
photoresist used for printed circuit boards.
The quality materials we supply are highly
reputed in this field.
osaxp@osaxp.itochu.co.jp
All Rights Reserved, ITOCHU Corporation.
Technical textiles
Automotive textiles
Barrier fabrics for protection against aerosols
Coated and laminated textiles
Coated textiles
Fire retardant materials
Textile flammability
Handbook of technical textiles
Materials in sports
Medical textiles
Textiles in automotive engineering
MATERIALS IN SPORTS
Mike Jenkins, University of Birmingham, UK
This book takes as its starting point the concept that the performance of a sports product
is reliant on the materials used in its construction. Research into the chemical structure
and composition, microstructure and material processing of the materials used in a wide
range of sports accoutrements is thus compared with their performance data. The
relationship between performance and design is also discussed. With clear chapter and
subject divisions, this book provides a comprehensive analysis of the quality and
efficiency of a variety of manmade materials, all of which have a direct bearing on
modern sportsmanship. Click here for further information
424 pages 234 x 156mm hardback July 2003
ISBN 1 85573 599 7 £135.00/US$225.00/Euro190.00
Click here to join the Textile Technology mailing list
FIRE RETARDANT MATERIALS
Edited by A R Horrocks and D Price
'… a wealth of interesting information, technical rationale and quality text and
diagrams.'
IFPO Fire Journal
This book provides as authoritative source of reference on the highly diverse subject of
fire retardance. Its value lies in the compilation of chapters from acknowledged
international experts writing on a wide selection of interdisciplinary subjects which
would not otherwise be found together in one place. The text is readable and user friendly
while conveying essential information for expert and non-expert alike. Materials
engineers, materials scientists, design engineers, chemists, safety experts and
environmentalists will all find the book of value. Click here for further information
448 pages 234x156mm hardback February 2001
ISBN 1 85573 419 2 £125.00/US$205.00/Euro175.00
Click here to join the Textile Technology mailing list
COATED AND LAMINATED TEXTILES
W Fung, Collins and Aikman Automotive Fabrics, UK
Different aspects of these products are addressed:
o
compound ingredients
o
o
o
o
the importance of setting and adhering to processing conditions
the accurate control of production variables
the safe handling of potentially toxic materials
ongoing research into future products which will facilitate recycling and disposal.
This book will be helpful in giving an understanding of the challenges and opportunities
facing technologists, chemists, and production engineers working in the very
contemporary field of coating and lamination. Click here for further information
Published in association with The Textile Institute
416 pages 234 x 156 hardback May 2002
ISBN 1 85573 576 8 £125.00/US$205.00/Euro175.00
Click here to join the Textile Technology mailing list
HANDBOOK OF TECHNICAL TEXTILES
Edited by A R Horrocks and S Anand; The Bolton Institute, UK
This major new handbook provides comprehensive coverage of the manufacture,
processing and applications of high tech textiles for a huge range of operations including:
heat and flame protection; waterproof and breathable fabrics; textiles in filtration;
geotextiles; medical textiles; textiles in transport engineering and textiles for extreme
environments. It is an essential guide for textile yarn and fibre manufacturers; producers
of woven, knitted and non-woven fabrics; textile finishers; designers and specifiers of
textiles for new or novel applications as well as lecturers and graduate students on
university textile courses. Click here for further information
Published in association with The Textile Institute
576 pages 244 x 172mm hardback October 2000
ISBN 1 85573 385 4 £175.00/US$290.00/Euro245.00
Click here to join the Textile Technology mailing list
TEXTILES IN AUTOMOTIVE ENGINEERING
W Fung, Collins and Aikman Automotive Fabrics, Manchester, UK and J M Hardcastle,
Consultant, Manchester, UK
o
o
o
Comprehensive technical reference manual to all textiles used in the automotive
industry – from car seats to tyres
Designed to help designers and engineers develop and specify the right materials
Covers the increasingly important area of environmental impact and assessment
This book presents a comprehensive treatment of both functional and decorative textiles
used in the automotive industry including seat covers, headliners, airbags, seat belts and
tyres. Written in a clear, concise style it explains material properties and the way in
which they influence manufacturing processes as well as providing practical production
details. The subject treatment cuts across the disciplines of textile chemistry, fabric and
plastics technology and production engineering. Environmental effects and recycling are
also covered. It is aimed at the design and process engineer in industry as well as
researchers in universities and colleges. Click here for further information
Published in association with The Textile Institute
386 pages 234 x 156mm hardback November 2000
ISBN 1 85573 493 1 £115.00/US$180.00/Euro180.00
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MEDICAL TEXTILES
Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference, 24 & 25 August 1999, Bolton Institute,
UK
Edited by S Anand, Bolton Institute, UK
Medical textiles is one of the major growth areas within technical textiles and the use of
textile materials for medical and healthcare products ranges from simple gauze or
bandage materials to scaffolds for tissue culturing and a large variety of prostheses for
permanent body implants. This book comprises 29 original edited papers and gives a
fascinating insight into the current state of research and development in this rapidly
changing field. Click here for further information
256 pages 234 x 156mm hardback February 2001
ISBN 1 85573 494 X £115.00/US$190.00/Euro160.00
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AUTOMOTIVE TEXTILES
(Textile Progress Vol. 29 Nos. 1/2)
S K Mukhopadhyay and J F Partridge
This book in the Textile Progress series reviews developments in automotive textiles, one
of the most important markets in the technical textiles sector. Subjects covered include
fibres for automotive textiles; upholstery; carpeting; pre-formed parts; tyres; safety
devices; filters and engine compartment items; and future trends. This major review
includes over 490 references to other sources of information.
A Textile Institute publication
128 pages paperback 1999
ISBN 1 87037 221 2 £40.00/US$65.00/Euro55.00
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BARRIER FABRICS FOR PROTECTION AGAINST AEROSOLS
(Textile Progress Vol. 26 No. 1)
S M Maini, S P Hersh and P A Tucker
The authors review the behaviour and control of aerosols as they influence their
penetration through fabrics together with the key parameters that affect their performance
- such as porosity, tortuosity, and pressure drop. The theories of air filtration and the
various mechanisms of particle capture and retention by filter media are examined in
detail. Current standards and experimental test methods for measuring filtration of
aerosols through nonwoven fabrics are researched and analysed in detail. The issue
contains 57 references to specialist articles, patents, and other sources of information.
A Textile Institute publication
43 pages paperback 1995
ISBN 1 87081 274 3 £20.00/US$35.00/Euro30.00
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COATED TEXTILES
Principles and applications
A K Sen, Emeritus Scientist of Defense Materials & Stores, India
CONTENTSPolymeric materials for coating; Textile substrate for coated fabric; Coating
methods; Physical properties of coated fabrics; Rheology of coating; Fabrics for foul
weather protection; Nonapparel coating; High-tech applications; Test methods; Appendix
245 pages hardback 2001
ISBN 1 58716 023 4 £105.00/US$175.00/Euro145.00
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TEXTILE FLAMMABILITY
Current and future issues
Proceedings from the 1999 Textile Institute Textile Flammability Conference.
CONTENTSEuropean harmonisation; Hazard and risk; Testing methods; New finishes
and treatments; Inherent fire retardant fibres in textiles; Applications and markets;
Overview of textile FR science and where it is going; The wider challenge of
flammability and its relevance to textiles; New markets and opportunities.
A Textile Institute publication
116 pages paperback 1999
ISBN 1 87037 227 1 £50.00/US$80.00/Euro70.00
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Stretch - Tex is a market leader in development of new fabrics.
Our most recent creations are listed below:
Wetsuit/ Springsuit
fabrics
Stretchtex Q1090 brushed, a thermal polyester fabric is making waves with
wetsuit and springsuit applications. Sampling now.
Stretchtex is pleased to release Microtex.
Microtex Moisture Management Fabric is constructed with a unique multifilament fibre that makes a finer feel for life an everyday possibility. This
superior fibre offers exceptional softness and stretch.
Microtex Features:
* Anti-microbial finish to maintain garment freshness
MICROTEX
(QUALITY CODE
6000)
* Moisture management treatment
* High UV protection (50 +)
* breathable mesh construction
* Excellent print base
* superior softness
* Easy care properties
* Keeps wearer dry, cool and comfortable
* Excellent drying properties
Available in fourteen stock service colours (including fluorescent yellow and
orange).
Available in roll lengths of approx 70 metres.
Custom shades are available at 800 metres per colour.
The anti-microbial is built into the fabric's fibres to provide long lasting
freshness. It inhibits the growth of bacteria, thus maintaining freshness and
reducing odours- wash after wash.
This fabric is ideal for polo shirts. This is the fabric worn by Team NZ,
defenders of the Americas Cup.
Stretchtex is pleased to release Microtex.
Microtex Moisture Management Fabric is constructed with a unique multifilament fibre that makes a finer feel for life an everyday possibility. This
superior fibre offers exceptional softness and stretch.
Microtex Features:
* Anti-microbial finish to maintain garment freshness
MICROTEX
(QUALITY CODE
6000)
* Moisture management treatment
* High UV protection (50 +)
* breathable mesh construction
* Excellent print base
* superior softness
* Easy care properties
* Keeps wearer dry, cool and comfortable
* Excellent drying properties
Available in fourteen stock service colours (including fluorescent yellow and
orange).
Available in roll lengths of approx 70 metres.
Custom shades are available at 800 metres per colour.
The anti-microbial is built into the fabric's fibres to provide long lasting
freshness. It inhibits the growth of bacteria, thus maintaining freshness and
reducing odours- wash after wash.
This fabric is ideal for polo shirts. This is the fabric worn by Team NZ,
defenders of the Americas Cup.
Microcheck
Stretchtex has developed a moisture management and sanitised, quality UV
protective microfibre polyester fabric ideal for active and leisure/ sportswear
applications.
Sampling available July 2003.
Stretchtex now offers a service to certify the UPF rating on any fabric.
Stretchtex has testing equipment inhouse and is licensed by ARPANSA to
provide an official certificate as to a fabric's UPF rating.
Our Schedule of charges for Ultraviolet Protection Factor (UPF) is:
New Service - UPF
Testing
For 1 to 40 tests $55 per test
More than 40 tests $44 per test
Our service is prompt. If we can help please email to:
uvtests@stretchtex.com.au.
Stretchtex now offers a service to certify the UPF rating on any fabric.
New Service - UPF
Testing
Stretchtex has testing equipment inhouse and is licensed by ARPANSA to
provide an official certificate as to a fabric's UPF rating.
Our Schedule of charges for Ultraviolet Protection Factor (UPF) is:
For 1 to 40 tests $55 per test
More than 40 tests $44 per test
Our service is prompt. If we can help please email to:
uvtests@stretchtex.com.au.
Because sometimes swimwear is not for sun protection...
Sheer Swimwear
Fabrics
Swimwear and lingerie fabrics meet in Stretchtex's new sheer swimwear
fabrics.
Made to order, sampling now available.
Lightweight Lingerie
Stretchtex has released for sampling an innovative new lightweight fabric for
intimate apparel applications.
Water Resistant
Swimwear Fabrics!!
Stretchtex has launched yet another new concept in its world leading swimwear
fabric range. Water Resistant Swimwear Fabrics have very low absorbency.
Lower water absorbency means lower wind chill and longer colour retention
and endurance of wear.
Stretchtex is now manufacturing CHLOROBAN HEAVYWEIGHT, the
heavyweight champion of the world's UV protective swimwear fabrics. All
Extreme UV Protection colours have mean ratings well in excess of UV 100+. Many colours have mean
ratings over 700+. This fabric is just as resistant to chlorinated + salt water as
Fabrics
Chloroban and Aquamax but is more expensive. Orders available by the batch.
Sampling available now.
Speed Channel (TM) has been engineered to reduce water resistance for
seriously competitive swimmers.
SPEED
CHANNEL(TM)
This fabric has been independently tested for improved speed.
The design concept of this fabric is unique to Stretchtex.
Stretchtex has developed fabrics for applications in the medical sector.
Medical Fabrics
These include fabrics with anti-bacterial and moisture management finishes.
Enquiries to technical director Paul Spiteri (paul@stretchtex.com.au).
web hosting by anchor sy
Smart Fabrics and Interactive Textiles
Table of Contents | Pricing/Order | Download Proposal
RESEARCH SUMMARY
Since 1971 Venture Development Corporation (VDC) has provided market
research and strategy development services to the industrial and information
technology, electronics and communications industries.
Within this study, we are turning our attention to the emerging market for smart
fabrics and interactive textiles. Earlier this year, VDC published a market study
on wearable computers. One product category analyzed in this report was
wearable/clothing based (integrated) computers. Our probe into the market
potential for clothing based computers has piqued the interest of many and
has created a need for additional market data for smart fabrics and interactive
textiles.
To review our wearable computers research, published in August 2002,
click here.
Other related studies include our applications and market evaluation on microelectro mechanical systems (MEMS)/microstructures technology (MST);
click here to view.
CO-SPONSORSHIP
Textiles Intelligence, a provider of global business information to the
international fiber, textile and apparel industry, will be sharing with VDC their
proprietary information and access. Textiles Intelligence's experience in this
field will:

Enhance and further develop the contents and scope of the report
based on its knowledge of world textile and apparel trade and
production trends, business opportunities in the global market place,
and innovations and technological developments in the industry; and

Bolster VDC's primary research program, based on its massive
proprietary database.
Textiles Intelligence was formed in 1992 as a spin-off from the Economist
Intelligence Unit and has customers in more than 60 countries spread across
five continents. The organization publishes Textile Outlook International six
times a year and Technical Textile Markets every quarter. It also offers over 30
in-depth research reports covering global sectors such as man-made fibers
and non-wovens, geographical regions such as South East Asia and Eastern
Europe and topics such as internationalization and sourcing.
For further information about Textiles Intelligence, click here
SMART FABRICS/INTERACTIVE TEXTILE RESEARCH FOCUS

In-depth global analysis of market demand for smart fabrics and
interactive textile solutions;

Detailed OEM/end user and applications analysis evaluating the
opportunities and requirements to support existing and emerging
applications;

Industry structure and influences, including detailed profiles and share
analysis of leading and emerging smart fabrics and interactive textile
solutions suppliers;

Review and analysis of pending legislation, industry regulations and
other factors affecting demand for smart fabrics and interactive textile
solutions; and

Strategies and recommendations for suppliers of smart fabrics and
interactive textile solutions.
PRIMARY RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Extensive telephone interviews, supplemented by web surveys
of:
Suppliers of smart fabrics/interactive textile solutions
Current and potential OEMs/customers of smart fabrics and interactive
textile solutions
Key government programs, insurance agencies, universities,
institutions influencing guidelines for the design and development of
smart fabrics/interactive textile solutions
SCOPE
SMART FABRICS/INTERACTIVE TEXTILE TECHNOLOGIES AND
SOLUTIONS

Smart fabrics/interactive textile solutions
Garments: shirts, vests, jackets, etc.
Accessories: blankets, hats, gloves, etc.
Furnishings/décor: wall coverings, furniture, curtains, etc.
Durable goods: camping tents, boat sails, etc.
Military/public safety equipment and systems: airdrops, hard/soft
shelters, army trucks, fire fighting, law enforcement, etc.
Other industrial equipment
Other consumer goods

Textiles, defined as collections of fibers including smart
fabrics/interactive textile technologies in the form of fibers, coatings,
dyes, etc.
Medical textiles enter a new era of tissue engineering and
biotextiles
The Editor of Medical Textiles, Geoff Fisher, presents an overview of textiles in healthcare,
hygiene and medical applications.
Textiles used in the medical and hygiene industries are a significant and increasingly important
part of the technical textiles industry. Recent decades have witnessed major developments in
medical products, the materials they are made of and the technology used to produce them. The
sector is also entering into a new, exciting era of tissue engineering, the controlled delivery of
drugs and growth factors via biotextiles, and the use of materials to lessen the incidence, or
improve the appearance, of scar tissue...
Page no: 3 Approx no of words: 2000 To order full article click here
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