Attention Please
1. Presentation next week( divide
groups- 6 students per a group)(10 Marks for each girl in the
group)
2. Revision
9.0 Syntactic change(P:226)
9.1 Introduction
❶This area is an active area of historical
Linguistics.
❷ it has been no general approach use to treat
syntactic change, such as in sound. But there is
Haris and Campell Approches.1995 followed in
❸ syntax not often appears textbooks in
historical syntax
The following is Mechanism of:
① Syntactic change
② Reanalysis
③ Extension
④ Borrowing
⑤Grammatical change(Grammaticalization)
⑥ Possibilities for syntactic Reconstruction
9.2 Mechanism of Syntactic Change
(P:226)
There are 3 mechanisms of syntactic
change.
1. Reanalysis (surface manifestation not change)
2. Extension(expand) (surface manifestation
change)
3. borrowing
9.2.1 Reanalysis
• Reanalysis underlining syntactic construction
This constracture includes:
❶ constituency
②hieratical structure
❸grammatical categories
④grammatical Relation
❺cohesion
P(227)
• How English reanalysis operates
• Eg. using internal analysis:
to produce new construction
() beside> by- side (original construction)
() behind> by- hind(original construction)
9.2.2 Extension
• Happens on surface manifestation(surface
look)
• 1.a. I see man
look at Extension:
1.b. I see the man who is coming(direct object)
2.a. I saw boat
2.b. I saw the boat that sail.
9.2.3 syntactic Borrowing
• Is frequent and important
• Look at this borrowing from to English. It
borrowed I
• Like this:
The woman more pretty than you.
It borrowed then change to:
The woman is prettier than you.
9.3 Reanalysis and Extension Examples
• It involves the following:
❶constituency(choose)‫انتخاب‬
②hierarchical structure( ‫تركيب هرمي‬
❸grammatical categories‫تصنيف قواعد‬
④grammatical Relation‫عالقات‬
❺cohesion‫التصاق‬
9.3.1 constituency ‫نتخاب‬+hieratical
structure‫بناء هيكلي‬
Examples
1. It is bet for me to cleen myself than ben
defouled thus.
2.Becomes:
It is better for me to slay myself to be violated
3. becomes:
For me to say myself, would be better than to be
violated thus.
9.3.2 grammatical Categories
• Is a common changes
• From verb> Noun= drive> driver
• 9.3.3 grammatical Relation
Look at the king in the following example
- The king was offered a seat. old English
(cyning(dative- )‫)نصب‬kinge- king (if reanalysis
the king is subject
It is like this:
To the king was offered a seat(king was object)
9.3.4 Cohesion ‫التماسك‬
Attachment degree
-Is a fully independent word (click- affix)
Sometimes are unanalyzable part of another word.
e.G
1.Cry> he/she goes about crying
2.Is dead my friend> is my friend dead?
3. Is it that my friend is dead.
4. Is my friend dead? Or is it that my friend is dead?