Attention Please
7.5 Framework for Investigating the
causes of Language Change(P:194)
• Revise from last Presented by
Weinreich1968:
• About why/ how linguistics change
happens.
• By asking numbers of questions called
(problems)
These questions or problems should be
answered or solved by theory.
These problems as:
1. Constraints
problem
(chains)‫قيود‬
2. The
Transition
Problem(shift)
‫تحول‬/‫انتقال‬
4.Evaluation
Problem
3. The embedding
problem(‫)تضمين‬
inclusion
5.The
Actuation
(implementation
Now: Sociolinguistics & L. change
P: 195
Q)How change in a language begins?
Ans)By (variation) or saying same thing in
alternative (different way)
Therefore:
This variation(or linguistic changes)is the subject
of sociolinguistics.
beside
Sociolinguistics is also :
• Trying to understand (HOW) and (WHY)
language change
• Try to answer the framework’s questions of
Weineirich et. Al.(in the last boxes)
• Trying to deal with semantics co- variation of
linguistics structure with social structure
• Especially with the variation in L in wc
conditioned by social differences
• The important dimension of condition variation
(difference) related to :
1- social attitude of sender(speaker) and receiver
(listener).
2- the setting (context).
These conditions are social characteristic of the
speaker.
What are the social characteristics of the speaker
that responsible of language variations??
These are:
•
•
•
•
•
•
Age
Sex
Social status
Religion
Occupation
Self identification+ location.
e.g. of language variation:
• Grammar of classical Nahuad that when
• Aztec man pronounced(w)>>>> women spoke
the same word pronounced(v)
• So the linguistic variation caused by the sex of
the speaker.
• Although Azetic had (w) in .the word(P:196)
Types of Sociolinguistic investigation
of Change
1. Apparent time studies: ‫دراسات ازمان‬
‫ظاهرية‬invisible( age)
It done to investigate the variation in specific point
of time. About the relation bw change and age.
They reached at that:
the variant(‫ ) تغيير‬most characteristic of older
speakers’ speech. That differ from younger
speakers. Compare both you can know what is
change. The age show that change in progress.
2. A real time studies(sex) ‫دراسات ازمان‬
‫حقيقية‬
• It compare sample of L from different time.
Some time from 50 years ago compare with
examples from speech of now aday. (Labv
1994)
• Example:
• Investigation in Urban setting as in following
table:
Urban setting
1.Linguistics change in intermediate
social class(lower middle class)(not
highest or lowest class
4. Women lead most linguistic change.
2. The innovators of change are
usually people with the highest social
status , who play a central role in the
speech community
5, diff ethnic groups who newly enter
speech community, participate in change
in progress when they get local rights or
privilege in:
a job and housing and access to
acceptance
3. Those innovators have highest - But these claims undergone refining.
density(No.)of social interaction with - Linguistic change is not found solely
but a conscious change by speaker for
their communication net words have
highest contact outside neighborhood - Social purposes