A Word and its Relative:
Derivation (P:44)
5.1 Relation bw Lexemes:
a. words can have grammatical factors
determine thier forms: (perform: performsperformed)
b. Words also can have no grammatical factors:
as making nouns from verbs( like adding : ance..
To Perform+ ance)
By other hand:
• In some context if any verb appears like the
verb (perform) should have (s) for 3rd person
singular
• In some context if any verb appear like the
verb (perform) should have (ed) for regular
past simple. It called inflectional
• But, no context in which you must add :ance
wherever nouns appear.
But it uses only by grammar and it
called derivational
• Bcz it deals with words structure includes
affixation(as: tion- ly- ous – ment) suffixes
• Therefore, here it deals with derivation
(affixation)
• *the word performance then is not a variant
f the lexemes (perform)
• As you remember the variant of any lexeme
are the (present- past- continuous- perfect
and future )of the word.
“performance” relates to other
But lexeme, what is it?
,
• The lexeme (performance1) has plural form
(Performances2 ) therefore, the lexeme
(PEFORMANCE) has two forms: singular:
(performance) and plural (performance). As
the lexeme BOY has two form(boy)/(boys)
• Then the relation bw the word:(perform&
performance) is LEXEME relation not bw
words form.
Thus it called(derivational)
morphology
• it studies the relations between LEXEMES
• -not concern with the synonymy or words
with
same
sound
(homonym)
of
lexemes(row) same sound but 2 meaning.
But, concern with the relation involve Affixes:
( prefixes+ suffixes) and the new grammatical
and semantics tasks these affixes can born.
These bring piles of impossible
derivational words to encyclopedia
NB
• The Term
Base:
Is a complete
form to which
affixes attached
It invented new words from a base for
examples:
base
Base for new
lexemes
Cat
cats
wife
Wives
child
Base for children
boy
boys
helpful
Helpfulness
5.2
Words classes & Convention
•
This unit is about:
• How to form (derive):
1. Adj. form Nouns
2. Nouns from verbs
3. Etc….
You know :
the new words classes
As: Adjectives- noun- verbs …etc
ooooh
By the other words:
Word classes is the new name for :
Parts of Speech
another name is:
Lexical categories
Confident students
Know the parts of speech or word class or
lexical categories of any words from their
meaning.
But, it is incorrect
At school you told that:
• verbs >
• Nouns >
• Adj. >
doing words
are things words
are describing words
the trouble is that
They need to put together lexemes :
With similar grammatical behavior
And know the different lexeme with
different grammatical behavior
Examples again:
• The lexeme : Perform
• It is a prototype of> doing words
• Its meaning is denote to something
actors or musicians do
Compare The lexeme: perform &
performance
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
They Denote to same activities
Is that means both belong to same word class
It is hardly to be right
Bcz, they occur in different syntactic contexts
So their inflection behavior is so different
Perform as a verb is formed like this:
(performs- performed- performing)
• Performance as a noun is performed likes this:
a) Performance> singular
b) Performances> plural
Both have different meaning
• Look at this example:
• My great uncle William resemble giraffe:
Do you report some action? No you describe him.
We use describing wordsOr adjectives
Like: TALL- Interesting
Both have comparative and superlative forms
Taller- tallest= more interesting- most interesting
Resemble has many forms:
• Resembled- resembles resemblingParallel to the form: performance
But: a root can have a verbal suffix like
Ed-----------ing
And Noun plural (s)
But (s) belong to 2 types of lexeme…. What is it?
V…N
Verbs-Nouns Pairs(p:47)
1.Verbal construction
2.Nominal construction
Stated>
Knew >
Denied >
Admitted>
acknowledged
statement
knowledge
denial
Admission
Acknowledgem
ent
For morphology we say:
• Verbal construction in column (1) is the basic
• Nominal construction in column (2) derived
from it.
• But look at the following table:
Table 2
3. hope
4. fear
She hoped
Her hope
her fear
her hope
Are they basically verbal or nominal? P”48
• May be nominal in 3 are derived from verbal
in 4. although no affixes.
• Therefore, linguists claims that derivation can
happen without change in shape (it seem
strange)
• They call it( zero derived) carry phonological
empty> unpronunced
Another process for derivation is
• Conversion‫تحويالت‬
• (transmit) how? A lexeme belong to one class
• Can converted easily to another
• Without change in shape. Another way is:
Ambivalent ‫(متردد‬doubt)
But one can sure to which class the word class
the basic form word is belong.