California State University, Northridge
Health Science 431
Spring 2009
Final Exam Study Items
1. Which of the following is reason for conducting health promotion
interventions in schools?
a. Health and education are intertwined
b. Students do not spend most of their time outside of school
c. Families often interact in some way with schools
d. Two of the above
2. The Comprehensive School Health approach is:
a. Classroom instruction
b. About physical, mental, emotional and social dimensions of health
c. About the development of knowledge, attitudes and skills
d. All of the above
3. Which of the following is not a component of the Coordinated School
Health Program?
a. Counseling
b. Health promotion for staff
c. Health screening
d. Nutrition services
4. Which of the following describes why school health interventions are
challenging?
a. Children go through developmental changes
b. School politics
c. Demands for schools to act in a much broader social capacity
d. All of the above
5. In a school setting assessment of poverty, nutrition, and well-being of
families is part ofa. Social assessment
b. Epidemiological assessment
c. Behavioral/Environmental assessment
d. Educational/Ecological assessment
6. In a school setting risk assessment is part of –
a. Social assessment
b. Epidemiological assessment
c. Behavioral/Environmental assessment
d. Educational/Ecological assessment
7. Workplace health education intervention has grown as a result of which of
the following?
a. Women in the workforce
b. A young work population
c. The rising cost of worker’s compensation and medical care
d. Two of the above
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8. Communication has become one of the most well-known applications of
behavioral theory in public health programs. Why?
a. Humans are sophisticated users of communication and symbols
b. Communication is a primary tool in the basic process of interacting
with other humans
c. Communications are fundamental to human life
d. All of the above
9. The primary means of interpersonal and mass communication around the
world is:
a. Internet
b. Telephone
c. The written word
d. Cable television
10. Which of the following is not part of a communications campaign?
a. Identifying the key target audience
b. Identifying the best communication channels
c. Determining the messages to be communicated
d. The use of experimental research
11. The purpose of media advocacy includes –
a. Influencing public opinion
b. Influencing policy makers
c. Influencing law
d. All of the above
12. The kind of material and/or activity typically not used in media advocacy
would bea. A press conference
b. A letter to a newspaper editor
c. Op-Ed pieces
d. Poster
13. The communications theory that focuses on public norms isa. Individual models
b. Social diffusion models
c. Institutional diffusion model
d. None of the above
14. The Truth Campaign focused upon which of the following health issues?
a. Tobacco
b. Alcohol
c. Cancer
d. Heart disease
15. A pandemic differs from an epidemic in thata. One is more deadly than the other
b. One impacts a larger number of people than the other
c. One impacts a greater portion of the earth than the other
d. None of the above
16. Which of the following is not correct about Avian flu?
a. It is a global phenomenon
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b. It has only been around for a short period of time
c. It effects both birds and humans
d. It is a virus
17. Globalization is –
a. The operation of business across national boundaries
b. A social phenomenon
c. A political phenomenon
d. All of the above
18. Which one of the following ecological factors refers to the presence or
absence of adequate health care services?
a. Environmental risks
b. System capacity and infrastructure
c. Socioeconomic conditions
d. Social patterns and cultural traditions
19. Which of the following agencies and organizations are involved with
global health?
a. NIH
b. PAHO
c. WHO
d. All of the above
20. Which one of the following is of major importance to global health?
a. Migrant workers
b. Refugees
c. International business people
d. Two of the above
21. Which one of the following is recognized as being connected to global
health?
a. Human behavior and disease resistance
b. Poverty
c. Agricultural development
d. All of the above
22. HIV/AIDS risk in India is not associate witha. Patriachai family structure
b. The relative equality of the genders
c. The duty to procreate
d. The belief that husbands are better off going to sex workers
23. Which of the following is/are related to the increasing risk for health
problems?
a. Limited access to health care
b. High crime areas
c. Unemployment
d. All of the above
24. Identify the factor that is not an important issue when working with highrisk populations.
a. Building and sustaining trust
b. Gaining access
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c. Finding the right way to communicate
d. Personality
25. According to your text is the following statement correct: “An important
task in working with high-risk population sis to expand our thinking about
the domain of health behavior per se, and to look for and highlight
socioeconomic constraints, motivations, and meaning (not necessarily
related to health) that have an impact on ‘risk behavior.’”
a. True
b. False
26. The term “harm reduction” refers toa. Looking at changing long term vs. short term behaviors
b. Distinguishing between relative public health risks
c. Two of the above
d. Neither a or b
27. Generative approach refers toa. Conceptualizing behavior in terms of inputs and outputs
b. Behavior scripts
c. Frames of reference
d. Choices b and c
28. Which of the following is generative schema?
a. Status constructs
b. Gender constructs
c. Two of the above
d. None of the above
29. Evaluation is a process ofa. Making sure you did what you proposed to do
b. Determining whether your program had an impact based on what
you were trying to achieve
c. Assessing the usefulness of the design of your program
d. All of the above
30. Evaluation is associated witha. Funding
b. Accountability
c. Evidence
d. All of the above
31. The CDC Guide to Community Preventive Services providesa. A filter for scientific literature
b. Summarizes what is know about the effectiveness of health
interventions
c. Responses a and b
d. A listing of interventions that work
32. Which of the following types of evaluations provides information about an
intervention’s effectiveness in changing long term health?
a. Process evaluation
b. Impact evaluation
c. Outcome evaluation
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d. All of the above
33. Which one of the following is a public health planning model?
a. PRECEDE-PROCEED
b. ADDENDUM-DENDUM
c. IMPACTION
d. None of the above
34. Which of the following assessments addresses the larger community
context?
a. Social assessment
b. Epidemiological assessment
c. Behavioral assessment
d. Educational/Ecological assessment
35. A Quasi-Experimental design addressesa. Process and impact evaluation
b. Impact and outcome evaluation
c. Formative evaluation
d. All of the above
36. The two fastest growing ethnic groups in the U.S. area. Hispanic Americans and African Americans
b. Asian Americans and Native Americans
c. Hispanic Americans and Asian Americans
d. None of the above
37. Racial and ethnic minority populations in the U.S. have historically fared
worse in terms of health than the majority.
a. True
b. False
38. Many Asian Americans are at far greater risk for ____________ than
European American.
a. AIDS/HIV
b. Hepatitis
c. Cancer
d. Heart disease
39. The ethnic group disproportionately represented having AIDS from 20022003 werea. African Americans
b. Hispanic Americans
c. Asian Americans
d. Native Americans
40. According to the American Health Association, health disparities can be
identified across a range of health outcomes, which one of the following is
not one of these?
a. Life expectancy
b. Violence
c. Heart disease
d. Diabetes
41. Health disparities in the U.S. are associated with-
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a. Discrimination
b. Lack of access to health care
c. Environmental risk
d. All of the above
42. According to your textbook which one of the following is not a barrier to
using health care services among minorities?
a. Mistrust
b. Failure to understand the needs of a minority culture
c. Geography
d. Language
43. Which of the following are determinants of health behavior
a. Equity and social justice
b. Social resources
c. Physical environment
d. All of the above
44. Organizational characteristics that are likely to reduce health disparities
includea. Clear purpose
b. Committed leadership
c. Public and private collaboration
d. All of the above
45. A typical role of a government or public agency with respect to public
health is toa. Disseminate and manage funds
b. Set health policy for a community
c. Plan health intervention programs
d. Evaluate health education programs
46. The components of Social Marketing includea. Consumer orientation
b. Exchange theory
c. Audience analysis and segmentation
d. All of the above
47. Which of the following are barriers to a consumer orientation
a. Not understanding the needs of a population
b. The failure to cull out subgroups within a population that
undermine valid need assessment
c. Community infighting that place organizational needs above
community needs
d. All of the above
48. A social/environmental context for health refers toa. The frame that you place your life picture
b. The forces that influence the way in which you develop
c. The backdrop for the development of your unique set of beliefs,
attitudes and behaviors
d. All of the above
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49. Which one of the following is not a characteristic of Social Cognitive
Theory?
a. Self-Efficacy
b. Behavioral Capability
c. Expectations
d. Reinforcement
50. According to Social Network Theory (SNT) what is important isa. What occurs between people
b. What occurs prior to people being engaged
c. What occurs after people brake off their relationships
d. All of the above
51. The ecological approach to understanding factors influencing a particular
health problem can be described asa. An emphasis on personal responsibility for health, with an
understanding that individuals can be influenced by others.
b. A framework in which health behavior is adaptive or maladaptive
with respect to an ecological system.
c. An understanding that the health behavior of a given individual is
the product of a complex set of influences, such as personal
attitudes, socio-cultural beliefs, the physical environment, and
others.
d. A focus on the interrelationship between genetic and social factors
in producing health outcomes.
52. Which of the following describes the principle cause(s) of health behavior:
a. Environmental factors
b. Biological factors
c. Socio/Cultural factors
d. Genetic factors
e. All of the above
53. The main assumption of the Ecological Model of health behavior is:
a. No one factor independently influences human behavior
b. There is a complex interaction between the individual and the
environment
c. Two of the above
d. Man must live in harmony with the environment
54. The Health Belief Model (HBM) argues that a person will take a
preventive or healthy action if:
a. He/she perceives/believes that they are susceptible and perceives
that the health condition/threat is severe.
b. He/she perceives that there are benefits to the preventive/healthy
action and perceives that the barriers to taking such action are low.
c. There is some “cue to action.”
d. He/she has self-efficacy with respect to the action.
e. All of the above
55. The idea of “theory” as it is used today evolved from which of the
following?
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a. The study of biology.
b. An assumption that the universe is ordered and regular.
c. The role of knowledge in the Middle Ages in Europe.
d. The Enlightenment period in Europe.
e. All of the above
56. Community mobilization is often a part of health promotion campaigns
because:
a. It is the best way to gain financial support for your efforts.
b. Public health problems are typically community problems in which
a number of community characteristics/situations are related to the
problem.
c. In order to increase the proportion of community residents who
will pay attention to health messages, it is necessary to get them
involved in events “outside of the house.”
d. It is a way to take into account the high level of mobility,
commuting time and time spent in errands/activities requiring car
travel that is so typical of today’s suburban communities.
57. Self-efficacy is:
a. Confidence in one’s ability to take an action or engage in a
behavior.
b. The perception that a behavior is easy or simple
c. The liking of one’s self
d. The ability to influence other people’s behavior
58. To “encode” a health communication message means to:
a. Translate health data into health information
b. Formulate a health message in language that is meaningful to a
specific target group or population.
c. Frame the health-related information -- in terms of language, style,
symbols, format, etc. – so that it is received and understood by the
recipient(s) in the way that the sender intends.
d. Translate health data into health knowledge
59. The culture of the “receiver” matters when you encode a message because:
a. Culture guides the way people interpret information.
b. If you want those who receive a message to understand it as you
intend, you need to know something about the way it is being
received
c. Culture will guide the receiver’s interpretation, and must be taken
into account by those who are developing the message.
d. All of the above
60. Identify the stage of the Transtheoretical Model (TTM) – in which there is
no intention of changing and for which there is a lack of awareness of or
interest in a problem.
a. Precontemplation
b. Contemplation
c. Preparation
d. Action
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e. Maintenance
61. How is a social network approach different (as an explanation for
behavior) than theories such as the Health Belief Model or Theory of
Reasoned Action?
a. A social networking approach focuses on decision making and its
impact on behavior as opposed to the effects that social
relationships coming out of Theory of Reasoned Action
b. A social network approach focuses on the influence of social
relationships on behavior, as opposed to internal cognitive
(decision making) processes which are emphasized in the Health
Belief Model and Theory of Reasoned Action.
c. A social network approach focuses on the influence of perceptions
shared across relationships, as opposed to the impact of behavioral
reinforcement the impacts behavior in the Health Belief Model
d. There really are no differences between the social network
approach, the Health Belief Model and the Theory of Reasoned
Action when it comes to their explanations for why behavior
occurs
62. Identify which of the four factors that make up a social marketing
campaign (according to the theory) is associated with dissemination of
information.
a. Product
b. Place
c. Price
d. Promotion
63. Which of the following is a key and unique construct of Social-Cognitive
Theory (SCT)?
a. Perception of susceptibility
b. Risk-benefit calculation
c. Perceived behavioral control
d. Observational learning (modeling)
e. Behaviorism
64. Which of the following best explains why it is important to collect
adequate evaluation data about a health promotion project?
a. Too many organizations have been making false claims about the
success of their (health promotion) projects.
b. Good data can help document what kinds of interventions work
best.
c. Increased specialization and training in the public health field have
led to an increased emphasis on data in health interventions.
d. Increasingly sophisticated data collection software is driving health
promotion program funders to demand more.
65. Process evaluation is most closely associated with which one of the
following:
a. Were the components of the program implemented as planned?
b. What short-term or immediate effect did the program have?
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c. How did the impact relate to program goals?
d. How did the program affect the health problem or issue that was
the longer-term target?
66. Impact evaluation is most closely associated with which one of the
following:
a. What short-term or immediate effect did the program have?
b. How did the impact relate to program goals?
c. Were the components of the program implemented as planned?
d. How did the program affect the health problem or issue that was
the longer-term target?
67. Outcome evaluation is most closely associated with which one of the
following:
a. How did the program affect the health problem or issue that was
the longer-term target?
b. What short-term or immediate effect did the program have?
c. How did the impact relate to program goals?
d. Were the components of the program implemented as planned?
68. The Risk and Protective Factors planning approach is based on the idea
that youth risk behavior (e.g., risk for HIV/AIDS, substance abuse, early
pregnancy, violence, and so on) is an outcome of exposure to risk factors
or protective factors.
a. True
b. False
69. What is a “risk factor”?
a. Situations, information or other influences that a youth is exposed
to that are correlated with negative/risky health behavior.
b. Any condition that is perceived as a negative influence on behavior
c. Attitudes and/or beliefs that a youth has that are correlated with
positive health behavior
d. A buffer or counterbalance exposure to risk factors
70. What is a “protective factor”?
a. Situations, information or other influences that a youth is exposed
to that are correlated with positive health behavior.
b. A buffer or counterbalance exposure to risk factors.
c. Attitudes and/or beliefs that a youth has that are correlated with
positive health
d. Two of the above
71. Which of the following factors have been identified with contributing to
health disparities (inequalities) in the United States?
a. Socio-Economic Status
b. Lack of access to health care
c. Lack of health insurance
d. All of the above
72. Given the nature of the school setting, which of the following theoretical
approaches are most likely to be applicable in developing a school-based
intervention?
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a. The Health Belief Model
b. Social Cognitive Theory
c. Community Mobilization
d. All of the above
73. If you have only two years to implement a health promotion project,
which one of the following are you most advised to change?
a. Health (epidemiological) outcomes
b. Attitudes and awareness about the health issue
c. Health behavior
d. Health provider systems
e. Laws or policies
74. If you are implementing a health promotion program at a workplace,
which of the following advantages are you likely to have in your favor?
a. Your target population is a “captive audience”
b. Employee health data is not easily accessible
c. Employers have a stake in the good health of their employees
d. Two of the above
75. A community intervention is:
a. Larger-scale
b. Addresses an entire community
c. Addresses at least a broad range of populations within a
community
d. All of the above
76. An intervention in a community is:
a. Smaller-scale than a community intervention
b. Typically addresses one subpopulation (or a targeted subset of
subpopulations) within a community
c. Often can address population groups that are at high risk for a
particular health problem, for example the Long Beach AIDS
Community Demonstration Project
d. All of the above
77. Health promotion in a global setting involves a number of potential
challenges. These challenges include:
a. Lack of epidemiological or surveillance data
b. Inadequate health facilities
c. Political instability and conflict
d. All of the above
HEALTH PROMOTION CASE STUDY QUESTIONS
BELOW IS A SET OF FACTS ASSOCIATED WITH A CASE STUDY INVOLVING
THE APPLICATION OF SOCIAL/BEHAVIORAL THEORY VIA THE PRECEDEPROCEED PLANNING PROCESS TO DEVELOP A HEALTH PROMOTION
PROGRAM. PLEASE RESPOND TO QUESTIONS 28-32 THAT FOLLOWS THE
CASE STUDY.
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CASE STUDY: RURAL OBESITY INTERVENTION
Fact a: You are leading a team that includes the Tennessee Department of Health and
Vanderbilt University on a CDC-funded effort to reduce obesity among rural youth in the
state of Tennessee. You have four (grant) years to achieve results.
Fact b: According to State Health Department figures, obesity levels have always been
somewhat high in rural counties, but in recent years they have even been higher, together
with corresponding increases in diabetes and heart disease.
Fact c: Most public high schools in these areas require only one year of physical
education classes. Middle schools have not emphasized this either, with students being
able to opt out for various reasons. In addition, most middle and high schools only had
part-time school nurses, and very little budget for health education activities.
Fact d: Income levels are generally low in the target rural areas, with jobs primarily in
mining (mountain counties), agriculture, and low-paid assembly work. Unemployment is
higher among men than women. There are few jobs for youth. The primary centers for
youth social and physical activities are through churches.
Fact e: Surveys and focus groups previously done by Vanderbilt University show the
following: A large percentage of people eat fast food at least three times per week. 65%
of people who had a body mass index of over 30 did not consider themselves “obese” or
at any particular health risk. A “stout body” was viewed as normal, even an indication of
“not being hungry.” Eating was also viewed as a major element of social gatherings, and
these gatherings featured “meat and potatoes” fare (e.g., ham, potato casserole, sweet
potato pie, etc.). These attitudes crossed racial/ethnic lines and were common among both
Caucasian and African-American respondents. And, one of the most popular country
singers in the area is himself very large.
Fact f: Previous public information campaigns to the general public (“It’s right to eat
light...”), using bus posters, public service ads on billboards, and information given out at
doctor’s offices, have had little or no impact.
78. What information would you consider appropriate for Social Assessment?
a. The target population lives in a low-income, rural area, with more
unemployment among men and youth than women.
b. The target population has few school health and physical activity
resources available.
c. Low levels of obesity exist in the target population
d. Two of the above
79. What information would you consider appropriate for
Educational/Ecological Assessment?
a. Awareness regarding obesity – 65 percent of people with a BMI
over 30 did not consider themselves obese.
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b. Social norms favor large body size,
c. An influential community figure (popular country singer) is
himself obese.
d. All of the above
80. Considering that you have four years to achieve results, and that multilevel interventions are often the most effective, which of the following
program components would you utilize to achieve your goal of reducing
obesity and its health consequences? [NOTE: This question calls for three
specific components of an overall health promotion intervention.
a. A community-wide communications campaign to increase
awareness about obesity as a problem and to present behaviorchange alternatives such as realistic diet options and physical
exercise.
b. Increasing health education components in the schools (with
information about obesity and its consequences), together with an
increase in physical activity programs (required physical activity,
sports/recreation opportunities) for students and families.
c. The introduction of church-based education sessions, and diet and
exercise support groups that would be engaged in a range of
activities, including cookouts, sports activities, hiking/walking, etc.
d. All of the above
81. What social/behavioral theories might be applicable to the facts at hand
and the intervention you propose?
a. Social cognitive theory: The use of “social models” (such as the
country singer) in communications campaigns to promote change
in diet and physical exercise; and an increase in self-efficacy
regarding changes in diet and physical exercise promoted through
church-based programs.
b. Health Belief Model: In school-based education, curriculum
components that increase the perception of susceptibility and
severity with respect to obesity, and also seek to lower perceived
barriers to behavior change.
c. Social network theory: Implementing diet/exercise programs in
key social networks such as those at church, in order to build on
the network influence to support behavior change.
d. All of the above
82. Considering that you have four years, what could you do to evaluate the
intervention you proposed?
a. PROCESS: For Component One – track the number of
communications materials/programs produced and distributed.
Component Two – Document change in number of health
education activities (about obesity), documenting new physical
activity programs implemented and attendance at those programs.
Component Three – Document the number of educational sessions
implemented and support groups created, with attendance
numbers; track the number of support group activities and
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attendance at those activities.
b. IMPACT: Using periodic surveys (as well as in-class
questionnaires for school-based activities), assess change in
knowledge about the risks of obesity and what can be done to
prevent it, as well as self-reports about the number of people who
engage in regular physical activity and who eat lower-fat foods as
part of their diet.
c. OUTCOME: Using State Health Department data assess change in
obesity prevalence and morbidity/mortality rates from obesityrelated diseases such as diabetes or cardiovascular disease.
d. All the above
83. According to B.F. Skinner’s Behaviorism theory which of the following is
correct:
a. Reinforcement can increase behavior
b. Reinforcement can decrease behavior
c. Reinforcers are inherently positive or negative
d. All of the above
e. Two of the above
84. According to the following graphic the mind plays what kind of a role in
the behaviorist’s view of behavior.
a. Is of great importance
b. Is of some importance
c. Is of little importance
d. Is of no importance
85. The following picture depicts an experimental subject (a rat) learning a
new behavior. Which of the following is the stimulus that serves as the
signal to engage in the new behavior?
a. The light
b. The food pellets
c. The lever
d. The food tray
86.
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86. According to Social Learning Theory:
a. No direct reward is necessary to explain the learning of a new
behavior
b. Thinking plays an important role in the development of new
behaviors
c. Changing cognition of the learner will impact the development of
new behaviors
d. All of the above
87. Who is this leader of learning theory?
a. Albert Bandura
b. B.F. Skinner
c. Ayn Ran
d. Tony Soprano
88. When a person learns by observing the behavior of others and the
consequences of that behavior, this process is called:
a. Social Learning
b. Vicarious Learning
c. Reciprocal Determinism
d. Behavioral Capability
89. Which of the following is or are a critique of learning theory?
a. No big picture of the person
b. Too much focus on situations
c. Ignores biological factors
d. Mechanical -- No free will
e. All of the above
90. Determinism is associated with which of the following:
a. Free will
b. All behavior follows scientific laws
c. Humanistic
d. All of the above
91. According to Ayn Ran human behavior is a direct consequence of:
a. Individual motivation
b. Mysticism
c. Circumstantial forces
d. The times in which we live
92. Robert K. was accused of molesting several children for ten years. They
included his daughter. According to the sworn testimony presented at Mr.
K’s trial he had been sexually abused by both of his own parents, all of
his siblings had psychological problems (e.g., depression; sexual
disturbances), he was an alcoholic, he was poor and uneducated, had a
diagnosed brain tumor that when removed corresponded with the
cessation of Mr. K’s molesting behavior. From a Determinism point of
view how would you vote and why if you had a seat on the jury?
a. Not guilty due to mitigating circumstances
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b. Guilty due to mitigating circumstances
c. Not guilty by reason of insanity related to the effects of the tumor
d. Guilty because he had a choice to act as he did and there was no
proof of the causal relationship between the tumor and the
molesting behavior
93. What is a Social/Environmental Context?
a. The frame that you place your life picture
b. The forces that influence the way in which you develop
c. The backdrop for the development of your unique set of beliefs,
attitudes and behaviors
d. All of the above
94. Which of the following are components of Social Cognitive Theory?
a. Individual characteristics
b. Environmental factors
c. Reciprocal determinism
d. All of the above
95. Reciprocal determinism is:
a. The process of acting to a given number of social and
environmental cues
b. Adjusting behavior to the consequences of the actions of others
c. Adjusting to the feedback of an action-reaction sequence of
behaviors
d. All the above
96. According to Social Cognitive Theory which of the following represents a
person’s expectation that a behavior is going to have a good or rewarded
outcome
a. Behavioral Capabilities
b. Expectations
c. Expectancies
d. Self-Control
97. According to Social Cognitive Theory a person’s ability to deal with
emotions involved in a behavior change is called:
a. Self-Efficacy
b. Expectancies
c. Self-Control
d. Emotional Coping
98. The single factor that sets Social Network Theory (SNT) apart from all
other behavior theories is:
a. Individual personal characteristics are not so important in
understanding behavior
b. What occurs between people
c. Stimulus/Reward patterns
d. Two of the above
99. According to the World Bank millions people in India are living with
AIDS. Which one of the following behavioral risk factors is the primary
factor identified as correlating with AIDS in India?
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a.
b.
c.
d.
Unsafe sex
Population migration
Homosexuality among men
Unclean syringes
100.
Falsifying a theory is a method by which:
a. Data is tested to be true
b. A method of determining if something will continue to be part of
the ongoing body of scientific knowledge
c. Data is tested to be false
d. All of the above
101.
According to Michel Foucault discourse is:
a. A mode of expression
b. A product of a historical period and its dominant social-economic
institutions
c. A kind of system of rules for how to think
d. All of the above
102.
Fundamental to the way in which we view human behavior is the
idea that:
a. The world is orderly and regular
b. The world is disorderly and irregular
c. The world is a direct consequence of the Big Bang Theory
d. The world is largely unpredictable in its function
103.
An influential social theorist of the early 20th century was:
a. Karl Popper
b. Edmund Husserl
c. Emile Durkheim
d. Michel Foucault
104.
The key difference between sociology and anthropology is:
a. The way they focus on social issues
b. The way they focus on cultural aspects of behavior
c. The fact that one is a clinical discipline and the other is not
d. None of the above
105.
Those who adhere to the ecological model of health behavior are
most at odds with which of the following ideas:
a. Context of a behavior
b. Determinism
c. Sociology
d. Cultural Anthropology
106.
According to the Health Belief Model which of the following is
critical in understanding if we are to successfully analyze human
behavior?
a. Perception
b. Motivation
c. Circumstances
d. Relationships
107.
According to the Health Belief Model which of the following
17
refers to the degree to which a person feels at risk for a health problem.
a. Perceived Susceptibility
b. Perceived Severity
c. Perceived Benefits
d. Perceived Barriers
108.
According to the Health Belief Model which of the following
refers to the degree to which a person believes the consequences of the
health problem will be damaging.
a. Perceived Susceptibility
b. Perceived Severity
c. Perceived Benefits
d. Perceived Barriers
109.
A critiques of the Health Belief Model is:
a. It focuses on social and environmental factors and not the
individual
b. It assumes that everyone has equal access to information about
their health
c. There are disparities in knowledge
d. Two of the above
110.
The Theory of Planned Behavior focuses on:
a. Attitudes
b. Intentions
c. Behavior
d. All of the above
111.
A social norm is:
a. A standard adhered to by a group
b. A guide as to how to behave
c. An affirmation behind the meaning of the behavior
d. All of the above
112.
Which of the following is something you would do if you were
using the Theory of Planned Behavior to reduce tobacco smoking:
a. Determine the social norms associated with smoking among the
target population
b. Determine the barriers (or constraining factors) to quitting the
smoking behavior
c. Two of the above
d. None of the above
113.
The Transtheoretical Model relies upon:
a. Stages of change
b. Reinforcement
c. Cognition
d. Attitudes
114.
According to the Transtheoretical Model which one of the
following indicates that a person does not intend to take action toward
changing behavior:
a. Precontemplation
18
b. Preparation
c. Inaction
d. Preparation
115.
Diffusion of Innovation refers to the process by which a behavior
or technology makes its way into a population and is or is not adopted.
a. True
b. False
116.
Which of the following makes human communication for the most
part unique?
a. It is so complicated
b. It is symbolic
c. It is oral
d. None of the above
117.
In communication theory the process of encoding is most closely
associated with:
a. The sender
b. Receiver
c. The mode of sending
d. None of the above
118.
Community mobilization is a process that increases community
awareness about a health problem.
a. True
b. False
119.
Using an anthropological approach means:
a. Behavior is treated as an adaptation that enables a person to
survive or thrive in a particular environment
b. Behavior is viewed as a product of people to people interactions
c. Following the scientific method of behavioral inquiry
d. None of the above
120.
The terms that refer to the major elements of a public health
planning model are:
a. Appraisal, Programming, and Evaluation
b. Assessment, Intervention and Evaluation
c. Measurement, Intervention and Evaluation
d. Measurement, Inclusion and Estimation
121.
Which one of the following is the most well-known approach to
public health planning?
a. PRODUCE-PLAN
b. PRECEDE-PROCEED
c. PREELED-PROCEED
d. PLANND-PRECEDE
122.
Attempting to answer the question how does the health problem
relate to what else is happening in the community is an example of :
a. Epidemiological Assessment
b. Behavioral and Environmental Assessment
c. Educational and Ecological Assessment
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d. Social Assessment
123.
Predisposing, enabling and reinforcing factors are part of:
a. Epidemiological Assessment
b. Behavioral and Environmental Assessment
c. Educational and Ecological Assessment
d. Social Assessment
124.
Which of the following are part of the Epidemiological
Assessment:
a. Morbidity data
b. Mortality data
c. Incidence data
d. All of the above
125.
Gathering data about quality-of-life issues that may be related to a
health problem is connected to which of the following:
a. Epidemiological Assessment
b. Behavioral and Environmental Assessment
c. Educational and Ecological Assessment
d. Social Assessment
126.
The process of implementing regulations and working with
organizations/ community structures is associated with:
a. Behavioral and Environmental Assessment
b. Educational and Ecological Assessment
c. Social Assessment
d. Administrative and Policy Assessment
127.
Assessing a program’s implementation, that is did the program
leaders do what they said they would do is called:
a. Process Evaluation
b. Impact Evaluation
c. Outcome Evaluation
d. None of the above
128.
The key characteristic that distinguishes the Risk and Protective
Factors Planning Model from all other models is:
a. This planning model focuses on health risk behaviors
b. This planning model focuses on predisposing factors
c. This planning model focuses on enabling factors
d. This planning model focuses on reinforcing factors
129.
According to the Institute of Medicine a prevention intervention
that targets individuals or groups that are a high risk for a particular health
problem is:
a. A Universal Prevention intervention
b. A Selected Prevention intervention
c. An Indicated Prevention intervention
d. None of the above
130.
Community interventions tend to result in small changes, but over
a large number of people.
a. True
20
b. False
131.
Studies have shown that it is just as easy for heavy smokers to quit
smoking as it is for light to moderate smokers.
a. True
b. False
132.
When you implement a project in the community you are typically
doing so through or in collaboration with community structures. What is a
community structure?
a. Government agencies
b. Task forces
c. Responses A and B
d. A local commercial radio station
133.
The term aggregates of people refers to:
a. All people in the United States
b. All people in the state of California
c. All people who share a common characteristic
d. Two of the above
134.
You have been asked to develop a health education program to
address sickle-cell anemia. Identify from the following choice which one
would be the best approach to focus your efforts to segment your target
population.
a. Geography
b. Genetics
c. Socio-economics
d. Occupation
135.
Which of the following is an example of tailoring your health
promotion efforts?
a. Look at health problems of a particular population
b. Include the target community in designing a program
c. Refer, as much as possible, to situations, people, and issues
relevant to the target community/population
d. All of the above
136.
You can find existing, relevant health promotion programs
through:
a. Federal agency clearinghouses
b. Nonprofit associations focused on a particular health problem
c. Professional associations
d. All of the above
137.
Making sure to train and hire members of the community to
operate community health programs is an example of:
a. Tailoring
b. Population-based health promotion
c. Sustainability
d. Communities as experts
138.
When students are empowered to see themselves as being in
control of improving their quality of life, they are said to have a(n):
21
Internal locus of control
External locus of control
Peripheral locus of control
Self-efficacy
139.
Health education is:
a. A continuum of learning throughout life
b. Isolated learning activities focusing on knowledge
c. Learning anatomy and physiology
d. Ongoing health inspections by teachers to assure reduction in
transmission of contagious diseases
140.
An assumption of the wellness approach to living is that:
a. People try a variety of health fads and trends
b. People rely heavily on medical care professionals for
decision-making and advice
c. People follow information provided in health advertisements
d. People take responsibility for their own well-being
141.
Health education and health promotion are:
a. The same
b. Different in scope
c. Both concerned only with physical education
d. Are concerned only with school-based health centers
142.
The most important determinant of health status is:
a. Health behaviors
b. Genetics
c. Education
d. Gender
143.
Health education can be defined as:
a. Curriculum development for grades K through 12
b. Sequential learning of health facts
c. The process of providing learning experiences which favorably
influence well-being
d. The acquisition of facts and statistics that inevitably leads to
developing a wellness lifestyle
144.
The Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (YRBSS) provides
information on:
a. The quality of education in the classroom
b. The influence of the environment of health behavior
c. The health behaviors practiced by young people
d. Hone of the above
145.
A health teacher should be able to:
a. Force appropriate opinions on others
b. Plan and implement effective health education programs
c. Teach controversial subjects regardless of the neighborhood or
culture
d. All of the above
146.
"Increasingly, behavior termed 'road rage' is being viewed as a
a.
b.
c.
d.
22
public health issue, because of the number of deaths and injuries related to
it. Such behavior is often a reaction to feeling one has been treated
unfairly by another driver, and is much less likely to occur if a driver is
treated fairly. 'Fair play' on the road includes the observance, not only of
traffic regulations, but also of the rules of courtesy. Courteous driving is
based on common sense consideration for other drivers and a strong desire
to make the roads safe for everyone. Good highway manners should
become just as much a matter of habit as other kinds of manners." Which
one of the following statements is best supported by the above selection?
a. Courteous driving contributes to road safety.
b. Those who are generally polite are also courteous drivers.
c. Unlike driving courtesy, the observance of traffic regulations is a matter
of habit.
d. Being courteous when driving is more important than observing traffic
regulations.
147.
a.
b.
c.
d.
148.
In Social Marketing the Four “Ps” refers to:
Product, Price, Place and Promotion
People, Performance, Projection, and Progress
Panic, Protection, Prognostication, and Panacea
None of the above
The following diagram is called a:
Person 2
Person in
Network (called
“Alter”
Focus
individual
(Called “Ego”)
Person 5
Person 3
Person 4
23
Person 6
a.
b.
c.
d.
Paragram
Diagram
Sociogram
Communogram
149.
Which of the following focuses on the thinking process itself as the
source of behavior?
a. Social Psychology
b. Humanistic Psychology
c. Cognitive Psychology
d. Cultural Anthropology
150.
Epistemology refers to:
a. The study of the sources of knowledge; that is, the principles by
which one may distinguish what is true from what is not true.
b. The study of what is meant by "knowledge". What does it mean to
"know" something as opposed to merely having an opinion.
c. Both choice A and B
d. Neither choice A or B
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