™
Use in onions
Environmental Protection Authority Public Hearing
9 th March 2016, Wellington
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Introduction
Onion industry and Downy mildew overview
Fungicide resistance
Importance of resistance management
Benefits of Zorvec
®
Enicade
®
Comparison with existing products
Conclusion
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Add text
Oil dispersible formulation containing: 100 g/L Oxathiapiprolin
Target crop Onions
Target weeds Downy mildew
Application rate 350 mL/ha (35 g ai/ha) plus
Protectant fungicide
No of appl.
Application timing
Application method
Withholding periods
Maximum of 2 applications
5 leaf stage or later
Ground boom
10 days
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NOVEL SITE and MODE of ACTION
Zorvec binds in the Oxysterol
Binding Protein (OSBP) domain
New Answers
• Improved effectiveness and favourable environmental profile
• Oomycete specific OSBP domain
• Highly selective against Downy mildew species for reduced environmental load
• Very low toxicity to a number of non-target organisms
DuPont™ Zorvec™
• New site and mode of action deliver effective control and a favourable environmental profile with no cross resistance
• Provides a new tool for Integrated Disease Management
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Source: Maggy Wassilieff. 'Market gardens and production nurseries -
Contribution to the economy', Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand, updated 16-Dec-14 http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/interactive/19998/where-crops-are-grown .
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Year ending
June
1994
2002
2003
2005
2007
2009
2011
2012
2014
Source: Statistics New Zealand http:// nzdotstat.stats.govt.nz/wbos/Index.a
spx?DataSetCode=TABLECODE7422
Total Onion
(ha)
4929
5621
5748
4931
4594
4511
5142
5718
5067
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Agriculture Forestry Fishing and Mining employs 7.8% off the
Māori community 1
There are 900 Federation of Māori Authorities Horticulture
Farms (FoMA) with an average size of 7 ha (~0.8% share of total
NZ Horticultural farms) 2
Onions are approximately 10% of Horticultural outdoor cropping area 2
Onion industry export value is worth around $100 million and is the third equal largest fresh horticulture export crop (Projected
FoMA share of export value: $1 million)
85% of NZ Onion production exported to 24 markets around the world
1 Source: Statistics New Zealand, Household Labour Force Survey, June 2015; MBIE http://www.mbie.govt.nz/info-services/employment-skills/labour-market-reports/maori-labour-market/maori-jun-2015/june-fig4-data
2 Statistics New Zealand - Agricultural Production Statistics: June 2011
3 Statistics New Zealand - Agricultural Production Statistics: June 2012
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Comments from Onions New Zealand
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The production of bulb onions in New Zealand is challenged by a number of pests and diseases which affect the quality and productivity of crops. While crop rotation and other cultural management techniques can assist in reducing the incidence of some major diseases in onion crops, this is not the case for downy mildew, considered the most invasive foliar disease of the crop .
Following crop monitoring, downy mildew is best controlled by applications of targeted fungicides , preferably commencing at the first signs of disease. The choices of fungicides available to growers provide some curative activity, but mostly by way of protection of foliage during high risk periods.
There is at least one known case of fungicide resistance to downy mildew and anecdotal evidence to other materials. The addition of a new chemical group will provide a useful tool for growers to apply in rotation
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• Novel mode of action
• Low use rate
• Broad spectrum
• Favourable environmental profile
• Long residual activity
• Curative activity
• Systemic within host plant
• Low cost
Key attributes: New mode of action, low use rate and favourable environmental profile
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– Downy mildew
(Peronospora destructor)
• Elongated (3-30 cm long), pale yellow lesions on both sides of leaves, covered by greyish-violet down, leaf tips shrivel
• Leaves dry up, starting with older and outer leaves and progressing to young leaves, until the entire plant may be killed
• Damage to foliage leads to small size and poor storage quality of onion bulbs losses
• Actual yield losses in onions of 60 to 75% have been recorded 1
1 Goncalves P. A. de S., Sousa E., Silva C. R., B off P.Incidence of downy mildew in onion growing under mineral and organic fertilization // Horticulture Brasileira. – 2004, vol. 22 (3), p. 538–542
Source: Howard F. Schwartz, Colorado State University, Bugwood.org
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Continued use of fungicide A
Fungicide A is effective
Resistance to fungicide A
Native State
• Prior to fungicide use
• Population is sensitive
• Random mutation(s) may survive BUT at extremely low levels
= resistant strain
Emergence
• Fungicide use begins
• Advantage shifts to resistant (R) isolate(s) resulting in gradual increase in the population
• Undetectable population shift due to other survival factors
Selection
• Fungicide use continues
• Resistance advantage overwhelms survival factors
• Rapid increase in R isolates
• Resistance detected
Continued overuse of a fungicide can select for resistant strains in

Fungicide
Risk
Fungicide risk
• Efficacy
• Site of action (single vs multisite)
• Novel mode of action
• Resistance mechanisms
Pathogen
Risk
Overall
Resistance
Risk
Agronomic
Risk
Pathogen risk
• Epidemiology (cycles per season)
• Opportunity for recombination
• History with other fungicides
Agronomic factors
• Influence resistance development
• Specific to crop and geography
Modifying agronomic practices reduces the risk of resistance associated with a fungicide or pathogen
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Fungicide resistance management
• Resistance management strategies consider both the fungicide and the pathogen
• Factors linked with high risk fungicide :
– High efficacy at low rates
– Affects multiple life cycle stages
– Novel, single site of action
• Factors linked with high risk pathogen :
– Short life cycle with many generations
– High genetic variability
– Resistant strains are fit
Greater risk
Brent, K.J. and Hollomon, D.W. 2007. Fungicide Resistance: The assessment of risk. FRAC Monograph No. 2 second (revised edition.
Potential for resistance development is based on risk associated with the fungicide as well as risk associated with target pathogen
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Why fungicide resistance management is crucial
• Continued grower need for new fungicides
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
• Due to disease resistance, loss of older products, emergence of new diseases
• Discovery and development costs for new products continue to increase
• Average cost of $256 million, increased need to keep existing products working longer
• Difficult to find new compounds
• On average, need to evaluate >140,000 compounds to find one new product
• Discovery to development of a new product takes 8-10 years
Discovery process
• Cost to discover and develop a new product continues to increase
• More difficult to find a new product
Source (chart): Phillips McDougall Industry Presentation, March 2015
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Used as part of a Downy mildew control program
– Maintain a regular protectant spray programme. Apply when conditions favour disease development but BEFORE the disease is evident.
Restrict the maximum number of applications
– Max 2 per season ensuring it is <33% of the total foliar Downy mildew fungicide program
Chemistry diversity
– change to a fungicide from another chemical group
Strong label language for resistance management
Avoid eradicant use
Practice integrated disease management
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®
®
• tank mix with a registered Downy mildew protectant fungicide at registered rates for resistance management
– Based on Fungicide Resistance Action Committee (FRAC) recommend tank mixing high resistant risk fungicides with low risk multisite products
• Improves disease control
• Provides control security when resistance is present
• Resistance management
Multi modes of action
Tank mix
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Impact of tank mixtures on Aquatic toxicity
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None expected. As with all mixtures and tank mixes with oxathiapiprolin, the aquatic toxicity will be driven by the mixture partner.
Consistent with the principle that synergy is not expected, synergy has not been observed with any oxathiapiprolin mixtures.
– Famoxadone, Dimethomorph, Folpet
So, aquatic effects will be consistent with those seen for protectant fungicide being tank mixed
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New mode of action with no cross resistance
Reliable control, even under challenging environmental conditions
Rainfast in 20 minutes of spray drying
Excellent disease control at low rates
Excellent crop safety
Protects treated leaves as they grow and expand – no spread of disease
Compatibility with a wide range of products
Reduced trade issues (residues below LOQ after 10 days)
Has lower hazard classification than many existing fungicides
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Lower use rate than other Downy mildew products
Zorvec Highly effective at very low use rate
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60
50
40
10
0
30
20
Onion Downy mildew control
1 Trial: - 5 spray program at 7-12 day intervals
100 a a
Earlier application of Zorvec ® Enicade ® significantly increased % control
First application at 5 leaf stage (97 DAS), Second at 7 leaf stage,
Third at beginning of bulb initiation b
90 b bc
80 c
70
Early use of Zorvec Enicade = optimum disease control
AUL-14-613
Peracto
Tasmania
1. Enicade+MZ
2. Enicade+MZ
3. dimethomorph MZ
4. dimethomorph MZ
5. phos acid MZ
Enicade+PR
Enicade+PR dimethomorph MZ dimethomorph MZ phos acid MZ metalaxyl MZ
Enicade+MZ
Enicade+MZ dimethomorph MZ
Enicade+MZ
Enicade+MZ metalaxyl MZ dimethomorph MZ
Internal Use dimethomorph MZ dimethomorph MZ metalxyl MZ metalaxyl MZ phos acid MZ mancozeb metalaxyl metalaxyl dimethomorph MZ dimethomorph MZ

Onion Positioning trial 2014/15
Zorvec
®
Enicade
®
+metiram x2, f.b
dimethomorph
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Rev: 12-Feb-
2015
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Rev: 12-Feb-
2015
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®
®
Active(s)
Substance
Zorvec ®
Enicade ®
Oxathiapiprolin
Reason
HSR001758
Fenamidone
Acrobat
MZ690
HSR000531
Mancozeb
+
Dimethomorph
Pristine
HSR007853
Boscalid
+
Pyraclostrobin
Ridomil Gold
MZ
HSR 000470
Mancozeb
+
Metalaxyl-M
Revus
HSR007779
Mandipropamid
Scarpa
HSR007636
Dimethomorph
Zampro
HSR100709
Ametoctradin
+
Dimethomorph
500 g/L 600 g/kg
+
90 g/kg
2 kg/ha
252 g/kg
+
128 g/kg
1.6 kg/ha
640 g/kg
+
40 g/kg
2 kg/ha
250 g/L 500 g/L 300 g/L
+
225 g/L
800 mL
Active content
Maximum use rate
100 g/L
350 mL/ha
Total amount of active(s) applied/ha
Tank mix required
Comment
35
Yes with protectant
300 mL/ha
150
Yes with protectant
1380
Premix
608
Premix
1360
Premix
600 mL/ha
150
No
360 mL/ha
180
Yes with protectant
420
Premix
Suppression only
Tank mix / premix protocol comparable with competitors
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Zorvec ® Enicade ® vs existing alternatives - toxicity
HSNO classification
Zorvec
Enicade
Reason
HSR001758
Acrobat MZ
HSR000531
Substance
Pristine
HSR007853
Ridomil
Gold MZ
HSR000470
D
Revus
HSR007779
Scarpa
HSR007636
6.1
Acute
(oral/dermal/inhal)
6.3
Skin corrosivity
6.4
Eye corrosivity
6.5
Sensitisation
6.6
Mutagenicity
6.7
Carcinogenicity
6.8
Reproduction
6.9
Target organ
A
B
A
A
B
B B
Internal Use
B
Favourable toxicity profile
B
B B B
Zampro
HSR100709
D
B
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Zorvec
®
Enicade
® classification vs existing alternatives – environmental
HSNO classification
Zorvec
Enicade
9.1
Aquatic
9.2
Soil
9.3
Terrestrial vertebrate
9.4
Terrestrial invertebrate
D
Reason
HSR001758
A
Acrobat
HSR000531
A A
Substance
Pristine
HSR007853
Ridomi l Gold
MZ
HSR 000470
A
Revus
HSR007779
D
Scarpa
HSR007636
B
D
Zampro
HSR100709
C
C
Excellent environmental profile
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Avoid eradicant use
Resistance management statements
Maximum 2 applications per season
Zorvec®
Enicade®
Rotate chemistry Tank mix with registered Downy mildew protectant
Used as part of a
Downy mildew control
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®
®
Excellent efficacy
New mode of action
Reliable control
Rain fast within
20 mins
Excellent environmental and tox profile
Zorvec®
Enicade®
Low use rate
Low residues
Good compatibility
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Long lasting protection
Excellent crop safety
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