Review Sheet for Test 3
Physical Anthropology 2301
Section 7
1. “creation myths”
2. myths
3. Anthropologists do not view human beings as unique (apes have
culture etc.)
4. Anthropocentric
5. Ervin Laszlo’s contrasting view to anthropocentrism
6. It should be noted that neither anthropocentrism (philosophers,
humanists & religious writers) nor Laszlo’s view (scientists) is truly
wrong because they show the way that people see themselves as
living creatures
7. Johnston and Selby suggest that there is no easy definition of life
that will allow us to separate the world into the living and nonliving
8. Life is said to exist when something displays certain features and
characteristics. These are summed up under the 5 headings of
organization
9. Organization
10.
Metabolism
11.
Growth
12.
Sensitivity
13.
Reproduction
14.
Relethford claims that __________ are the most widely
distributed living primate species
15.
Humans originally evolved in a ___________ climate
16.
One of the most obvious characteristics of the human species is
their large _________
17.
What is the human brain size average?
18.
The advantages and disadvantages of a large brain
19. Poirer sees increased size and complexity in the brain as being
related to tool use and manufacture, increasing environmental
challenges and more complex social groups
20. Increased brain size and complexity may be related to an infants
slower maturation rate which requires extended parenting (this
higher level of infant care allows for more infant socialization
placing a premium on learning abilities)
21. The function of the brain for storing and processing information
is largely independent of shape so there are no selective demands
to alter shape (new demands are met by changes in the neural
networks)
22. Larger mammalian brains are produced by
________________________ and humans also slow down the rate
of body growth to produce a high brain/body ratio
23.
Allometry
24.
Bipedalism
25.
Stanford states that we have absolutely no reason to think that
bipedalism arose for one reason only
26. One of the earliest theories was the idea that tool use was
fundamental to making us human. Evidence against this theory is
that tools appeared _______ m.y.a. and bipedalism began about
_______ earlier.
27. Lovejoy claims that food carrying (walking across a savannah),
monogamy (male needs to carry food to the female) and the female
reproductive system (female protohominids did not advertise their
ovulation—sexual swellings such as the pink balloons on the backs
of female chimpanzees) led to bipedalism
28.
3 arguments against Lovejoy
29.
Stanford believes that the development of bipedalism did not
happen for one reason or in one step
30.
3 benefits of bipedalism
Section 8
1. Primates (def.)
2. The order of primates includes?
3. Have all the major primate groupings been discovered?
4. Primates are the most familiar placental mammals.
5. Placental mammals
6. Pentadactyl
7. Nails
8. Prehensile feet
9. Use of fingers
10.
Power grip
11.
Precision grip
12.
Binocular vision
13.
Their olfactory sense is ___________ and their postnatal life
period is _________.
14.
Movement style and anatomy
15.
Most primates are__________, but some are _________ and
most except gorillas and humans sleep in _________.
16.
Most primates are diurnal.
17.
Primates are intelligent and adaptive and many are omnivorous.
18.
Sellers’ two problems with defining primates
19.
The two traditional suborders of primates
20.
The two new suborders
21.
The placement of the tarsiers is still a major issue in primatology
22.
The subdivisions of anthropoids
23.
Prosimians (def.)
24.
The first primate like animals (prosimians) appeared during the
__________.
25.
The prosimians contain _______, _________ and tentatively
____________.
26.
Prosimian characteristics
27.
Lemurs
28.
Lorises
29.
Tarsiers
30.
General features where anthropoids differ from prosimians
31.
New world monkeys and platyrrhini
32.
New World Monkey characteristics
33.
Their two families
34.
Callithricidae
35.
Cebidae
36.
Old World monkeys or Catarrhini
37.
Cercopithecoidea
38.
Old World Monkey characteristics
39.
Cercopithecinae
40.
Colobinae
41.
Catarrhini characteristics
42.
Hyblobatidae family
43.
Pongidae family
44.
Gibbons
45.
Orangutans
46.
Gorillas
47.
Chimpanzees
48.
Bonobos
Section 9
1. Turnbaugh etc. see the original roots of the primate order as going
back to the beginnings of placental mammal radiation __________
years ago
2. Plesiadaptiforms
3. The earliest identifiable primates are from the _________ Epoch
4. 3 theories on the development of the first true primates
5. During the _______ or the late _________ the first anthropoids
arose in Africa and some “rafted” to South America
6. Anthropoids
7. During the Oligocene epoch anthropoids began to switch from
__________ (active at night) activities to ________ (daytime)
8. During the Miocene there were many more forms of hominoids than
there are today and it was known as ________________________
9. hominoids
10.
4 issues that arise concerning simplification of the evolutionary
situation
11.
mosaic evolution
12.
The earliest members of the hominid lineage date to ______ to
_______ million years ago
13.
Relethford claims that the first hominids have been found only in
______
14. Ardipithicus Ramidus—Pliocene epoch--many scientists (until
recently) believed that “Ramidus” was close to the point of
divergence of apes and protohumans (evidence of bipedalism) and
lived in an arboreal environment
15.
Australopithecus Anamensis---Relethford sees this as the first
hominid
16.
Australopithecus
17.
As late as 2000 there were only 2 genera in use for hominids,
specifically, Australopithecus and Homo
18. Australopithecus Afarensis—was until recently the earliest
hominid for which sufficient diagnostic anatomical evidence was
available
19.
Lucy
20.
3 species of robust Australopithecines
21.
homoplasy
22.
Is the robust group monophylectic?
23.
Sagittal crest
24. Although robustus implies a large powerfully built body newly
discovered skeleton parts show that this hominid ranged in size
from ______________ pounds
25. Australopithecus Boisei—there is some evidence of tool use by
this group, but it is generally assumed that the tools were
associated with homo
26. Australopithecus Africanus and Australopithecus Garhi are the
leading choices for our ancestors during the ______ m.y.a. time
period.
27.
A. Garhi was a maker of stone tools to break open bones for
their marrow