Review Sheet for Test 2
Physical/Biological Anthropology 2301
Section 4
1.
When are macroevolutionary changes detected
2.
Speciation
3.
The biological species concept (3 part definition)
4.
Marks’ 2 reasons species differ from one another
5.
Reproductive isolation
6.
In speciation, geographical isolation is an important isolating mechanism
7.
Genetic divergence can occur due to _________________,
_____________ and _________________
8.
Adaptive radiation
9.
Independent adaptive radiations tend to produce evolutionary lines that adopt the same general mode of life, but are imposed on different basic body plans
10.
Convergence
11.
Parallelism
12.
Analogies
13.
Homologies
14.
Phylectic gradualism
15.
Punctuated equilibrium
16.
Anagenesis
17.
Cladogenesis
18.
autapomorphies
19.
synaptomorphies
20.
Due to the idea that all species alive today are equally modern, degrees of similarity or difference may not represent the closeness of relationship

21.
Today, taxonomy relies on biochemical criteria
22.
Some groups such as bacteria are difficult to place within a taxonomy because their forms are variable and their evolutionary histories are largely unknown
23.
Know the taxonomic classification system (Kingdom-species)
24.
Extinction
25.
Marks’ 2 kinds of extinctions (background, mass)
26.
Marks’ notes that another global epidemic of extinctions is taking place on a similar scale to the extinctions that took place when the meteor struck the earth 65 million years ago (at the end of the century 40-400 times the normal rate)
27.
Phenetic, cladistic
28.
Plesiomorphic, apomorphic
Section 5
1.
Relethford suggests that the term race is a often misleading label for variation and explains nothing
2.
Polygenist, monogenist
3.
Evolution in terms of the modern synthesis is a 2 stage process
(name them)
4.
Biological determinism
5.
Richard Leakey suggests that there are biologists who are unhappy with the idea that natural selection explains everything and criticize the everything is adaptive approach
6.
Kottak believes that _______ or resistance levels to ultra violet radiation explains the geographic distribution of skin color
7.
Light skin color________ absorption of ultra violet radiation and helps prevent rickets (softening of the bones)
8.
Darker skin color protects against excessive absorption of ultra violet radiation and protects against ________.
9.
Eugenics

10.
The eugenics movement was an outgrowth of ___________.
11.
Racist eugenicists wanted whole ethnic groups sterilized or otherwise ostracized on account of their undesirability
12.
Polymorphism
13.
Parrillo sees racial classification as merely a _________ construct not a _________ absolute
14.
Ethnic group has been used recently to include what 3 elements
(race is not used)
15.
Descent
16.
Hypodescent
17.
Polytypic species
18.
Clines
19.
Concordance and its significance
20.
There is _______ variation within a race than between races
21.
One of the most common genetic measures used in studies of human variation is human __________.
22.
Antibodies, antigens
23.
Restriction fragment length polymorphisms and their significance
24.
Complex traits and their significance
25.
Anthropometrics
26.
Dolichocephalic, brachycephalic and the related debate
27.
Skin color is also a complex trait
28.
Univariate and multivariate analysis
29.
Genetic distance
30.
Natural selection is seen in terms of 3 methods
Section 6
1.
Marks’ 2 meanings of adaptation
2.
Adaptation as relating to 4 different processes

3.
Stress (its definition and importance)
4.
homeostasis
5.
Paley’s “watchmaker” analogy
6.
Darwin sees the fit of an organism to its environment as the result of the long process of adapting
7.
3 types of adaptation
8.
4 forms of physiologic adaptation
9.
plasticity
10.
4 ways heat is lost from the body
11.
Bergmann’s rule
12.
Allen’s rule
13.
5 responses to cold
14.
hypoxia
15.
2 effects of hypoxia
16.
Frisancho’s 2 types of acclimatization
17.
5 major categories of nutrients (names only)
18.
pre-agricultural, early and modern diets
19.
undernutrition, malnutrition