Chapter 1 1. Know about the properties of life: order, evolutionary adaptation, response to the environment, reproduction, growth and development, energy processing, and regulation 2. Understand the levels of the biological hierarchy (fig. 1-4) 3. Know the differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells 4. Understand the basics of DNA structure and function 5. Understand negative and positive feedback (fig. 1-13) 6. Know the three domains of life and their characteristics. Know the basic features of the three multicellular eukaryotic kingdoms and protests 7. Understand the concept of “Unity in diversity” 8. Understand two main conclusions of Darwin Chapter 2 1. Understand that all living things are composed of matter. 2. Understand the difference between an element and a compound. 3. Identify the four major chemical constituents of life. 4. Know about subatomic particles (charge, mass, position in an atom) 5. Understand the concepts of atomic number, atomic mass, and isotopes 6. Understand the energy levels of electrons (i.e. shells, fig. 2-8) 7. Using the periodic table, determine the number of valence electrons of an atom and its bonding potential, or valence number. 8. Understand electron orbitals (fig. 2-10) 9. Know the differences between covalent, ionic bonds, and intermolecular bonding 10. Understand the importance of hydrogen bonding, and identify molecules that might participate in hydrogen bonding 11. Understand electronegativity, polar, and non-polar bonds 12. Understand the difference between cations and anions 13. Understand the relative strength of covalent vs. non-covalent bonds 14. Know that there is a relationship between the structure and the function of a molecule Chapter 3 1. Know that molecular structure of water 2. Know that water is polar, and be able to draw the hydrogen bonding arrangement in water 3. Identify and understand the four important emergent properties of water (cohesion, ability to moderate temperature, expansion on freezing, versatility as solvent) 4. Understand adhesion, cohesion, and surface tension 5. Understand the concept of specific heat, and know what it means if a substance has a higher specific heat than another substance 6. Know the reasons for waters high specific heat 7. Understand evaporative cooling 8. Know the difference between water and ice at the molecular level 9. Know the definition of a solution, a solvent, and a solute 10. Understand the principles of like dissolving like, hydrophilic, and hydrophobic substances 11. Understand molecular mass (the sum of the mass of all atoms in a molecule), moles (1 mole = 6.02 x 10^23 and 6.02 x 10^23 daltons = 1 gram), and molarity (moles/liter) 12. Understand the dissociation of water into the hydronium ion and hydroxide ion 13. Know the definition given in class for an acid and a base 14. Know what the pH scale is, and be able to determine how a change in pH relates to the change in hydronium ion concentration 15. Convert from molarity to pH (i.e. if [H+] = .00001 = 10^-5, pH = 5) 16. Understand in general terms what buffers do Chapter 4 1. Know the characteristics of carbon that make it a good basis for biomolecules 2. Know the valences of the four major chemical constituents of life 3. Understand the different forms that carbon chains can take (i.e. straight, branched, ring, double bonds) 4. Understand and know the differences between structural and geometric isomers (trans and cis) and enantiomers. 5. Be able to identify the functional groups (fig. 4-10) and know their properties Chapter 5 1. Understand polymers and monomers 2. Understand the role of condensation reactions, dehydration reactions, hyrolysis, and enzymes in polymerization (fig. 5-2) 3. Understand the diversity of macromolecules as a function of building polymers from monomers 4. Be able to differentiate between the structures of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids 5. Understand the biological roles of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids 6. Understand the general structure of the monomer units of carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids 7. Know the structure and name of the bonds that link monomer units in carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids 8. Know the different types of polysaccharides (i.e. starch, glycogen, cellulose, chitin) 9. Know how the bonding in starch and cellulose is different, and how this contributes to the different roles 10. Know the basic structure of the three important lipids (fats, steroids, and phospholipids) 11. Understand the importance of phospholipids in biological membranes 12. Know the difference between saturated and unsaturated fats 13. Know the components of a fat molecule (fatty acids and glycerol), and how they’re linked together 14. Know the various biological roles that proteins play (Table 5.1) 15. Understand the basics of catalysis (fig. 5-16) 16. Understand the structure of amino acids and peptide bonds 17. Know and be able to identify the three types of amino acids (polar, non-polar, charged) 18. Understand primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure and the forces that are associated with each 19. Know the two major secondary structures- alpha helices and beta pleated sheets (fig. 5-21) 20. Understand denaturation, renaturation, and the role of chaperonins 21. Know the components of nucleotides 22. Know the differences between purines and pyrimidines, DNA and RNA, and how the five bases pair 23. Know the differences in the structure of DNA and RNA 24. Understand the directionality of nucleic acid strands (i.e. 5’ to 3’)